等效岩体技术在岩体工程中的应用

 以某露天矿边坡为工程背景,结合岩石力学参数室内和现场原位试验,基于颗粒流理论和PFC3D程序,运用等效岩体技术,建立充分反映节理分布特征并考虑细观破裂效应的等效岩体模型,采用Fish语言编制加卸载命令流,研究岩体的强度和力学效应。研究结果表明：(1) 等效岩体在单轴压缩时,轴向应力–应变曲线分为弹性变形阶段、非稳定破裂塑性阶段和破裂后阶段,抗压强度和弹性模量与标准岩块试样相比,有较大幅度降低;(2) 随围压增大,等效岩体抗压强度和残余强度明显提高,延性特征增强,逐渐向理想塑性过渡;(3) 等效岩体技术能有效地描述岩体受节理分布影响而表现的各向异性特征;(4) 等效岩体内部微裂纹主要沿节理走向分布并扩展,破坏形式受主导节理面产状及性质控制。     

柱状节理岩体各向异性特性及尺寸效应研究

 白鹤滩水电站坝基基岩及深部洞室围岩以柱状节理岩体为主,其力学特性极其复杂。为此,开发多弱面软化本构模型,可以方便地定义和描述多组斜交节理面的力学属性和屈服后的软化特性;并考虑柱状节理岩体内部介质的非均匀性,从细观角度建立整体力学属性满足Weibull分布的概率模型;在对概率分布参数进行敏感性分析的基础上,结合刚性承压板试验结果,确定反映现场岩体结构的概率分布参数。同时,采用Voronoi算法构建了无规则性和随机性排列的四面体、五面体和六面体柱面的随机模型,综合该三方面因素对柱状节理岩体的各向异性特性展开研究,得出不同方向承载性能和变形特性的差异。对不同尺寸下多组试块进行分析计算,获取了不同方向的弹性模量和抗压强度随试块尺寸的变化曲线,证明柱状节理岩体还具有明显的尺寸效应,并确定了其特征尺度。     

裂隙岩体宏观力学参数研究

 裂隙岩体的变形模量及强度特性是工程界关注的焦点,其关键是岩体变形模量及强度的尺寸效应和表征单元尺寸(REV)。根据锦屏二级水电站大理岩裂隙统计分布规律及岩块和结构面力学特性试验成果,确定岩块和结构面的本构模型,建立考虑无厚度裂隙面力学响应的分析模型。研究不同尺寸、不同统计窗裂隙岩体的力学响应特征,并重点研究裂隙岩体变形模量和单轴抗压强度的尺寸效应、REV特征以及各向异性特征。该研究方法为裂隙岩体的宏观力学参数取值提供参考,研究成果也为锦屏二级水电站工程岩体参数取值提供了依据。     

基于UDEC岩体抗压强度尺寸效应的数值研究

利用分形理论,结合Monte Carlo方法生成用于数值实验的节理岩体网络图,选取用于数值实验的节理岩体试件,通过离散元软件UDEC模拟不同围压、不同尺寸数值实验试件的抗压强度,对2组正交节理岩体抗压强度随围压和尺度的变化规律进行了研究。研究表明:随着围压的增大,节理岩体试件的抗压强度也随之增大,抗压强度随围压的变化规律呈线性变化趋势,可拟合为线性变化关系;围压作用下,节理岩体抗压强度仍然具有明显的尺寸效应,但随着围压的增大,尺寸效应有一定的削弱,但不明显;随着试件尺寸的增大,节理岩体试件的抗压强度随之减小,抗压强度随尺寸的变化规律呈非线性变化趋势,可拟合为负指数变化关系。并从理论上讨论了提出的数学关系的合理性。     

含非贯通节理花岗岩的力学特性与细观起裂机制研究

非贯通节理复杂的起裂机制与破坏模式对岩体力学行为有着重要的影响。考虑节理倾角与贯通度的影响，基于花岗岩试样单轴压缩试验，分析非贯通节理对岩体力学特性及断裂特征的影响，结合三维离散元数值模型，从细观尺度研究裂纹起裂、贯通破坏过程与岩体宏观破坏的相关性，并建立含非贯通节理的断裂力学理论模型，引入应力强度因子一般表达式，分析非贯通节理的断裂韧性，量化节理倾角与贯通度对岩体抗脆断能力的影响。结果表明：非贯通节理对岩体造成的劣化效应显著，随着倾角的增加，节理岩体强度增加。根据裂纹形态与形成机制，区分了6种裂纹，发现节理试样的起裂破坏模式对强度特征影响显著。15°～75°范围内，试样的断裂韧度随节理倾角的增大有不断增大的趋势，其中，15°节理试样抗脆断能力最弱；随节理贯通度的增大，节理岩体的断裂韧性近似双曲线趋势减小。     

混凝土I-型细观断裂模型及其在材料层次#br# 尺寸效应中的应用

混凝土材料的断裂破坏本质上是内部微细裂纹在荷载作用下不断萌生、扩展以及贯通的结果,断裂裂缝在细观层次上则是由砂浆裂缝、界面裂缝以及骨料裂缝3部分组合而成。文章基于细观力学和断裂力学基本理论,建立一类能够同时考虑细观裂缝在混凝土材料内部扩展过程中绕过骨料和穿透骨料发展的混凝土I 型细观断裂模型。与已有试验数据对比表明,文章模型能够有效预测混凝土断裂能等宏观力学参数随细观组分力学性能的变化规律。进而,基于建立的细观断裂模型,初步分析混凝土材料层次的强度尺寸效应,结果表明：当砂浆力学性能确定时,混凝土材料的名义强度与骨料强度和界面强度正相关;界面的力学性能能够显著影响混凝土材料名义强度等宏观力学参数随骨料尺寸的变化规律;高性能混凝土强度随骨料尺寸增大而增大,普通性能混凝土强度随骨料尺寸增大而减小。文章模型分析方法以期为基于性能设计的混凝土配合比研究奠定理论基础。     

含断续节理岩体强度的各向异性研究

根据断续节理岩体结构的力学效应和压剪断裂破坏特征，用Ｈｏｅｋ－Ｂｒｏｗｎ经验准则预测含断续节理岩体的强度，建立强度参数ｍ，ｓ值与断续节理的几何尺寸、结构形式以及岩桥和节理面物理力学参数之间的定量关系，阐明含断续节理岩体强度的各向异性特征，提出合理确定断续节理岩体强度参数ｍ，ｓ的定量分析法。     

深埋大理岩强度参数变化规律的综合试验研究

 深部岩体强度参数的研究相当复杂,与研究尺度、应力状态、应力路径都有关系。以锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞T2b大理岩为研究对象,开展室内标准尺寸岩块岩样、中等尺寸岩石岩样和大尺寸岩体岩样在低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的三轴加、卸载试验,探讨深部岩体强度参数的应力水平效应、应力路径效应和尺寸效应。取得以下成果：(1) 获得室内标准尺寸、中等尺寸和大尺寸大理岩岩样在加、卸载应力路径下低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的10组强度参数;(2) 大理岩抗剪强度参数随应力水平的变化规律基本相同：随着应力水平的提高, 值逐渐减小、c值逐渐增大,但是,不同尺寸和不同应力路径下, 值和c值随围压应力水平的变化幅度并不相同;(3) 相对加载条件,卸载路径下岩体强度参数 值增加,c值减小;(4) 在 50 mm×100 mm至500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm尺度范围内,大理岩强度参数 值的尺寸效应不明显,而c值的尺寸效应显著。     

工程岩体力学参数确定方法的研究

 工程岩体力学参数的合理确定是多年来岩石力学界存在的一大难题。为解决该问题, 根据何满潮教授提出的工程岩体的连续性理论, 建立了工程岩体连续性的概化方法。该方法不仅适用于微观力学和细观力学介质的连续性判别, 也适合于宏观工程岩体的连续性问题。在此基础上, 提出了工程岩体力学参数确定方法, 即根据室内完整岩块实验参数, 结合野外工程岩体结构特点进行计算机数值模拟实验, 从而确定工程岩体力学参数的新方法。所给出的正交节理化岩体的实验结果, 展示了新理论、新方法的广阔应用前景。     

深埋大理岩强度参数变化规律的综合试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

深部岩体强度参数的研究相当复杂,与研究尺度、应力状态、应力路径都有关系。以锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞T2b大理岩为研究对象,开展室内标准尺寸岩块岩样、中等尺寸岩石岩样和大尺寸岩体岩样在低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的三轴加、卸载试验,探讨深部岩体强度参数的应力水平效应、应力路径效应和尺寸效应。取得以下成果:(1)获得室内标准尺寸、中等尺寸和大尺寸大理岩岩样在加、卸载应力路径下低–中、中–高、高–极高应力水平下的10组强度参数;(2)大理岩抗剪强度参数随应力水平的变化规律基本相同:随着应力水平的提高,?值逐渐减小、c值逐渐增大,但是,不同尺寸和不同应力路径下,?值和c值随围压应力水平的变化幅度并不相同;(3)相对加载条件,卸载路径下岩体强度参数?值增加,c值减小;(4)在φ50 mm×100 mm至500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm尺度范围内,大理岩强度参数?值的尺寸效应不明显,而c值的尺寸效应显著。     

Determination of mechanical parameters for jointed rock masses

Combining with empirical method, laboratory test and numerical simulation, a comprehensive system was presented to determine the mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses. The system has the following four functions: (1) Based on the field investigation of joints, the system can consider rock mass structures, by using network simulation technology. (2) Rock samples are conducted by numerical simulation with the input engineering mechanical parameters of rocks and joints obtained from laboratory tests. (3) The whole stress-strain curve of jointed rock masses under certain normal stress can be plotted from numerical simulation, and then the shear strength parameters of jointed rock masses can be obtained from the whole stress-strain curves under different normal stresses. (4) The statistical values of mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be determined according to numerical simulation. Based on the statistical values, combining with engineering experiences and geological investigations, the comprehensive mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be achieved finally. Several cases are presented to prove the engineering feasibility and suitability of this system.     

节理岩体强度的分形统计分析

岩体中存在大量节理、裂隙，导致岩体力学性能弱化。基于岩体节理断裂扩展和剪切滑移2种失稳破坏机制，运用分形和统计断裂力学方法探讨了2种破坏方式下节理岩体的统计强度。结果表明，岩体强度与岩体中节理分布的分形维数密切相关，分形维数增大导致岩体强度非线性降低。     

围压对节理岩体表征单元体尺寸的影响研究

 节理岩体的力学特性与其赋存的应力状态密切相关,已有的岩体表征单元体确定方法均没有考虑围压对表征单元体尺寸的影响。以某公路隧道为工程背景,采用三维离散元数值方法,对此问题进行研究。基于现场大量节理量测,统计出研究区岩体的优势节理组,建立岩体结构模型及三维离散元数值模型,模拟岩体的压缩试验,研究不同围压条件下表征单元体尺寸及岩体变形和力学特性的变化规律。结果表明：当围压小于20 MPa时,表征单元体尺寸随围压增加呈正相关增大;当围压大于20 MPa时,表征单元体尺寸不受围压影响,保持不变。当围压小于60 MPa时,岩体承载力随围压增加呈正相关增大;当围压大于60 MPa时,岩体承载力不随围压增加而变化。岩体的轴向应变、横向应变和体积应变随围压的变化规律也表现出明显的围压效应。     

灌浆的数值仿真分析模型探讨

在岩土工程中,就灌浆这一施工措施对岩土体力学特性的影响进行了较全面的分析讨论,并在此基础上提出了灌浆对岩土体变形、强度、损伤及渗透等力学量的量化影响模型与分析计算方法。为进一步在岩土工程数值仿真分析中考虑灌浆的力学效果提供了科学依据。     

Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses

The Hoek-Brown(HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index(GSI) were developed for the estimation of rock mass strength in jointed and blocky ground where rock mass failure is dominated by sliding along open joints and rotation of rock blocks. In massive, veined and moderately jointed rock in which rock blocks cannot form without failure of intact rock, the approach to obtain HB parameters must be modified. Typical situations when these modifications are required include the design of pillars,excavation and cavern stability, strainburst potential assessment, and tunnel support in deep underground conditions(around s1/s ci 0.15, where s1 is the major principal compressive stress and s ciis the unconfined compressive strength of the homogeneous rock) in hard brittle rocks with GSI ! 65. In this article, the strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses is investigated, and an approach is presented to estimate the rock mass strength envelope using laboratory data from uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests without reliance on the HB-GSI equations. The data from tests on specimens obtained from massive to moderately jointed heterogeneous(veined) rock masses are used to obtain the rock and rock mass strengths at confining stress ranges that are relevant for deep tunnelling and mining;and a methodology is presented for this purpose from laboratory data alone. By directly obtaining the equivalent HB rock mass strength envelope for massive to moderately jointed rock from laboratory tests,the HB-GSI rock mass strength estimation approach is complemented for conditions where the GSIequations are not applicable. Guidance is also provided on how to apply the proposed approach when laboratory test data are not or not yet available.     

Effects of confinement on rock mass modulus: A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) study

The main objective of this paper is to examine the influence of the applied confining stress on the rock mass modulus of moderately jointed rocks (well interlocked undisturbed rock mass with blocks formed by three or less intersecting joints). A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) approach is employed to determine the mechanical properties of the rock mass. In this approach, the intact body of rock is represented by the discrete element method (DEM)-Voronoi grains with the ability of simulating the initiation and propagation of microcracks within the intact part of the model. The geometry of the pre-existing joints is generated by employing discrete fracture network (DFN) modelling based on field joint data collected from the Brockville Tunnel using LiDAR scanning. The geometrical characteristics of the simulated joints at a representative sample size are first validated against the field data, and then used to measure the rock quality designation (RQD), joint spacing, areal fracture intensity (P₂₁), and block volumes. These geometrical quantities are used to quantitatively determine a representative range of the geological strength index (GSI). The results show that estimating the GSI using the RQD tends to make a closer estimate of the degree of blockiness that leads to GSI values corresponding to those obtained from direct visual observations of the rock mass conditions in the field. The use of joint spacing and block volume in order to quantify the GSI value range for the studied rock mass suggests a lower range compared to that evaluated in situ. Based on numerical modelling results and laboratory data of rock testing reported in the literature, a semi-empirical equation is proposed that relates the rock mass modulus to confinement as a function of the areal fracture intensity and joint stiffness.     

节理岩体的等效连续模型与工程应用

本文将工程范围的规则节理岩体看作是由各向同性的岩石单元与等效各向异性的节理岩石单元构成的统一体,在深入分析节理岩石单元的变形与强度特性的基础上,详细推导了等效变形与等效强度的基本公式,提出了一种等效连续模型。通过非线性有限元数值分析,完成了节理岩体力学特性的模拟。利用前人的物理模型试验验证了该模型的有效性。上述数值模型运用于某一典型的工程节理岩体的强度预测,其结果是令人满意的。     

Influence of degree of interlock on confined strength of jointed hard rock masses

The strength of jointed rock mass is strongly controlled by the degree of interlock between its constituent rock blocks. The degree of interlock constrains the kinematic freedom of individual rock blocks to rotate and slide along the block forming joints. The Hoek–Brown (HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index (GSI) were developed based on experiences from mine slopes and tunneling projects in moderately to poorly interlocked jointed rock masses. It has since then been demonstrated that the approach to estimate the HB strength parameters based on the GSI strength scaling equations (called the ‘GSI strength equations’) tends to underestimate the confined peak strength of highly interlocked jointed rock masses (i.e. GSI > 65), where the rock mass is often non-persistently jointed, and the intact rock blocks are strong and brittle. The estimation of the confined strength of such rock masses is relevant when designing mine pillars and abutments at great depths, where the confining pressure is high enough to prevent block rotation and free sliding on block boundaries. In this article, a grain-based distinct element modeling approach is used to simulate jointed rock masses of various degrees of interlock and to investigate the influences of block shape, joint persistence and joint surface condition on the confined peak strengths. The focus is on non-persistently jointed and blocky (persistently jointed) rock masses, consisting of hard and homogeneous rock blocks devoid of any strength degrading defects such as veins. The results from this investigation confirm that the GSI strength equations underestimate the confined strength of highly interlocked and non-persistently jointed rock masses. Moreover, the GSI strength equations are found to be valid to estimate the confined strength of persistently jointed rock masses with smooth and non-dilatant joint surfaces.     

节理岩体表征单元体尺寸确定的数值模拟

从节理岩体表征单元体的力学意义出发,在通过对某物理试验结果进行模拟以验证RFPA程序模拟节理岩体强度及破裂模式具有适用性的基础上,提出一种基于RFPA数值模拟确定节理岩体表征单元体的方法。该方法基于蒙特卡洛法生成二维节理裂隙网格,实现节理裂隙的表征,将其导入岩石破裂过程分析软件中,分析节理岩体弹性模量和单轴抗压、抗拉强度的尺寸效应和各向异性,并据此确定了节理岩体的表征单元体尺寸。最后,针对某采场围岩节理面统计参数,分析讨论节理岩体的尺寸效应和各向异性,通过综合分析确定了节理岩体的弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度等参数,并得出其表征单元体的尺度为6 m×6 m,这为后续的岩石力学研究奠定基础。