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Kaja Gutowska Dorota Formanowicz Piotr Formanowicz 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(3)
A deficiency of vitamin A (VAD) and iron is the most common nutritional problem affecting people worldwide. Given the scale of the problem, the interactions between vitamin A and iron levels are widely studied. However, the exact mechanism of the impact of vitamin A on the regulation of iron metabolism remains unclear. An extremely significant issue becomes a better understanding of the nature of the studied biological phenomenon, which is possible by using a systems approach through developing and analyzing a mathematical model based on a Petri net. To study the considered system, the t-cluster analysis, the significance analysis, and the analysis of the average number of transition firings were performed. The used analyses have allowed distinguishing the most important mechanisms (both subprocesses and elementary processes) positively and negatively regulating an expression of hepcidin and allowed to distinguish elementary processes with a higher frequency of occurrence compared to others. The analysis also allowed to resolve doubts about the discrepancy in literature reports, where VAD leads to positive regulation of hepcidin expression or to negative regulation of hepcidin expression. The more detailed analyses have shown that VAD more frequently positively stimulates hepcidin expression and this mechanism is more significant than the mechanism inhibiting hepcidin expression indirectly by VAD. 相似文献
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Anna‐Madeleine Beckmann Dr. Eva Maurer Verena Lülsdorff Annika Wilms Norbert Furtmann Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bajorath Prof. Dr. Michael Gütschow Dr. Marit Stirnberg 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2016,17(7):595-604
The cell‐surface serine protease matriptase‐2 is a critical stimulator of iron absorption by negatively regulating hepcidin, the key hormone of iron homeostasis. Thus, it has attracted much attention as a target in primary and secondary iron overload diseases. Here, we have characterised Kunitz‐type inhibitors hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI‐1) and HAI‐2 as powerful, slow‐binding matriptase‐2 inhibitors. The binding modes of the matriptase‐2–HAI complexes were suggested by molecular modelling. Different assays, including cell‐free and cell‐based measurements of matriptase‐2 activity, determination of inhibition constants and evaluation of matriptase‐2 inhibition by analysis of downstream effects in human liver cells, demonstrated that matriptase‐2 is an excellent target for Kunitz inhibitors. In particular, HAI‐2 is considered a promising scaffold for the design of potent and selective matriptase‐2 inhibitors. 相似文献
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目的观察高脂状态下肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(Alveolar typeⅡepithelial cells,ATⅡ)株A549细胞的脂质蓄积,并探讨炎症对高脂状态下A549细胞脂质蓄积的影响及可能的作用机制。方法将A549细胞分为4组:对照组(不加药物)、高脂组(100μg/ml LDL)、炎症组(300 ng/ml LPS)、联合处理组(100μg/ml LDL+300 ng/ml LPS),处理24 h后,油红O染色观察各组细胞内脂质蓄积情况;Real-time PCR检测固醇调节元件结蛋白2(Sterol regulatory elememnt binding proteins 2,SREBP2)、HMGCoA(3-Hydroxy-3-methlglutary 1 coezyme A)还原酶和低密度脂蛋白受体(Low-density lipoprotein receptor,LDLr)基因mRNA转录水平;Western blot法检测SREBP2、LDLr和三磷酸腺酐结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1,ABCA1)蛋白表达水平。结果联合处理组细胞内脂质蓄积较对照组、高脂组及炎症组严重;与对照组相比,高脂组的SREBP2、HMGCoA还原酶、LDLr基因mRNA转录水平反馈性下调(0.54±0.09)、(0.51±0.06)及(0.34±0.06)倍(P<0.05);联合处理组各基因mRNA转录水平下调程度低于高脂组;SREBP2及LDLr蛋白表达水平的变化趋势与基因转录水平基本一致;与对照组相比,高脂组ABCA1蛋白的表达反馈性上调(2.78±0.38)倍(P<0.01);联合处理组ABCA1蛋白表达上调无高脂组明显。结论炎症可加重高脂状态下肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞内的脂质蓄积,其机制可能与炎症干扰SREBP2-LDLr/HMGCoA还原酶通路介导的细胞内脂质稳态有关。 相似文献
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Chun-Qiu Hu Meng Xu Bing-Bing Yang Xiao-Jing Liu Qing-Li Bo Cheng Zhang De-Xiang Xu 《Lipids》2019,54(10):651-663
Vitamin D deficiency has been frequently reported in chronic liver disease. However, its influence on hepatic lipid accumulation in alcoholic liver disease remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of vitamin D deficiency on acute alcohol-induced hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Mice were fed with vitamin D deficient diet, in which vitamin D was depleted for 12 weeks to establish an animal model of vitamin D deficiency. Some mice were administered a single gavage of alcohol (4 g/kg bodyweight) before they were euthanized. Results show that feeding mice with vitamin D deficient diet did not induce hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, vitamin D deficiency markedly reduced alcohol-induced triacylglycerol (TAG) content and prevented hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency significantly attenuated alcohol-induced sterol-regulated element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c activation, which regulates genes for hepatic fatty acid (FA) and TAG synthesis, and the expression of its target genes fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl-coenzyme- A carboxylase (Acc). In addition, vitamin D deficiency alleviated alcohol-induced downregulation of hepatic nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, which governs FA transport and β-oxidation, and the expression of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)-1α, cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide (Cyp4a)10, and Cyp4a14, which are key enzymes for hepatic fatty acids β-oxidation and ω-oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is not a direct risk factor for hepatic lipid accumulation. Vitamin D deficiency alleviates acute alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation through inhibiting hepatic de novo fatty acid syntheses and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation and ω-oxidation. 相似文献
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Beata Tarnacka Anna Jopowicz Maria Ma li&#x;ska 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(15)
Copper, manganese, and iron are vital elements required for the appropriate development and the general preservation of good health. Additionally, these essential metals play key roles in ensuring proper brain development and function. They also play vital roles in the central nervous system as significant cofactors for several enzymes, including the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other enzymes that take part in the creation and breakdown of neurotransmitters in the brain. An imbalance in the levels of these metals weakens the structural, regulatory, and catalytic roles of different enzymes, proteins, receptors, and transporters and is known to provoke the development of various neurological conditions through different mechanisms, such as via induction of oxidative stress, increased α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, and stimulation of microglial cells, thus resulting in inflammation and reduced production of metalloproteins. In the present review, the authors focus on neurological disorders with psychiatric signs associated with copper, iron, and manganese excess and the diagnosis and potential treatment of such disorders. In our review, we described diseases related to these metals, such as aceruloplasminaemia, neuroferritinopathy, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and other very rare classical NBIA forms, manganism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ephedrone encephalopathy, HMNDYT1-SLC30A10 deficiency (HMNDYT1), HMNDYT2-SLC39A14 deficiency, CDG2N-SLC39A8 deficiency, hepatic encephalopathy, prion disease and “prion-like disease”, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, and depression. 相似文献
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Roberta J. Ward David T. Dexter Robert R. Crichton 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(13)
Disturbance of the brain homeostasis, either directly via the formation of abnormal proteins or cerebral hypo-perfusion, or indirectly via peripheral inflammation, will activate microglia to synthesise a variety of pro-inflammatory agents which may lead to inflammation and cell death. The pro-inflammatory cytokines will induce changes in the iron proteins responsible for maintaining iron homeostasis, such that increased amounts of iron will be deposited in cells in the brain. The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which is directly involved in the inflammatory process, can significantly affect iron metabolism via their interaction with iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs). This underlies the importance of ensuring that iron is maintained in a form that can be kept under control; hence, the elegant mechanisms which have become increasingly well understood for regulating iron homeostasis. Therapeutic approaches to minimise the toxicity of iron include N-acetyl cysteine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds and iron chelation. 相似文献
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Iron is required for the survival of most organisms, including bacteria, plants, and humans. Its homeostasis in mammals must be fine-tuned to avoid iron deficiency with a reduced oxygen transport and diminished activity of Fe-dependent enzymes, and also iron excess that may catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The advance in understanding the main players and mechanisms involved in iron regulation significantly improved since the discovery of genes responsible for hemochromatosis, the IRE/IRPs machinery, and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. This review provides an update on the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular and systemic Fe homeostasis and their roles in pathophysiologic conditions that involve alterations of iron metabolism, and provides novel therapeutic strategies to prevent the deleterious effect of its deficiency/overload. 相似文献
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Ifrah Ismail Ali Crystal D&#x;Souza Jaipaul Singh Ernest Adeghate 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(15)
Adropin is a novel 76-amino acid-peptide that is expressed in different tissues and cells including the liver, pancreas, heart and vascular tissues, kidney, milk, serum, plasma and many parts of the brain. Adropin, encoded by the Enho gene, plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. The literature review indicates that adropin alleviates the degree of insulin resistance by reducing endogenous hepatic glucose production. Adropin improves glucose metabolism by enhancing glucose utilization in mice, including the sensitization of insulin signaling pathways such as Akt phosphorylation and the activation of the glucose transporter 4 receptor. Several studies have also demonstrated that adropin improves cardiac function, cardiac efficiency and coronary blood flow in mice. Adropin can also reduce the levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, it increases the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, often referred to as the beneficial cholesterol. Adropin inhibits inflammation by reducing the tissue level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. The protective effect of adropin on the vascular endothelium is through an increase in the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. This article provides an overview of the existing literature about the role of adropin in different pathological conditions. 相似文献
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Agata Gitlin Dr. Dawid Dębowski Natalia Karna Prof. Anna Łęgowska Dr. Marit Stirnberg Prof. Michael Gütschow Prof. Krzysztof Rolka 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2015,16(11):1601-1607
A series of 17 new analogues of trypsin inhibitor SFTI‐1 were designed and synthesized to obtain matriptase‐2 inhibitors. A number of the modified bicyclic peptides displayed much higher affinity towards matriptase‐2 than towards the highly homologous matriptase‐1. Replacement of Lys5 by Arg in the wild‐type SFTI‐1 led to an 11‐fold increase in the matriptase‐2 inhibitory activity. Replacement of Arg2 by its enantiomer (D ‐arginine) slightly lowered the inhibition of matriptase‐2, but almost completely abolished the affinity towards matriptase‐1, thus yielding the most selective matriptase‐2 inhibitor. This is the first report describing inhibitors of the recently discovered matriptase‐2 based on the SFTI‐1 structure. The results showed that SFTI‐1 is a promising scaffold for the design of potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme. 相似文献
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Akiko Suzuki Mina Minamide Chihiro Iwaya Kenichi Ogata Junichi Iwata 《International journal of molecular sciences》2020,21(23)
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies. 相似文献
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Anja Reinert Tilo Reinert Thomas Arendt Markus Morawski 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(3)
A subpopulation of neurons is less vulnerable against iron-induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. A key feature of these neurons is a special extracellular matrix composition that forms a perineuronal net (PN). The PN has a high affinity to iron, which suggests an adapted iron sequestration and metabolism of the ensheathed neurons. Highly active, fast-firing neurons—which are often ensheathed by a PN—have a particular high metabolic demand, and therefore may have a higher need in iron. We hypothesize that PN-ensheathed neurons have a higher intracellular iron concentration and increased levels of iron proteins. Thus, analyses of cellular and regional iron and the iron proteins transferrin (Tf), Tf receptor 1 (TfR), ferritin H/L (FtH/FtL), metal transport protein 1 (MTP1 aka ferroportin), and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) were performed on Wistar rats in the parietal cortex (PC), subiculum (SUB), red nucleus (RN), and substantia nigra (SNpr/SNpc). Neurons with a PN (PN+) have higher iron concentrations than neurons without a PN: PC 0.69 mM vs. 0.51 mM, SUB 0.84 mM vs. 0.69 mM, SN 0.71 mM vs. 0.63 mM (SNpr)/0.45 mM (SNpc). Intracellular Tf, TfR and MTP1 contents of PN+ neurons were consistently increased. The iron concentration of the PN itself is not increased. We also determined the percentage of PN+ neurons: PC 4%, SUB 5%, SNpr 45%, RN 86%. We conclude that PN+ neurons constitute a subpopulation of resilient pacemaker neurons characterized by a bustling iron metabolism and outstanding iron handling capabilities. These properties could contribute to the low vulnerability of PN+ neurons against iron-induced oxidative stress and degeneration. 相似文献
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Luca Mignani Daniela Zizioli Deepak Khatri Nicola Facchinello Marco Schiavone Giuseppe De Palma Dario Finazzi 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(21)
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor in all living organisms, being involved in a large number of chemical reactions. Sequence variations in pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2), the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis, are found in patients affected by Pantothenate Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN), one of the most common forms of neurodegeneration, with brain iron accumulation. Knowledge about the biochemical and molecular features of this disorder has increased a lot in recent years. Nonetheless, the main culprit of the pathology is not well defined, and no treatment option is available yet. In order to contribute to the understanding of this disease and facilitate the search for therapies, we explored the potential of the zebrafish animal model and generated lines carrying biallelic mutations in the pank2 gene. The phenotypic characterization of pank2-mutant embryos revealed anomalies in the development of venous vascular structures and germ cells. Adult fish showed testicular atrophy and altered behavioral response in an anxiety test but no evident signs of neurodegeneration. The study suggests that selected cell and tissue types show a higher vulnerability to pank2 deficiency in zebrafish. Deciphering the biological basis of this phenomenon could provide relevant clues for better understanding and treating PKAN. 相似文献
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Anja Meissner Alba M. Garcia-Serrano Lotte Vanherle Zeinab Rafiee Nicholas Don-Doncow Cecilia Skoug Sara Larsson Michael Gottschalk Martin Magnusson Joo M. N. Duarte 《International journal of molecular sciences》2023,24(1)
Excess dietary salt reduces resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and vascular reactivity, which can limit the fueling of neuronal metabolism. It is hitherto unknown whether metabolic derangements induced by high-salt-diet (HSD) exposure during adulthood are reversed by reducing salt intake. In this study, male and female mice were fed an HSD from 9 to 16 months of age, followed by a normal-salt diet (ND) thereafter until 23 months of age. Controls were continuously fed either ND or HSD. CBF and metabolite profiles were determined longitudinally by arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. HSD reduced cortical and hippocampal CBF, which recovered after dietary salt normalization, and affected hippocampal but not cortical metabolite profiles. Compared to ND, HSD increased hippocampal glutamine and phosphocreatine levels and decreased creatine and choline levels. Dietary reversal only allowed recovery of glutamine levels. Histology analyses revealed that HSD reduced the dendritic arborization and spine density of cortical and hippocampal neurons, which were not recovered after dietary salt normalization. We conclude that sustained HSD exposure throughout adulthood causes permanent structural and metabolic alterations to the mouse brain that are not fully normalized by lowering dietary salt during aging. 相似文献
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