克服距离保护暂态超越的新方法

暂态超越现象的存在，使得距离保护Ⅰ段的作用受到很大限制，保护范围大大缩小。分析了电容式电压互感器（CVT）和电流互感器（TA）的传变特性，指出了由于CVT和TA传变特性不一致引起的二次侧电压电流非周期分量无法平衡是导致距离保护暂态超越的根本原因。在微分方程算法的基础上，提出了一种通过在电压互感器二次侧叠加一个综合的衰减非周期分量使二次侧电压电流非周期分量基本平衡，从而提高保护精度、改善暂态超越的新算法。由于使用了最小二乘拟合算法，该算法自身就具有很好的滤波特性。经过EMTP仿真和实际现场数据验证，证明了该算法原理上的正确性和可行性，有很好的实用价值。     

基于工频量补偿算法的长线距离保护

特高压长线路的分布参数特性使传统距离保护的测量阻抗不与故障距离成正比，容易造成保护的超越或拒动。文中分析距离保护正确动作的条件:测距误差不大于故障距离与整定距离之差，提出将保护安装处的电流、电压补偿到距离Ⅰ段末端测距。仿真表明，该算法提高了距离Ⅰ段末端的测距精度，符合保护正确动作的条件，使保护正确动作。     

基于参数识别的时域长线距离保护

对于传统距离保护用于远距离输电时受线路分布电容影响存在暂态超越的问题,给出了一种基于参数识别的时域距离保护新算法。在分布参数线路模型下,根据保护安装处电压、电流计算出保护整定点的电压、电流,再根据微分方程距离保护算法判别区内、区外故障,并利用插值法解决了长线距离保护在低采样频率下无法计算沿线电压、电流分布的问题。仿真结果表明,在特高压长线路末端故障情况下仍能够正确判别区内、区外故障,有效地防止了暂态超越。该方法对采样频率要求不高,不受线路分布电容和非周期分量的影响,提高了长线距离保护的动作可靠性。     

串补电容对工频变化量距离保护的影响

详细分析了有串补电容线路上工频变化量距离继电器的性能，得出工频变化量距离继电器应用于串补线路在不计暂态过程时能够正确动作，而在计入暂态过程时可能存在暂态超越。在此基础上提出了防止暂态超越的措施——提高动作门槛。EMTP仿真程序结合保护仿真程序验证了上述理论分析的正确性和防止暂态超越方案的有效性。     

自适应接地距离继电器的研究

接地距离继电器要解决的关键问题之一是提高其耐受过渡电阻的能力。在分析自适应接地距离继电器动作特性的基础上，提出了对自适应动作特性的修正方法，从而使修正后的自适应接地距离继电器既有很强的抗过渡电阻能力，又能有效地防止暂态超越。仿真结果证实了这种继电器具有良好的自适应性和选择性。     

自适应接地距离继电器

基于单相接地模型，推导得到由故障点两侧零序阻抗角差异引起测量电抗的综合误差，根据综合误差的具体情况对测量电抗进行补偿，从而得到自适应接地距离继电器动作判据。新判据的多边形阻抗特性用纯电抗线来代替传统的电抗下倾线，不再像传统距离保护那样盲目地缩小动作范围。在可靠防止距离保护超越误动作的前提下，扩大了距离保护的动作范围。用EMTP进行了大量的数字仿真实验，结果表明，自适应阻抗动作判据能有效防止保护超越误动作，也提高了区内故障的动作灵敏度。     

基于神经网络的自适应距离保护研究

超高压输电线路的距离保护必须具备足够的对过渡电阻的反应能力。在双侧电源条件 下,过渡电阻可能造成保护范围的伸长或缩短。提出了神经网络距离保护算法，通过对 样本的学习来获得保护的动作特性，具有内在的对过渡电阻和系统运行方式的自适应性。该 算法已在一实际的500 kV系统输电线路上仿真实现，考虑单相接地故障和Ⅰ段保护，在 设计的90％保护范围内具有稳定良好的保护性能。     

浅析吉牛水电站距离保护行为

吉牛水电站的距离保护是高频通道的纵联保护,对被保护线路全线任何地点的任何故障均能瞬时有选择性地切除。详细分析了吉牛水电站允许超出的高频保护方案,从物理概念出发,分析了线路保护在允许超出的保护方案中其摇摆过程的距离保护行为,表明该方案能够满足在稳定摇摆过程防止跳闸,同时在不稳定暂态下跳闸。依据该方案,从电气设备及电力系统稳定角度出发,得到了距离保护正常切除故障的典型故障切除时间。     

一种高压电网电压行波信号的提取方法

行波信号的有效提取是高压电网行波保护和行波故障定位的前提,针对传统电容式电压互感器不能传变暂态高频信号的缺陷,提出了一种电压行波信号的提取方法。利用电容式电压互感器或电流互感器的套管末屏电容,设计了电压行波提取电路,考查了其频率响应特性。利用EMTDC分别仿真了提取电路对不同频率段、不同故障初始角和不同故障电阻的暂态电压信号提取响应,理论分析和仿真结果表明:该方法能够有效地提取暂态高频信号,正确反映一次侧特定频带的电压行波特征,很好地解决了行波保护或暂态量保护及故障定位中暂态电压行波提取的难题。     

系统暂态过程发电机失磁保护误动行为分析

在电力系统的暂态过程中，水电厂失磁保护常将未失步的发电机组跳闸，这将使水电占较大比例且总容量不很大的电网在暂态过程丧失部分电源，造成事故扩大，使原来可能是暂态稳定的系统，最后导致暂态不稳定，本文通过对发电机失磁物理过程，发电机暂态过程功角特性及发电机失磁保护原理方面的分析，说明导致暂态过程功角摆开且未失稳的发电机跳闸原因。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

泥石流危害与防治

泥石流介于流水与滑坡之间的一种地质现象,其具有突然爆发、阵性、能量大的特点,来势凶猛,破坏力极强,给人民生命财产造成极大的损失和破坏。掌握其发生规律和特点,进行预报和防治是非常必要的。