Performance characteristics of fluidized bed syngas methanation over Ni-Mg/Al2O3 catalyst

The performance characteristics of isothermal fluidized bed syngas methanation for substitute natural gas are investigated over a self-made Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst. Via atmospheric methanation in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor it was clarified that the CO conversion varied in 5% when changing the space velocity in 40–120 L·g?1·h?1 but the conversion increased obviously by raising the superficial gas velocity from 4 to 12.4 cm·s?1. The temperature at 823 K is suitable for syngas methanation while obvious deposition of uneasy-oxidizing Cγoccurs on the catalyst at temperatures around 873 K. From a kinetic aspect, the lowest reaction temperature is suggested to be 750 K when the space velocity is 60 L·g?1·h?1. Raising the H2/CO ratio of the syngas increased proportionally the CO conversion and CH4 selectivity, showing that at enough high H2/CO ratios the active sites on the catalyst are sufficient for CO adsorption and in turn the reaction with H2 for forming CH4. Introducing CO2 into the syngas feed suppresses the water gas shift and Boudouard reactions and thus increased H2 consumption. The ratio of CO2/CO in syngas should be better below 0.52 because varying the ratio from 0.52 to 0.92 resulted in negligible increases in the H2 conversion and CH4 selectivity but decreased the CH4 yield. Introducing steam into the feed gas affected little the CO conversion but decreased the selectivity to CH4. The tested Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst manifested good stability in structure and activity even in syngas containing water vapor.     

Pt-Sn/SBA-15催化剂的制备、表征和长链烷烃脱氢催化性能

A series of the Pt-Sn/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared and their properties characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, N2 adsorption-desorption, high resolution transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and H2-temperature programmed reduction. Their performances in long chain alkane dehydrogenation were evaluated in a fixed-bed microreactor with dodecane as a model alkane. The results indicated that SBA-15 maintained the well-order mesoporous structure during the reaction. The performance of the catalyst was found not dominated by its textural properties, but by the molar ratio of Sn to Pt which governed the degree of Sn reduction. Owing to the highest degree of Sn reduction, 1% （by mass） Pt-1.8% （by mass） Sn/SBA-15 showed the best catalytic activity. At 0.1 MPa and 470℃, the molar ratio of hydrogen to alkane at 4, and liquid hourly space velocity （LHSV） 20 h^-1, the dodecane conversion is 10%, and the dodecene selectivity is about 70%.     

Preparation of Hydrogen through Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-oil

Hydrogen was prepared via catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil which was obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor. Influential factors including temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of bio-oil, mass ratio of steam to bio-oil (S/B) as well as catalyst type on hydrogen selectivity and other desirable gas products were investigated. Based on hydrogen in stoichiometric potential and carbon balance in gaseous phase and feed, hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity were examined. The experimental results show that higher temperature favors the hydrogen selectivity by H2 mole fraction in gaseous products stream and it plays an important role in hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity. Higher hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity were obtained at lower bio-oil WHSV. In catalytic steam reforming system a maximum steam concentration value exists, at which hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity keep constant. Through experiments, preferential operation conditions were obtained as follows: temperature 800~850℃, bio-oil WHSV below 3.0 h-1, and mass ratio of steam to bio-oil 10~12. The performance tests indicate that Ni-based catalysts are optional, especially Ni/a-Al2O3 effective in the steam reforming process.     

Ni-Na/Zr02-Mn02-Zn0催化合成甲基异丙基酮和二乙基酮（英文）

ZrO2-MnO2-ZnO supports were prepared by the co-precipitation method,and then Ni-Na/ZrO2-MnO2-ZnO catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method.In this paper,the reactions to synthesize methyl isopropyl ketone and diethyl ketone by the one-step synthesis method over this catalyst were studied,and meanwhile,the impact of the catalyst preparation conditions and the reaction conditions on catalyst performance was also investigated.It was observed that under the conditions when Ni loading was 25%,calcination temperature was 400℃ and reduction temperature was 410℃,this catalyst had good catalytic performance on the reaction.The suitable reaction conditions were achieved:reaction temperature was 400℃;reaction at atmospheric pressure;liquid hourly space velocity of raw material of 0.5 h 1 ;and the molar ratio of(methanol)/(methyl ethyl ketone)/(water) was equal to 1/1/1.Under such conditions,the conversion of methyl ethyl ketone could achieve 41.7%,and the overall selectivity of methyl isopropyl ketone and diethyl ketone could achieve 83.3%,which was comparable to the conversion of 38.1% and the selectivity of 82.2% achieved by using palladium as the active material.The good stability made this catalyst have good prospects for industrial application.     

反应条件对钌催化剂和铁催化剂的氨合成性能影响

Activated carbon-supported Ru-based catalyst and A301 iron catalyst were prepared,and the influences of reaction temperature,space velocity,pressure,and H2/N2 ratio on performance of iron catalyst coupled with Ru catalyst in series for ammonia synthesis were investigated.The activity tests were also performed on the single Ru and Fe catalysts as comparison.Results showed that the activity of the Ru catalyst for ammonia synthesis was higher than that of the iron catalyst by 33.5%-37.6% under the reaction conditions:375-400 °C,10 MPa,10000 h-1,H2︰N2 3,and the Ru catalyst also had better thermal stability when treated at 475 °C for 20 h.The outlet ammonia concentration using Fe-Ru catalyst was increased by 45.6%-63.5% than that of the single-iron catalyst at low tem-perature (375-400 °C),and the outlet ammonia concentration increased with increasing Ru catalyst loading.     

高温高压浆态鼓泡床反应器中的气-液传质

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure,superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffln/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.     

酸功能化离子液体催化合成仲丁醇的反应动力学(英文)

The acid-functionalized ionic liquid ([HSO3Pmim]HSO4) was synthesized by a two-step method. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show that the synthesis method is feasible and high purity of ionic liquid can be obtained. Using [HSO3Pmim]HSO4 as the catalyst, we studied the reaction kinetics of synthesizing sec-butyl alcohol from sec-butyl acetate and methanol by transesterification in a high-pressure batch reactor. The effects of temperature, initial molar ratio of methanol to ester, and catalyst concentration on the conversion of sec-butyl acetate were studied. Based on its possible reaction mechanism, a ho-mogeneous kinetic model was established. The results show that the reaction heatΔH is 10.94 × 103 J·mol?1, so the reaction is an endothermic reaction. The activation energies Ea+and Ea?are 60.38 × 103 and 49.44 × 103 J·mol?1, respectively.     

旋转填料床中硝酸吸收NO_x的实验研究(英文)

Absorption of NOx into nitric acid solutions was studied in the presence of ozone by using a rotating packed bed (RPB) contactor. The influences of operating parameters, such as high gravity number, amount of ozone, gas velocity, liquid spray density and inlet concentration of NOx, on the removal efficiency of NOx were investigated, among which the high gravity number and ozone amount are more important. Ozone was introduced to oxidize HNO2 to HNO3 to prevent the decomposition of HNO2 in the liquid phase. The high gravity number presents the effective external force for enhancing the mass transfer of ozone from gas phase to liquid phase. Under the experimental condition, the removal efficiency of NOx is higher than 90% and the concentration of nitric acid product exceeds 45%.     

非均相羰基氧化一步合成碳酸二苯酯的研究(Ⅴ)筛选催化剂及优化合成条件

Pd/LaxPbyMnOz, Pd/C, Pd/molecular sieve and Pd-heteropoly acid catalysts for direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by heterogeneous catalytic reaction were compared and the results of DPC synthesis indicated that the catalyst Pd/LaxPbyMnOz had higher activity. The Pd/LaxPbyMnOz catalyst and the support was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM, the main phase was Lao.szPbo.asMnOa and the average diameter could be about 25.4nm. The optimuna conditions for synthesis of DPC with Pd/LasPbyMnOz were determined by orthogonal experiments and the experimental results showed that reaction temperature was the first factor of effect on the selectivity and yield of DPC, and the concentration of O2 in gas phase also had significant effect on selectivity of DPC. The optimum reaction conditions were catalyst/phenol mass ratio l to 50, pressure 4.5MPa, volume concentration of O2 25%, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 4 h. The maximum yield and average selectivity could reach 13% and 97% respectively in the     

Kinetic studies on extra heavy crude oil upgrading using nanocatalysts by applying CFD techniques

Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil,extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention,but the application of this kind ofoil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight.High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil.Accordingly,it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs.Numerical simulations are influential methods,because they reduce calculation time and costs.In this study,the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated,and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction.Moreover,the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied.The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software,and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results.The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results.Furthermore,to investigate the main factors affecting the process,sensitivity analysis is adopted.Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most.The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO2 nanocatalyst,a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67％ is observed at 623 K.Also,a catalyst concentration of 2.28wt％ is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil.The results obtained through sensitivity analysis,simulation model,and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

A study of miscibility of blends of polybutadienes of varying microstructure

The miscibility of various amorphous polybutadienes with mixed microstructures of 1,4 addition units (cis, 1,4 and trans 1,4) and 1,2 addition units have been investigated. The studies here involved optical transparency, differential scanning calorimetry, and small angle light scattering. It was found that a 90 percent (cis) 1, 4 addition polybutadiene was immiscible with high (91 percent) 1,2 addition polybutadiene. Reduction of the 1,2 content to 71 percent induced an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) with the cis 1,4 polymer. Polybutadienes with 50 percent and 10 percent 1,2 contents were miscible above the crystalline melting temperature of the cis 1,4 polybutadiene. Immiscibility of the 91 percent 1,2 addition polymer was also found with a 10 percent 1,2 polybutadiene. The latter polymer also exhibits an UCST with the 71 percent 1,2 polymer. The results are used to interpret the characteristics of blends of polybutadienes of varying microstructure.     

粉煤灰中烧失量检测的不确定度分析

以F类粉煤灰为例,详细介绍了测定粉煤灰中烧失量的步骤、计算数学模型、影响测量不确定度的因素以及各项测量不确定度分量评定,人员、设备、材料、方法、环境都是影响测量不确定的因素。     

分解炉扩径的技术改造

我厂3号回转窑(Φ4m×60m)生产线在1996年年底由SP窑(产量912t/d)改为NSP窑(产量1320t/d),预分解系统为四级旋风预热器带离线式分解炉     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

基于组件技术的化工原理实验课件的设计

利用组件技术开发化工原理实验课件,给出了系统层、组件库层和应用层的架构划分。重点讨论了组件库的设计,给出了流体阻力这一典型实验的实现描述。实践证实,基于组件技术可以提高仿真实验的开发效率。