空气隙膜组件与半导体制冷的耦合设计与研究

以新型气隙式膜蒸馏冷腔为研究对象,拟寻求合适的制冷源来代替大型、高耗能的制冷机.对新型空气隙膜组件与半导体制冷片的匹配理论进行了研究,并且做了耦合设计.实验采用空气强制对流散冷和循环水浴散热的方式,测试分析在特定条件下半导体冷端温度的变化规律,探求适合于空气隙膜蒸馏冷腔的片数及运行工况.研究结果表明,半导体制冷片不但响应时间迅速,而且长时间运行稳定性好.散热循环水浴流量对半导体冷端的温度影响很大.在风机风量600m3/h,室温22℃,散热循环水浴流量700L/h,水温20℃的条件下,输入电流I=20A时,半导体冷端温度是8.86℃,制冷量是112.83 W,在膜面积为0.010 4m2时,可以达到膜蒸馏冷腔所需的温度条件.可以作为优化新型气隙式膜组件冷腔的首选方案.     

半导体制冷的膜蒸馏组件设计及可行性实验分析

膜蒸馏组件进行浓缩和提纯需提供冷、热温差,设计了采用半导体制冷的膜蒸馏组件冷腔,构成了一种新型的空气隙膜蒸馏组件.半导体组件冷腔热端采用肋片箱体式水冷散热,在一定流量下,测试了热电堆为3片、6片、8片及9片,电压为4～9 V时冷腔表面及热端散热水域温度等制冷性能.结果表明:当输入电压一定时,半导体片数越多,制冷表面温度越低,9片9V时,温度已达到零下,为-6.1℃;6片热电片,电压5～7 V时制冷表面温度可维持6.5～8.3℃,低于10℃,且消耗的功率较小,满足膜蒸馏所需冷端要求.实验工作为研究半导体制冷组件在太阳能膜蒸馏装置的工程应用奠定了一定基础.     

多级热电制冷器的ANSYS模拟与实验研究

从基本传热角度对热电制冷进行了理论分析。在不同外界环境和不同热端温度下,运用ANSYS模拟了四级热电制冷器的制冷温度。最后搭建实验台进行了实验研究。模拟与实验结果表明,热电制冷器受外界环境影响较大,在其应用过程中,应注意热电制冷器的绝热。热电制冷器制冷温差随热端温度升高而增大,因此保证热电制冷器的良好的热端散热是保持其优良性能的必要条件。     

半导体制冷应用于新型膜组件冷腔的试验研究

以新型气隙式膜蒸馏冷腔为研究对象,拟寻求合适的制冷源来代替大型、高耗能的制冷机。实验采用大空间空气强制对流散冷和循环水浴散热的方式,测试分析在特定条件下半导体冷端温度的变化规律,探求适合于空气隙膜蒸馏冷腔的片数及运行工况。研究结果表明,散热循环水浴流量和温度对半导体冷端的温度影响很大,环境温度的变化对半导体冷端温度也有一定的影响。同时并且适合于长时间运行,制冷迅速,稳定性好。在风机风量每小时60立方米,室温24℃,散热循环水浴流量每小时700升,温度20℃的条件下,半导体冷端温度是9.7℃,可以达到膜蒸馏冷腔所需的温度条件。可以作为优化气新型隙式膜组件冷腔的首选方案。     

多级热电制冷器的数值模拟与实验研究

对多级热电制冷器进行了理论分析。在三种不同工况下,运用ANSYS模拟四种不同类型热电制冷器的制冷温度,并搭建实验台进行了实验研究。模拟结果表明,热电制冷器热电对之间的距离对其制冷温度有影响,设计热电制冷器时,应对热电对距离进行优化设计。实验结果表明,实验用热电制冷器最佳工作电压为12V,热电制冷器制冷温度受外界环境影响非常大,选择合适的绝热材料对制冷器制冷温度有重要影响。实验结果还表明,热电制冷器输入电流和功率随热端温度升高而减小,制冷温度和最大制冷温差随热端温度升高而增大。     

基于半导体制冷的膜蒸馏组件的设计及实验

设计了半导体制冷膜蒸馏组件的冷腔,设计后的冷腔不仅强化了半导体的散热,并使结构趋于简化,易于实现小型化。实验研究了膜蒸馏组件冷腔冷却水流量及半导体输入功率对铝冷壁壁温的影响,实验结果表明:设计后的冷腔在半导体通电4分钟后铝冷壁壁面温度达到稳定,维持在(7±0.5)℃;冷腔经3.5小时运行后基本稳定在(5±0.8)℃;半导体的输入功率和半导体热端冷却水流量对膜通量的影响较大,但随着半导体输入电流的增大膜通量的增幅在减小。说明半导体内部产生的热量影响了半导体的制冷性能,进而影响了膜通量。     

热电制冷膜蒸馏性能及数值模拟分析

为提高膜蒸馏传质过程效率,在新型热电制冷平板式膜蒸馏组件的基础上,对新型半导体冷腔的制冷性能进行分析,通过对具有不同旋向结构参数的热容腔数值模拟计算,获得2mm小空间膜热容腔近膜面处的流场和温度场,比较分析不同边界层涡量值和温度梯度,数值计算结果表明:具有开槽宽度3 mm,角度60.的分水盘的涡量值为0.088 (1/s),温度梯度0.02℃/mm,该结构削弱了膜面处边界层的温度极化和浓度极化,为研究提高膜蒸馏传质通量方法的物理机制奠定了基础.     

新型膜蒸馏组件中半导体制冷性能试验研究

提出一种具有半导体制冷的新型膜蒸馏组件,基于半导体制冷原理,选择最佳散热方式——水冷散热,试验研究在同种条件下静态和扰动水域的变化对半导体制冷组件性能的影响。研究结果表明：散热水域的温度以及搅动对其制冷性能影响较大,半导体制冷组件在一定工况运行时,制冷表面温度稳定,保持在-3.2℃,可以满足膜蒸馏进行所需的冷端条件,证明半导体制冷组件可以与膜蒸馏过程耦合,为半导体制冷组件在膜蒸馏试验中的应用提供试验依据。     

热电制冷的应用与优化综述

热电制冷(TEC)是以温差电现象为基础的制冷方式,是基于帕尔贴效应的固态环保型制冷技术。与其他制冷方式相比,热电制冷具有体积小、结构简单、可靠性高、制冷迅速等优点。本文通过研究国内外的相关文献,主要从热电制冷的应用及性能优化两方面综述了热电制冷近年来的研究进展和成果。对热电制冷在热电冰箱、热电空调和电子器件冷却等方面的应用及相关研究进行了归纳分析,并对热电制冷与太阳能、蒸气压缩以及蒸发冷却等复合系统应用进行了分析阐述。在热电制冷性能优化方面,总结了在材料已定时提升热电制冷的性能优化方法,包括热电制冷器结构、工作参数及热端散热等,并在工作参数优化过程中分析了近年来研究较多的脉冲电流研究进展。     

用于手机非均匀分布热点的热电冷却系统设计

为了解决智能手机使用的大功率芯片中非均匀分布热点的散热问题,本文采用手机芯片作为热源,利用软件使手机满载工作以模拟实际的高温场景,采用具有各向异性导热系数的导热层和用于小型散热系统的热沉以提高热电制冷器的制冷效率,在此基础上建立了制冷效率可控的热管理系统。此外,为了减少热电制冷器热端的热量积累,还设计了一种周期性电源控制器。结果表明：热管理系统将芯片温度从48 ℃降至34 ℃,提高了约20%的满载芯片利用率,有效提升了手机流畅度,为解决非均匀分布热点的散热问题提供了指导。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.