具有附面层抽吸的大折转角扩压静叶优化研究

在某大折转角扩压静叶基础上,充分考虑到附面层抽吸对高负荷静叶流场的影响,对静叶方案进行了优化设计。结合NACA65系列叶型与低速CDA叶型各自的特点,通过对静叶前缘加速段及尾缘扩压段的细致修型和调整,采用吸力面和下端壁组合抽吸的控制方法,最终将静叶在设计点的性能大幅度提高,大大超过了原设计指标。     

Improving the aerodynamic efficiency of blade profile cascade used in a cooled turbine

Good effect from using rotor blade cascades, the pressure side’s profile of which has a bend near the trailing edge at an angle of no larger than 15°, is confirmed from the results of experimental studies.     

汽轮机叶栅内湿蒸汽两相凝结流动的数值研究

对存在自发凝结的湿蒸汽两相流动进行研究,在欧拉/欧拉坐标系下建立数学模型。气相采用N-S方程,液相凝结过程应用对所构造的多阶参数积分方法进行求解,对汽轮机叶栅中跨音速两相流动进行了数值模拟。与实验数据对比,结果正确预测了凝结冲波的位置和强度,证明所采用模型的准确性和全面性。由液相参数的分布和变化趋势可知吸力面汽流膨胀率和尾缘处蒸汽流动情况是影响主流中液相参数分布的主要因素。     

旋转叶片气膜冷却效果的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了静止和旋转涡轮叶片表面不同工况下的气膜冷却效果,计算给出了吹风比M=1.0、1.5等工况下静止和旋转叶片压力面、吸力面的气膜冷却效率,以及不同射流孔下游的气膜冷却效率,并分析了旋转和吹风比对气膜冷却效果的影响。结果表明：静止叶栅,M=1时叶片气膜冷却效果较好,旋转叶栅,M=1.5时叶片气膜冷却效果较好;叶栅在高速旋转时,冷却气流对射流孔附近区域影响不大,叶片尾缘附近气膜冷却效率呈现先增大后减小的趋势;叶片高速旋转时,产生的离心力使冷却气流流向叶顶区域,靠近叶顶区域的气膜冷却效率值较高。     

遗传算法原理及其在透平机械叶栅优化设计中的应用

该文将遗传算法应用于透平机械叶栅的优化设计 ,建立起以极小化叶栅背弧实际压力与理想压力均方差为目标函数 ,以叶栅几何参数为变量的优化设计模型。优化实例结果表明 ,此算法的应用将改善叶栅内部的流场 ,提高叶栅的气动性能。     

Magnetic properties of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system exchange spring magnets

The melt‐spun ribbons of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system alloys were prepared by single roller rapid‐quenching method. The effects of composition, surface velocity, and heat treatment on the magnetic properties were investigated. The P₉sFe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 alloy ribbons prepared at a surface velocity of 12.5 m/s were crystallized by heat treatment, and the optimum heat‐treatment condition was found to be at 575°C for 3 min, for which the magnetic properties were (BH)_max = 136.1 kJ/m³, J_r = 0.93 T, H_cJ = 652.2 kA/m, and H_cB = 528.3 kA/m. The temperature coefficients of J_r and H_cJ for the ribbons crystallized from melt‐spun ribbons of Pr₉Fe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 alloy were α(J_r)_ave = ?0.057%/°C and α(H_cJ) = ?0.450%/°C. The value of (B)_max for the compression molding Pr₉Fe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 isotropic bonded magnet prepared by using the ribbons annealed at 575°C for 3 min is 80.0 kJ/m³, and the density is 6.24 Mg/m³. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 10–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20211 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响

为研究侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响,本文建立了某泵站引渠、前池、进水池与吸入管三维数值模型,并基于VOF模型开展了数值计算。然后,根据计算结果分析了不同侧边机组故障情况对前池和引渠内流态的影响。最后,引入了流速分布均匀度作为量化指标,阐述了不同侧边机组故障情况对中间机组的吸入管进口流速分布的影响规律。结果表明:侧边单台机组故障时,前池内部流速分布相对无故障变化较小,但故障机组吸水池内产生大尺度漩涡,进而导致前池出口断面流速畸变,发生流速掺混现象;侧边机组全部故障时,前池内部产生大尺度涡系,造成前池出口断面流速严重掺混现象,且范围更大,并显著影响中间机组吸入管进口流态,造成进口流速不均匀分布,进而对中间机组运行产生不利影响。     

Studying a linear vane cascade at low values of reynolds number

Experimental and calculated values of losses in a linear vane cascade in subsonic and supersonic modes of operation at low values of Reynolds number are presented. It is shown that the profile losses increase in this case especially intensely at a decreased level of corrected velocity at the outlet λ_2is. The influence of low Reynolds numbers on the profile losses becomes low at subsonic values of λ_2is.     

Condensation heat transfer of pure steam and steam from gas–steam mixture in tubes of AES-2006 PHRS SG heat exchanger

Results of experimental determination of the average heat transfer coefficient upon condensation of pure steam α_c and steam from air–steam mixture α_as.m in tubes of a large-scale model of the emergency cooling heat exchanger in the system of passive heat removal through steam generators of AES-2006 project at Leningrad II NPP are presented. The model contained 16 parallel tubes with a diameter of 16 × 2 mm and a length of 2.9 m connected to the upper steam distributing and lower condensate gathering horizontal collectors; the distance between their axes was 2.28 m. The tube segments were vertical, horizontal, or inclined. The internal diameter of the collectors was 40 or 60 mm. The model was placed in the lower part of a tank with a height of 6.5 m and a volume of 5.85 m³ filled with boiling water at atmospheric pressure. The experimental parameters were as follows: pressure range 0.43–7.77 MPa, condensate Reynolds number Re_f = (0.87–9.3) × 10³, and average air volume fraction at the segment with air–steam mixture 0.18–0.85. The studies showed that nonuniformity of static pressure distribution along the steam-distributing collector strongly influences the reduction of α_c value (ejecting effect). The agreement between experimental and calculated according to statutory guidelines values of α_c for vertical tubes is achieved if the dynamic head of the steam flow at the input of the steam-distributing collector does not exceed 1 kPa. Equations for calculation of the diffusion heat transfer coefficient at steam condensation from the air–steam mixture α_as.m on the internal tube surface are proposed. In the considered conditions, air is completely displaced by steam flow from the upper to the lower part of the tubes. The boundary between these regions is characterized by an average reduced steam velocity through this cross section of 1.6 ± 0.4 m/s. Above the boundary cross section, it is recommended to calculate α_c. according to [1].     

Atomic-scale microstructures of SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) ferroelectric thin films prepared by MOD and PLD for ferams applications

Abstract

In this work, the microstructural defects in SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) ferroelectric thin films were investigated at the atomic-scale by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A stacking fault with an extra inserted Bi-O plane normal to the c-axis was observed in SBT film with 10mol% excess bismuth prepared by metalorganic deposition. Edge dislocations with an average space about 3nm were observed at the small misorientation angle (8.2°) tilt grain boundary of SBT film with (001)-orientation prepared by pulsed laser deposition. The Burgers vector b for the edge dislocation was determined to be 1/2[110]α₀, where α₀ is the parameter of SBT unit cell. Chemical compositions of grains and grain boundaries in SBT films annealed in forming gas at 450°C and 500°C for 60 minutes were analyzed by using energy dispersive spectra at the nano-scale. Effects of the microstructural defects and microchemistry of the grain boundaries on the leakage current of SBT films are briefly discussed.     

大型立式混流泵装置水动力特性数值模拟

应用k-ε和k-ω相结合的SST湍流模型封闭控制方程,对立轴蜗壳式混流泵装置的内部流动结构进行数值模拟。采用全隐式网格耦合求解,计算中考虑了叶轮叶顶间隙的影响。通过计算获得了泵装置全流场,分析了蜗壳出水室的流态和叶轮的水力特性,预测了泵装置性能并与试验值进行了比较。结果表明：蜗壳出水室内的流动为轴向流动与环向旋转的合成流动,静压分布较对称,出口断面轴向流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角相对较低;叶片表面的静压分布呈现较为清晰的规律,叶片表面静压分布比较均匀,压力面的静压整体上比吸力面要高;随着流量的增大,叶轮承受的轴向力渐小,而径向力则先减小后增大;数值模拟预测的性能结果与试验的性能结果相比较,前者高于后者,趋势基本一致。     

Effect of heat treatment on electrical properties of zinc oxides

The electrical properties of ZnO ceramics were studied from their voltage-current characteristics, thermally stimulated current (TSC), and heat-treatment effects. ZnO ceramic samples with a few mol% of insulating oxide components were prepared. After sintering at 1200°C in air, some of the sample were heat treated at various temperatures between 450 and 900°C in air. On the voltage-current curves, the current varies as a function of applied dc voltage according to the relation I = CV^α, where α is the nonlinear exponent. The nonlinear exponent α decreased with the heat-treatment temperature in the low-temperature region, became the lowest around 600–750°C, and almost recovered at 900°C. Three TSC peaks (designated by P₁, P₂ and P₃ from the low-temperature side) were observed in the nonheat-treated samples. The samples heat treated at 600 and 750°C showed only the P₁ and P₂ peaks; the P₃ peak increased in magnitude with the increase of biasing temperature t_b, and it shifted toward the high-temperature side. These results suggest that the electrical properties of ZnO ceramics will be associated with the phase transition of the Bi₂O₃- rich intergranular layers by heat treatment.     

非设计工况下虹吸式出水流道内流数值分析

采用非结构化网格和SIMPLEC算法，对非设计工况下虹吸式出水流道的内部流动进行了数值分析。结果表明，轴流泵后导叶出口断面流速分布不均匀，存在横向流速和剩余环量，与均匀、无旋和轴向出流假定有明显差别。在非设计工况下，虹吸式出水流道内部流态恶化，下降段和出口段的回流区范围增大，驼峰断面和出口断面轴向流速分布均匀度显著下降。在Q=3501／s时，出口断面左右两侧质量加权平均流速分别增大了93．39％和35．54％。研究还发现，流道右侧的流量大于流道左侧的流量，在p=2501／s及Q=4201／s时，左右侧流量比高达1：2．33。非设计工况下流道的水力损失恒大于相同流量时设计工况下的水力损失，左侧的水力损失大于右侧的水力损失，且不符合二次抛物线变化规律。在水泵最高效率点附近，设计工况与设计工况下水力损失的差值有最小值。     

Low temperature growth of sol-gel SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films by low-pressure annealing

A new low-temperature processing method to prepare SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ thin films is proposed. These thin films were prepared on Pt/Ta/SiO₂/Si substrates by a sol-gel method, and their structural and electrical properties were investigated. Films were annealed before and after the top Pt electrode deposition. The first annealing was performed in a 760-Torr oxygen atmosphere at 600 °C for 30 min, and the second annealing was performed in a 5-Torr oxygen atmosphere at 600 °C for 30 min. The films were well crystallized and fine-grained after the second annealing. The electrical characteristics of the 200-nm-thick film obtained by this new process were as follows: remanent polarization, P_r = 8.5 μC/cm²; coercive field, E_c = 36 kV/cm; and leakage current density, I_L = 1 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm² (at 150 kV/cm). This process is very attractive for highly integrated ferroelectric nonvolatile memory applications. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120(2): 27–33, 1997     

双吸式离心泵叶轮泥沙磨损数值模拟

采用欧拉—拉格朗日多相流模型,对双吸式离心泵内的水流和泥沙颗粒运动进行了模拟,并采用离散相冲击磨损模型对不同泥沙浓度和粒径条件下的叶轮磨损进行了分析,分析结果表明：离散相冲击磨损模型可以准确预测叶轮的磨损位置和磨损强度;随着泥沙浓度的增加,叶片的磨损强度显著提高;叶片吸力面的磨损强度明显高于压力面,压力面的磨损位置集中在叶片的进口和出口处,吸力面的磨损位置则随着泥沙浓度的增加而改变;泥沙粒径是影响磨损强度的重要因素,随着粒径的减小,磨损强度显著降低。     

Growth of magnetite epitaxial thin films by gas flow sputtering and characterization by FMR

The growth of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) epitaxial thin films on MgO substrates were studied by using gas flow sputtering (GFS). Reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and atomic force microscopy showed that the surfaces of the films obtained at a substrate temperature T_s of 300 °C and oxygen flow rates F_O2 of 0.12 − 0.18 sccm are fairly flat for the film thickness of about 200 nm. The saturation magnetization and resistivity were close to the reported values of Fe₃O₄ for T_s= 300°C and F_O2 = 0.12–0.20sccm. The films obtained at T_s= 300°C and F_O2=0.16 and 0.18 sccm showed Verwey transition, which is persuasive evidence of the formation of Fe₃O₄. The epitaxial relationship of Fe₃O₄(100)//MgO(100) and Fe₃O₄[100]//MgO[100] was confirmed by using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), and the anisotropy constants and magnetization were obtained by the fitting of resonance‐field versus applied‐field angle curves. © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Application of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin film with nanorods to surface acoustic wave type ultraviolet photo detection

TiO₂ thin films with nanorods grown on 128° Y?cut LiNbO₃ and 90° rotated 42°45′ ST?cut quartz were used to fabricate surface acoustic wave ultraviolet photodetectors. TiO₂ thin film was deposited by radio?frequency magnetron sputtering and TiO₂ nanorods were then synthesized on the thin film via the hydrothermal method. 128° Y?cut LiNbO₃ is a Rayleigh wave substrate with a high electromechanical coupling coefficient, whereas 90° rotated 42°45′ ST?cut quartz is a surface skimming bulk wave substrate with a high wave velocity. The effects of substrate characteristics and TiO₂ nanorod morphology on the ultraviolet sensitivity of the surface acoustic wave photodetectors were investigated. The variations of insertion loss, phase, resistance, and capacitance under ultraviolet illumination were examined. The performance of the TiO₂ thin film with nanorods deposited on 128° Y?cut LiNbO₃ is much greater than that of the film deposited on 90° rotated 42°45′ ST?cut quartz, which can be attributed to the former’s high electromechanical coupling coefficient.     

污水自吸泵固体颗粒的流动及分布规律研究

为了研究不同颗粒直径下污水自吸泵内固体颗粒的流动及分布规律,以65ZW30-40污水自吸泵为研究对象,基于Mixture多相流模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对污水自吸泵全流体域进行了固液两相流数值模拟分析。随颗粒直径的增加,泵的扬程和效率逐渐下降,当颗粒直径d = 0.20 mm时,扬程下降13.76%,效率下降12.14%,泵的性能显著变差。同时,分析了不同颗粒直径下自吸泵内固体颗粒的分布情况。结果表明：固体颗粒主要分布于叶片吸力面尾缘,泵体外缘以及回流孔底部区域。研究进一步揭示了当回流孔尺寸较大时,泵内颗粒分布较均匀,回流孔尺寸较小时,颗粒主要分布于回流孔两侧,叶片尾缘及叶片出口靠近压水室的区域,随回流孔尺寸的增大,颗粒体积分数较大的区域向压水室侧迁移,回流孔中心区域颗粒体积分数逐渐减小。     

Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Nb-Doped PZT Ceramics and Their Applications

The PZT-based ceramics with a composition of Pb_{1 ? 0.5x} (Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)_{1 ? x} Nb _x O₃; x = 0.04–0.06 were prepared by conventional mixed-oxide method, with sintering temperature at 1200°–1300° for 2 hours. Microstructural and compositional analyses of the PZT-based ceramics have been carried out using XRD and SEM. The dielectric constant measured at 1 kHz is about 1500 and the loss factor is small than 2%. The maximum planar electromechanical coupling coefficient, k _p , is 0.59. It showed that the Nb additives were helpful improve both of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters were fabricated and the property, phase velocity, were measured.     

可控涡设计高负荷涡轮二次流旋涡结构及损失分析

采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,对可控涡设计的1.5级高负荷亚音速试验涡轮进行三维黏性数值模拟,对叶栅内旋涡发展和损失机制进行全面研究和分析。数值研究表明,在高负荷涡轮动叶栅内,马蹄涡吸力面分支到达吸力面之后并没有消失,而是和压力面分支相交,并一起向下游发展,其位置始终处于压力面分支下侧,紧贴吸力面端部附近,并没有发生相互缠绕作用。受动叶栅通道内强横向压力梯度作用,端壁附面层从压力面侧直接被推向了吸力面侧,所形成的通道涡没有发生强烈的旋涡运动,位置始终限制在叶栅吸力面端壁附近的狭长区域内,呈片状涡结构。低能流体继续向吸力面角隅内运动和堆积,并向展向扩展,与主流发生强烈的掺混作用,损失急剧增加。因此,提高高负荷涡轮级效率的关键在于提高动叶性能。