高背压双抽热电联产机组联合运行特性及负荷分配

大型汽轮机组采用高背压方式进行供热能够尽可能多利用排汽余热,节能效果显著,在热负荷允许的条件下,已成为越来越多火电厂供热改造的首选。针对某电厂2×330 MW高背压抽汽热电联产机组进行建模,分析其理论供热能力,结合热网供回水温度分析其调峰能力与经济性投运条件,研究了采用抽凝-抽背方式(EC-EHBP)、双抽凝方式(EC-EC)运行时的抽汽与负荷分配问题,确定了抽汽分配和电负荷分配原则,明确了不同环境温度下的背压运行方式。研究结果对电厂实际运行具有指导意义。     

高背压双抽热电联产机组联合运行特性及负荷分配

大型汽轮机组采用高背压方式进行供热能够尽可能多利用排汽余热,节能效果显著,在热负荷允许的条件下,已成为越来越多火电厂供热改造的首选。针对某电厂2×330 MW高背压抽汽热电联产机组进行建模,分析其理论供热能力,结合热网供回水温度分析其调峰能力与经济性投运条件,研究了采用抽凝-抽背方式(EC-EHBP)、双抽凝方式(EC-EC)运行时的抽汽与负荷分配问题,确定了抽汽分配和电负荷分配原则,明确了不同环境温度下的背压运行方式。研究结果对电厂实际运行具有指导意义。     

The comparative effectiveness of serving peak loads in the variants of providing nuclear power plants with a base load

The present paper reports the results of an investigation into the effectiveness of serving peak loads in the variants of providing nuclear power plants with a base load through unloading condensing power plants, combined heat and power (CHP) plants, combined-cycle thermal power plants during night-time off-peak hours, the use of the off-peak electric power for power and heat supply, and water electrolysis with the use of hydrogen and oxygen for production of the peak electric power, as compared with the variant of the development of pumped storage hydropower plants.     

Demand of the power industry of Russia for gas turbines: the current state and prospects

The use of gas-turbine plants (GTPs) in the power industry of Russia is analyzed. Attention is paid to microturbines and low-, medium-, high-, and superhigh-power GTPs. The efficiency of the gas-turbine plants of domestic and foreign manufacture is compared. The actual values of the installed capacity utilization factor and the corresponding efficiency values are calculated for most GTPs operating in the country. The long-term demand of the country’s electric power industry for GTPs for the period until 2040 is determined. The estimates have been obtained for three basic applications of the gas turbines, viz., for replacement of the GTPs that have exhausted their lifetime, replacement of outdated gas-turbine plants at gas-and-oilburning power plants, and construction of new thermal power plants to cover the anticipated growing demand for electric power. According to the findings of the research, the main item in the structure of the demand for GTPs will be their use to replace the decommissioned steam-turbine plants, predominantly those integrated into combined-cycle plants. The priority of the reconstruction of the thermal power plants in operation over the construction of new ones is determined by the large excess of accumulated installed capacities in the country and considerable savings on capital costs using production sites with completed infrastructure. It is established that medium- and high-power GTPs will be the most in-demand plants in the electric power industry. The demand for low-power GTPs will increase at high rates. The demand for microturbines is expected to be rather great. The demand for superhigh-power plants will become quantitatively significant after 2025 and grow rapidly afterwards. The necessity of accelerated development of competitive domestic GTPs with a wide range of capacities and mastering of their series manufacture as well as production of licensed gas turbines at a high production localization level on the territory of the country is shown. Considerable home demand for the power-generating GTPs and vast external markets will make the development of efficient domestic GTPs economically viable.     

计及灵活性提升的热电厂日前市场竞价策略

针对含多类型燃煤热电机组与多种电热解耦设备的热电厂在电力现货市场中的报价决策问题,提出了基于价格接受者角色的热-电分步决策竞价模型。首先,依据次日预测价格进行热电厂日前最优产量决策,确定厂内电热解耦设备的运行计划。然后,根据机组调节能力,计算热电厂在次日各时段的发电功率范围;进而,构建分段阶梯形报价曲线。最后,以中国北方地区某典型燃煤热电厂为例,基于现货市场试点的3种典型场景出清电价,验证了所提热-电分步竞价决策模型的有效性;同时分析结果表明,日前市场难以为燃煤热电厂灵活性提升改造提供足够的经济激励。     

风荷组合场景下计及调峰效益的电锅炉和储热系统容量优化配置

储热系统具有良好的调峰特性,可以打破热电联产机组以热定电的刚性约束。合理的配置电锅炉和储热系统能够有效提高地区电网消纳风电的能力。综合考虑风荷不确定性,构建基于启发式矩匹配方法的风-荷组合场景,在此基础上,建立计及调峰效益的电锅炉和储热系统优化配置双层规划模型,上层以待规划热电厂年化调峰净收益最大为目标,下层以组合场景S下总燃料成本和弃风惩罚成本最小为目标,以电热系统相关约束作为约束条件,最后采用粒子群优化方法对该模型进行优化求解,获得最优电锅炉和储热系统配置方案。算例结果表明,合理配置电锅炉和储热系统,可以有效的提高风电消纳率以及整体收益。     

利用建筑物与热网热动态特性提高热电联产机组调峰能力

提出了综合考虑建筑物与集中供热管网热动态特性的热电联合运行模式,解决了因传统"以热定电"运行模式而导致的热电联产机组调峰能力不足的问题。详细介绍了基于建筑物与热网热动态特性的热电联合系统的构成方案;着重对比分析了考虑建筑物与热网热动态特性前后的热电联产机组运行点的变化情况,在此基础上明确了其能够提高机组调峰能力的机理;给出了综合考虑建筑物与热网热动态特性的热电联合调度模型。算例结果表明,所述综合模型可以显著提高机组的上调节和下调节容量,其效果优于仅考虑建筑物或者热网单一环节热动态特性的模型。进一步,将系统源侧"热电耦合"特性扩展到荷侧,利用系统"源荷协调控制"实现了机组"热电解耦"。     

考虑综合需求响应的电热系统调度

随着综合能源中电、热负荷不断增长以及热电联产(CHP)装置、风机等电源迅速发展,弃风现象愈发严重。为解决弃风问题,提出考虑电、热综合需求响应的优化模型。首先,在负荷侧分析电、热负荷的可调度价值,对电负荷建立实时电价模型,并采用价格型需求响应进行调整;其次,采用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型描述热负荷的传输延迟特性,并考虑模糊性供热舒适度,使得热负荷具有一定的弹性,即热力需求响应,通过2种响应模式对电、热负荷进行调整可增大风电上网空间;然后,在源侧增加电锅炉和储热装置,增加系统的灵活性,解耦CHP“以热定电”的刚性需求;最后,以系统的日运行费用与弃风成本最小为目标,在Matlab中调用CPLEX对模型进行求解。算例表明,所提方法可显著提升风电消纳能力,降低系统运行成本,提高能源利用效率。     

Comparison of thermal testing of MS9001FA type GTPs at shatura and nizhnevartovsk GRES

Domestic power plants use combined-cycle plants in which a gas-turbine plant (GTP) and a steam turbine rotate a common electric generator. In this instance, it is impossible to measure the power of each of them, so we have to resort to some assumptions. We have succeeded to check the validity of these assumptions and possible errors of their application testing combined-cycle plants (CCP) with the same GTP and a steam turbine but operating each on its own electrical generator. Comparative tests of a MS901FA GTP of the PGU-400 power-generating unit commissioned at Shatura GRES (a thermal power station) and a GTP of the same type installed at Nizhnevartovsk GRES were performed. As a result of these tests, dependences of the electric power of both gas-turbine plants and a turbine outlet temperature on the inlet temperature were obtained. A relation of the GTP efficiency, heat and air rate on the load are determined, and characteristics of compressors and turbines of both GTPs are defined. The performed tests have confirmed the accuracy of the determined characteristics of the two GTPs using both a direct measurement of net power (Nizhnevartovsk GRES) and an indirect measurement (Shatura GRES).     

基于多运行场景与富氧燃烧捕集技术的低碳能源系统容量优化配置

针对光热(concentrating solar power, CSP)电站利用率低、风电场弃风率高以及传统燃气机组碳排放水平较高且受“以热定电”的运行限制等问题，引入富氧燃烧捕集技术对传统机组进行改造，配置含热回收的CSP电站实现热电解耦，耦合高温固体氧化物电解池等能量转化设备，构建了电-热-氢低碳能源系统及其容量优化配置方法。首先，考虑到风电出力和光照强度的不确定性以及与电负荷之间的时序相关性，建立了基于两阶段时空聚类的多运行场景提取模型。其次，在基于概率的多运行场景基础上，通过条件风险价值(conditional value at risk, CVaR)理论度量因不确定性带来的风险，以总成本最小为目标，构建低碳能源系统容量优化配置模型。最后，通过算例进行仿真验证，结果表明该系统满足负荷需求情况下，可降低年碳排放量和弃风率，提高CSP电站利用率，并为不同风险偏好的决策者面对系统容量优化配置问题时提供了定量依据。     

考虑综合需求响应的电热系统优化调度

考虑配电网中电、热负荷的不断增长,以及热电联产装置(Combined heat and power,CHP)和风机等分布式电源的迅速发展,提出考虑电、热综合需求响应的优化模型。首先,在负荷侧分析电负荷和热负荷的可调价值,电负荷建立实时电价模型,采用价格型需求响应进行调整；热负荷是考虑热负荷的传输延迟特性,采用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型描述和计及模糊性供热舒适度特性,使得热负荷具有一定的弹性,即热力需求响应,通过这两种响应模式对电、热负荷进行调整,增大风电上网的空间；其次在源侧增加电锅炉和储热装置,增加系统的灵活性,解耦CHP“以热定电”的刚性需求,最后以系统的日运行费用与弃风成本最小为目标,在Matlab中调用CPLEX对模型进行求解。算例结果表明,在源侧采用CHP+电锅炉和储热相比于传统的CHP+储热,风电的消纳能力有显著提升；在荷侧考虑电、热综合需求响应相比于传统的考虑单一需求响应,可有效的降低系统的运行成本,提高能源的利用效率。     

Heat flow diagrams with and without a deaerator for steam turbine plants with T-250/300-23.5 turbines

A T-250/300-240 turbine (currently known as T-250/300-23.5), which is operated at 31 steam turbine plants, is the largest in the world extraction turbine (by the heating extraction load) and one of the largest by the nominal capacity. All steam turbine plants equipped with T-250/300-23.5 turbines of different modifications are operated in large cities of Russia and the neighboring countries covering a significant part of the needs of cities for the electric power and almost fully supplying them with heat power. The design life of a significant part of the operated steam turbine plants of this family is either expired or almost expired. It refers to both the turbine unit (including a turbine and a generator) and the turbine plant equipment. For steam turbine plants equipped with T-250/300-23.5 turbines, which were initially designed and mounted for work with deaerators at electric power stations, the heat flow diagrams with and without a deaerator were compared. The main advantages and disadvantages of each scheme were shown. It was concluded that, for the newly constructed power units with supercritical steam parameters, it is preferable to use the heat flow diagram without a deaerator; for the upgraded blocks, if there are no objective reasons for the removal of a deaerator, it is recommended to keep the existing heat flow diagram of a turbine plant.     

高比例新能源渗透下天然气发电装机容量分配研究

为研究高比例新能源渗透下天然气发电装机容量分配,在掌握不同型式天然气发电机组调峰能力和经济性的基础上,以燃气蒸汽联合循环集中式发电、热电联供2种类型机组的年利用时间和装机容量分配为规划变量,以各规划期高比例可再生能源电力系统中的发电量结构为边界条件,以可再生能源发电量消纳空间和天然气发电成本等为约束,建立天然气发电装机规模分配模型。结果表明:在设定的约束条件下,因高比例可再生能源消纳需求,热电联供机组装机容量有所增加,但占天然气发电装机比例逐渐下降,由2020年的43.4%下降至2035年的21.8%;集中式发电机组装机容量则相应由62.2 GW增长至290.0 GW;天然气发电机组对可再生能源发电量的消纳空间在规划期末年与期望值达到平衡;集中式发电项目的成本为659.4~670.0元/MWh,热电联供项目则为574.3~594.4元/MWh;发电用天然气消费量占比由2020年的18.21%增长至2035年的30.60%。     

风热冲突下热电厂供热问题研究

将热电联产机组的成本分为发电成本和供热成本,实现了两者的分离独立计算。剖析了风热冲突问题的机理和热电机组2种灵活性改造方式(配置储热设备和配置电锅炉)的原理和有效性。以电热综合能源系统整体综合能耗最小为目标建立了供热问题分析模型。研究了热电厂在灵活性改造前后的供热策略,并讨论了配置蓄热设备和电锅炉的有效性以及最佳热负荷水平问题。算例结果验证了理论分析的有效性,相关结论可为热电厂决策提供参考。     

东北辅助服务市场下热电厂配置电锅炉调峰的经济性分析

热电机组配置直热式电锅炉进行电热解耦改造,是提高机组下调峰能力并消纳弃风的有效手段。为分析主流机组改造的经济性,以东北调峰辅助服务市场为背景,建立了热电机组和电锅炉协调运行模型、消纳弃风的节煤量模型、下调峰的运行成本与效益模型,以及以投资回收期为指标的投资经济性评价模型。以实际数据为基础,对当前东北电网典型热电机组在不同场景下的经济性进行了计算分析。结果表明,在当前调峰机制下,在供热中期热负荷较大时,对于中小规模弃风,热电厂没有启动电锅炉消纳的动力;而为在大规模弃风时获取正收益,机组需要配置较大容量电锅炉,这又给热电厂带来了很大的投资风险。通过分析表明,降低机组最小出力可减小电锅炉的配置容量,从而提高投资经济性以降低风险。     

考虑用户舒适度的虚拟电厂热电联合调度模型

热电联产（combined heat and power，CHP）机组“以热定电”的运行模式极大制约了系统调峰能力，导致弃风限电形势严峻，突破CHP机组热电间刚性耦合关系成为促进风电消纳的关键。基于此，采用虚拟电厂模式聚合CHP机组等分布式能源作为整体参与电网运行，充分考虑用户舒适度，将固定负荷曲线转换为需求区间，使热、电负荷在时间轴上具备柔性可调能力，在满足用户舒适度的同时灵活调整CHP机组出力，有效缓解弃风现象。此外，采用多场景法处理风电出力不确定性，以虚拟电厂自身收益最大化为目标构建热电协调调度随机规划模型，实现热、电系统的协调优化运行。最后，通过算例验证所构建模型的有效性和合理性，结果表明：考虑用户舒适度能够有效促进风电消纳，提升虚拟电厂经济效益。     

计及碳交易的热电联产-储热-电锅炉风电消纳策略

为解决传统热电联产机组的热电耦合特性以及冬季采暖期间弃风消纳问题,提出了计及碳交易含储热热电联产机组和电锅炉联合运行的弃风消纳策略。首先将储热设备、电锅炉与热电联产机组联合运行来满足系统所需热负荷,从而提高热电联产机组电调峰能力。其次,为进一步控制碳排放量,引入阶梯式碳交易与优化电锅炉运行模式,兼顾系统运行成本、弃风消纳量以及碳排放量,构建计及碳交易的热电联产-储热-电锅炉风电消纳模型并进行求解。最后,以IEEE-30节点为例进行算例分析,结果表明所提策略能够有效促进风电消纳、减少碳排放量且有效降低系统运行成本。     

A software system used for load distribution at a combined heat and power plant with the complex mix of the equipment and complex schemes of heat and electric power supply

The authors describe various approaches to construction of an algorithm for the solution of the problem of load distribution at a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with the complex mix of the equipment and complex schemes of heat and electrical energy supply on the basis of which the software system has been developed. Methods of obtaining energy characteristics of the equipment used for solving the problem of load distribution were studied. The results of the implementation of the software system for load distribution at the CHP-23 plant belonging to OAO Mosenergo are given. Realization of recommendations on maintaining an operational mode of the equipment with due regard for its optimal loading makes it possible to obtain fuel savings of up to 1%.     

Layouts of trigeneration plants for centralized power supply

One of the possible and, under certain conditions, sufficiently effective methods for reducing consumption of fuel and energy resources is the development of plants for combined generation of different kinds of energy. In the power industry of Russia, the facilities have become widespread in which the cogeneration technology, i.e., simultaneous generation of electric energy and heat, is implemented. Such facilities can use different plants, viz., gas- and steam-turbine plants and gas-reciprocating units. Cogeneration power supply can be further developed by simultaneously supplying the users not only with electricity and heat but also with cold. Such a technology is referred to as trigeneration. To produce electricity and heat, trigeneration plants can use the same facilities that are used in cogeneration, namely, gas-turbine plants, steam-turbine plants, and gas-reciprocating units. Cold can be produced in trigeneration plants using thermotransformers of various kinds, such as vaporcompression thermotransformers, air thermotransformers, and absorption thermotransformers, that operate as chilling machines. The thermotransformers can also be used in the trigeneration plants to generate heat. The main advantage of trigeneration plants based on gas-turbine plants or gas-reciprocating units over cogeneration plants is the increased thermodynamic power supply efficiency owing to utilization of the waste-gas heat not only in winter but also in summer. In the steam-turbine-based trigeneration plants equipped with absorption thermotransformers, the enhancement of the thermodynamic power supply efficiency is determined by the increase in the heat extraction load during the nonheating season. The article presents calculated results that demonstrate higher thermodynamic efficiency of a gas-turbine-based plant with an absorption thermotransformer that operates in the trigeneration mode compared with a cogeneration gas-turbine plant. The structural arrangements of trigeneration plants designed to supply electricity, heat, and cold to the users are shown and the principles of their operation are described. The article presents results of qualitative analysis of different engineering solutions applied to select one combination of power- and heat-generating equipment and thermotransformers or another.     

俄罗斯穆特诺夫斯克现代地热电站的建设

俄罗斯穆特诺夫斯克地热电站总装机容量50MW，是一座在电力和热能生产上有重大突破的新型样板地热电站。为此，介绍了穆特诺夫斯克现代地热电站现状，对地热电站设备、汽轮发电机组、热力系统结构与特点作了阐述。地热发电与传统燃煤、燃油、燃气电厂相比，具有生态洁净、节约燃料运输贮存和管理费用、建设周期较短等优势。鉴于目前我国地热发电正处于起步阶段，地热发电装机容量只占世界上地热电站的装机总容量很少份额，因而可加快我国地热资源的开发应用，促进我国地热电站的发展。