关于营养素补充剂管理相关问题的刍议

营养素补充剂是指以补充维生素、矿物质而不是以提供能量为目的的产品。其作用是补充膳食供给的不足,预防营养缺乏和降低发生慢性退行性疾病的危险性。就营养素补充剂的管理中的原料和辅料,维生素、矿物质的标示值、企业标准中的范围值,及人群推荐摄入量范围进行了讨论,并提出了相关的政策建议。     

营养素补充剂注册管理中的问题及建议

营养素补充剂是指以补充维生素、矿物质而不是以提供能量为目的的产品。其作用是补充膳食供给的不足,预防营养缺乏和降低发生慢性退行性疾病的危险性。就营养素补充剂管理中的原料和辅料,维生素、矿物质的标示值,质量标准中的范围值及人群推荐摄入量范围存在的问题进行讨论,并提出相关建议。     

特殊医学用途母乳营养补充剂的稳定性分析

通过长期实验和加速实验相结合,考察特殊医学用途母乳营养补充剂在货架期内的营养素稳定性,同时研究了母乳营养补充剂中营养素在温度、湿度、光线的影响下随时间变化的规律。结果显示：在长期和加速实验过程中,维生素仅烟酸有轻微的衰减,矿物质仅碘、锌和铁发生一定程度的衰减,其他营养素表现出了较高的稳定性。高温环境下,维生素E和维生素C发生一定程度的衰减,光照环境下,维生素A和维生素K1衰减较明显,高湿环境下,产品吸湿增重明显。该研究为今后母乳营养补充剂的稳定性研究和货架期储存条件提供借鉴。     

复合营养素补充剂安全吗? 怎么吃?

正所谓复合营养补充剂,是将几十种维生素和矿物质混合在一起同时补充的一类产品。它的优势是,不必很麻烦地吃各种单独的营养素补充剂,只需吞下一粒,就能一次性补充多种微量营养素。1复合营养素,补什么?如果用于非疾病人群的话,复合营养素补充剂应该至少要包含本地区摄入不足(即低于推荐摄入     

孕期乳母期妇女微量营养素缺乏与补充剂产品状况研究

孕期乳母期妇女是重要的特殊人群,其机体对营养素需求量显著增加。常规膳食容易引起微量营养素摄入量不足,导致微量营养素缺乏,将直接影响母体生理功能、胚胎发育和产后婴儿生长发育。本文综述了国内孕期乳母期妇女维生素和矿物质营养现状。与推荐摄入量相比,VA、VB1、VB2、VC、钙、铁和锌均出现不同程度的摄入不足,营养供给不均衡。为预防和解决孕产妇的微量营养素缺乏问题,一方面需要政府及卫生部门长期的宣传教育,提高群众对营养素缺乏的认识,另一方面也需要通过摄入一定量的营养素补充剂来平衡营养。现今孕产妇服用营养素补充剂具有一定的普遍性,调查发现文化程度高的孕产妇选用营养素补充剂的比例相对较高。针对目前市场上的营养素补充产品,简要总结了保健食品类,OTC(非处方药)类以及片剂、胶囊、口服液等剂型的普通食品类营养素补充产品和它们的异同点。     

膳食中抗氧化物质与人体健康

膳食中抗氧化营养素与健康的研究,是近年来研究较多的课题。膳食中抗氧化物质可分为三类:营养素类(如维生素A、β-胡萝卜素、维生素E、维生素C及硒、铜、锌、锰等),非营养素类(如类胡萝卜素、生物类黄酮、植物甾醇类、番茄红素、酚类物质、叶绿素、单宁等),其他类(如食品添加剂——BHA、BHT、PG、TBHQ,食品强化剂——主要是营养素类抗氧化剂,营养补充剂——也主要是营养素类抗氧化剂及DHA、EPA等)。这些物质在体内通过各种途径影响机体的生长发育、心血管功能、免疫功能、抗氧化系统等,并与致癌、致畸、致突变等密切相关。本文介绍营养素类抗氧化物质——维生素A、维生素E对人体健康的影响。     

孕中期女性营养素补充剂使用状况分析

目的：了解孕期女性在怀孕期间各种营养素补充剂的使用情况,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法：在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇在孕22w记录3d的饮食记录,其中包含营养素补充剂的使用情况。计算出3d饮食及营养素补充剂中主要营养素的摄入量等。结果：孕期多种营养素补充剂的使用率均超过50％（其中钙62．7％、铁56．9％、锌55．6％、维生素A54．2％、B族维生素56．2％）,钙的摄入量仍然偏低,平均为891．39±359．93mg／d,其它主要营养素的摄入量均达到推荐摄入量;但没有使用孕期营养素补充剂的孕妇,除了维生素c以外,多数营养素均低于中国居民膳食推荐摄入量。结论：营养素补充剂在孕妇每日饮食摄入中占据重要作用,孕期应合理补充。     

自然之宝 争做全球领先的膳食补充剂品牌——专访诺天源(中国)贸易有限公司董事总经理夏俊波

"膳食补充剂"是指以维生素、矿物质及构效关系相对明确的提取物为主要原料,通过口服补充人体必需的营养素和生物活性物质,达到提高机体健康水平和降低疾病风险目的的食品配料,一般以片剂或胶囊等浓缩形态存在。1971年成立的美国诺天源(NBTY)公司作为全球最大的专业膳食补充剂生产和销售企业,销售业绩持续排名居世界第一。旗下拥有超过150个国际知     

各种烹调方法对营养素的影响

煮：煮对酪类及蛋白质起部分水解作用,对脂肪影响不大,但使水溶性维生素（如B族、C）及矿物质（钙、磷等）溶于水中。蒸：蒸对营养素的影响和煮相似,但矿物质不会因蒸而遭到损失。煨：煨可使水溶性维生素和矿物质溶于汤内,只有一部分维生素遭到破坏。     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品-复合营养素补充剂中维生素B1含量

摘要：目的建立一种简单、高效、抗基质干扰能力强的样品前处理结合高效液相色谱法（high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC）测定保健食品-复合营养素补充剂中维生素B1(vitamin B1,VB1)含量的分析方法。方法选取基质复杂的多种维生素矿物质片作为代表样品,通过创新性的设计酸性饱和乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt,EDTA）提取溶液结合超声提取前处理方法,充分络合各类矿物质元素并有效消除其他基质干扰,针对样品中的维生素B1进行高效率提取。提取液经滤膜过滤后,HPLC分离检测。结果此改进后的分析方法能够针对多种维生素矿物质片中维生素B1含量进行准确定量。维生素B1在浓度范围1.0237~204.7380 μg/mL内线性良好（r2=0.9999）;实际样品加标回收率达98.59%;相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.61%（n=6）;方法定量限(limits of quantification, LOQ)为0.05 μg/mL。结论本方法简单、高效、抗基质干扰能力强、重现性好,适用于多种维生素矿物质片中的维生素B1的含量测定,同时也为复杂基质的保健食品-复合营养素补充剂中维生素B1的含量检测提供新的途径。     

界面工程设计调控油脂基乳液递送体系中脂溶性营养素生物利用率的研究进展

膳食补充已日渐成为维持人类身体健康的重要干预手段。随着高通量筛选技术的发展，越来越多的营养素被挖掘出来。但很多营养素为脂溶性营养素，其水溶性低、稳定性差、生物利用率低。为此，脂溶性营养素递送体系的设计与开发受到了广泛关注。其中乳液递送体系独具特色，且已被证实能有效改善营养素生物利用率。依据乳液中两相界面的特点，本文综述了油脂基乳液递送体系的界面工程（包括简单界面、复杂界面）对所含脂溶性营养素生物利用率的调控，为改善脂溶性营养素生物效价提供参考。     

Effect of oxygen and lipid supplementation on the volatile composition of chemically defined medium and Chardonnay wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Oxygen or lipids are required to complete stressful alcoholic fermentation. Lack of these nutrients can inhibit sugar uptake and growth, which leads to incomplete or ‘stuck’ fermentation. Oxygen or lipids supplementation not only restores yeast fermentative activity and also affects formation of yeast volatile metabolites. To clarify the effect of oxygen and lipid supplementation on the formation of flavour active metabolites during wine fermentation, we evaluated the addition of these two nutrients to chemically defined grape juice and filter clarified Chardonnay must. Lipid addition increased the concentration of esters, higher alcohols and volatile acids, whereas oxygen increased the concentration of higher alcohols and altered the proportion of acetate to ethyl esters and the proportion of branch-chain acids to medium-chain fatty acids. Combined addition of lipids and oxygen showed an additive effect on concentration of higher alcohols whereas oxygen suppressed the enhancing effect of lipids on formation of esters and volatile acids. Our results demonstrate the potential of lipid and oxygen supplementation for the manipulation of wine aroma in white wine fermentation.     

Oxidatively modified LDL and atherosclerosis: An evolving plausible scenario

Much evidence has accumulated that implicates the oxidative modification of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in the early stages of atherogenesis. The antioxidant nutrients alpha‐tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and beta‐carotene have been shown to inhibit in vitro LDL oxidation. In addition, they have been shown to increase the resistance of LDL to oxidation when given to animals and humans. Because plasma levels of these nutrients can be increased by dietary supplementation with minimal side effects, they may show promise in the prevention of coronary artery disease.     

Supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris Algae into Probiotic Fermented Milks

Viability of probiotic bacteria during the production and storage of fermented milks is the most important topic of discussion in the dairy industry. Addition of microalgae into milk for the production of fermented milk in order to enhance the viability of probiotics has been the subject of recent research. Spirulina and Chlorella are the most widely noted microalgae for fermented milks. They affect not only the viability of probiotics in final product but also the sensory attributes of them. Incorporation of microalgae into probiotic fermented milks along with enhancing the viability of probiotics would increase their functional characteristic. This is because they contain a wide range of nutrients and nutraceuticals and are considered as “functional food.” This article reviews the effects of supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris into probiotic fermented milks on their different quality characteristics.     

Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows

A lactation experiment was conducted to determine the influence of quebracho condensed tannin extract (CTE) on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of dairy cows. The cows were fed a high forage (HF) or a low forage (LF) diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 59:41 or 41:59 on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows (62 ± 8.8 d in milk) were used. The design of the experiment was a double 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, and each period lasted 21 d (14 d of treatment adaptation and 7 d of data collection and sampling). Four dietary treatments were tested: HF without CTE, HF with CTE (HF+CTE), LF without CTE, and LF with CTE (LF+CTE). Commercial quebracho CTE was added to the HF+CTE and the LF+CTE at a rate of 3% of dietary DM. Intake of DM averaged 26.7 kg/d across treatments, and supplementing CTE decreased intakes of DM and nutrients regardless of forage level. Digestibilities of DM and nutrients were not affected by CTE supplementation. Milk yield averaged 35.3 kg/d across treatments, and yields of milk and milk component were not influenced by CTE supplementation. Negative effects of CTE supplementation on feed intake resulted in increased feed efficiency (milk yield/DM intake). Although concentration of milk urea N (MUN) decreased by supplementing CTE in the diets, efficiency of N use for milk N was not affected by CTE supplementation. Feeding the LF diet decreased ruminal pH (mean of 6.47 and 6.33 in HF and LF, respectively). However, supplementation of CTE in the diets did not influence ruminal pH. Supplementing CTE decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration regardless of level of forage. With CTE supplementation, molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate increased in the HF diet, but not in the LF diet, resulting in interactions between forage level and CTE supplementation. Concentration of ammonia-N tended to decrease with supplementation of CTE. The most remarkable finding in this study was that cows fed CTE-supplemented diets had decreased ruminal ammonia-N and MUN concentrations, indicating that less ruminal N was lost as ammonia because of decreased degradation of crude protein by rumen microorganisms in response to CTE supplementation. Therefore, supplementation of CTE in lactation dairy diets may change the route of N excretion, having less excretion into urine but more into feces, as it had no effect on N utilization efficiency for milk production.     

Oleic acid and ergosterol supplementation mitigates oxidative stress in wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During fermentation of high-sugar-containing medium lacking lipid nutrients, wine yeasts undergo oxidative stress and oxidative damage to cell membranes and proteins. Considering that cell membranes are important stress sensors, and that under hypoxic conditions wine yeasts modulate cell membranes composition by incorporating lipids available in the growth medium, in the present work, the effects of lipid nutrition on wine yeast oxidative stress response were evaluated on two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidative damage and antioxidant response were evaluated together with viability and acetic acid production during fermentation of a synthetic must lacking lipid nutrients as compared to added oleic acid and ergosterol. The results show that the availability of lipid nutrients causes a significant reduction in the intracellular content of reactive oxygen species and in the oxidative damage to membranes and proteins, as indicated by flow cytometry of cells stained with dihydroethidum (DHE) and propidium iodide (PI) and by Western blot of protein carbonyls. Accordingly, lipid nutrients feeding results in the increase in cell viability and superoxide activity, and the reduction in trehalose accumulation, proteinase A activity and production of acetic acid. In summary, these results are compatible with the hypothesis that the supplementation of lipid nutrients mitigates oxidative stress and oxidative damage in wine strains of S. cerevisiae during growth under unfavourable conditions.     

In ovo delivery of various biological supplements,vaccines and drugs in poultry: current knowledge

The technique of delivering various nutrients, supplements, immunostimulants, vaccines, and drugs via the in ovo route is gaining wide attention among researchers worldwide for boosting production performance, immunity and safeguarding the health of poultry. It involves direct administration of the nutrients and biologics into poultry eggs during the incubation period and before the chicks hatch out. In ovo delivery of nutrients has been found to be more effective than post-hatch administration in poultry production. The supplementation of feed additives, nutrients, hormones, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination via in ovo techniques has shown diverse advantages for poultry products, such as improved growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, optimum development of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing carcass yield, decreased embryo mortality, and enhanced immunity of poultry. In ovo delivery of vaccination has yielded a better response against various poultry pathogens than vaccination after hatch. So, this review has aimed to provide an insight on in ovo technology and its potential applications in poultry production to deliver different nutrients, supplements, beneficial microbes, vaccines, and drugs directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immunity, and health of poultry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of lasalocid on performance of lactating dairy cows.

Sixty lactating dairy cows (30 multiparous and 30 primiparous) were used in a completely randomized block design to determine the effect of lasalocid supplementation on dairy cow performance. Starting wk 2 prepartum and lasting through wk 17 of lactation, cows received one of three experimental diets. The experimental total mixed rations were control (CD), control + 10 mg/kg of lasalocid (CD + 10) and control + 20 mg/kg of lasalocid (CD + 20). The alfalfa-based control diet (40:60; forage:concentrate) was formulated to contain 18% crude protein, 35% nonstructural carbohydrates, 31% neutral detergent fiber, and 6.6% ether extract. Lasalocid supplementation linearly decreased dry matter intake (DMI) without affecting milk production or milk composition. Mean milk production and percentages of fat and protein were 30.0, 30.8, and 28.6; 3.56, 3.51, and 3.63; 3.06, 3.05, and 3.09; respectively for treatments CD, CD + 10, and CD + 20. Lasalocid supplementation decreased milk urea N (MUN) when compared to control cows, and increasing supplementation caused a significant linear decrease in MUN. For the primiparous cows, lasalocid supplementation decreased DMI and MUN while increasing body condition score and feed efficiency. Results from this study indicate that lactating dairy cows and, in particular, primiparous cows may benefit from lasalocid supplementation in terms of more efficient utilization of nutrients for milk production, reduced MUN levels, reduced body condition loss, and higher margin over feed cost.     

Nutraceutical therapies for degenerative joint diseases: a critical review

There is growing recognition of the importance of nutritional factors in the maintenance of bone and joint health, and that nutritional imbalance combined with endocrine abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Despite this, dietary programs have played a secondary role in the management of these connective tissue disorders. Articular cartilage is critically dependent upon the regular provision of nutrients (glucose and amino acids), vitamins (particularly vitamin C), and essential trace elements (zinc, magnesium, and copper). Therefore, dietary supplementation programs and nutraceuticals used in conjunction with non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may offer significant benefits to patients with joint disorders, such as OA and OCD. This article examines the available clinical evidence for the efficacy of nutraceuticals, antioxidant vitamin C, polyphenols, essential fatty acids, and mineral cofactors in the treatment of OA and related joint disorders in humans and veterinary species. This article also attempts to clarify the current state of knowledge. It also highlights the need for additional targeted research to elucidate the changes in nutritional status and potential alterations to the expression of plasma membrane transport systems in synovial structures in pathophysiological states, so that current therapy and future treatments may be better focused.     

Lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of alfalfa fiber

Lactic acid was produced by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of liquid hot water (LHW)-pretreated and non-LHW-pretreated alfalfa fibers. The Lactobacillus plantarum and L. delbrueckii strains produced 0.464 and 0.354 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter of alfalfa fiber, respectively, by non-LHW pretreatment. L. xylosus and L. pentoaceticus produced lower yields of lactic acid from the same amount of alfalfa fiber, however, their acetic acid production was higher. These Lactobacillus strains did not require any additional nutrients during SSF of non-LHW-pretreated alfalfa fiber. After LHW pretreatment, the "raffinate" cellulosic fraction of alfalfa required additional nutrients for lactic acid production by SSF. Both L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii produced 0.606 and 0.59 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter of fiber, respectively. However, the "extract" soluble hemicellulosic fraction of alfalfa produced 0.38 to 0.62 g of lactic acid per g of dry matter extract during SSF and did not require nutrient supplementation. These results suggest that during the LHW pretreatment, alfalfa fiber nutrients are lost in cellulosic fractions but retained in hemicellulosic extract fractions.