对称加密系统差分功率谱分析攻击

介绍一种新的旁路攻击方式——差分功率谱分析攻击,阐明集成电路中CMOS逻辑门在工作时的数据功耗相关性,对比说明了差分功率谱分析与差分功耗分析过程,差分功率谱分析将采集的时域信号求其频域中的功率谱密度后再进行差分分析。对插入随机延时的DES嵌入式加密系统进行攻击实验,获得了DES算法的第1轮加密的48位密钥,证明差分功率谱分析可以有效解决时域攻击中的时间点不对齐问题。     

智能卡芯片中TDES密码电路的差分功耗攻击

使用相关性分析方法进行差分功耗攻击(DPA)实验,成功攻击了TDES密码算法。结果表明,相关性分析方法对简单的功耗模型具有很好的攻击效果且实施简单,对于HD功耗模型,获得TDES每一轮的圈密钥所需最少曲线条数仅为3 500条;同时,由于TDES和DES电路的实现结构相同,对两者进行DPA攻击的方法相同。     

DES差分功耗分析攻击设计与实现

针对DES(Data Encryption Standard)加密电路,采用了差分功耗分析(Differential Power Analysis,DPA)攻击方式进行解密.该方法是一种典型的功耗类型旁路攻击方式(Side Channel Attacks,SCA),其理论基础为集成电路(ICs)中基本单元CMOS逻辑门在实现加密算法时的物理特征、功耗模型及数据功耗相关特性.结合具体电路,介绍了针对DES加密系统进行的差分功耗分析攻击的设计与实现.目前,实验已经成功地破解了DES加密算法中56位有效密钥中的48位,逐步逼进了最终破解目标.这一结果至少已经表明,由于集成电路功耗等物理信号的泄漏及其在处理不同数据时功耗的差别,未加防护措施的DES加密系统终将难以抵御差分功耗分析的攻击.     

针对IDEA加密算法的差分功耗攻击

研究分析国际数据加密算法IDEA的特点,采用差分功耗分析攻击方式进行密钥破解,针对IDEA算法提出一种基于汉明距离的差分功耗攻击方法.该攻击方法是一种典型的加密芯片旁路攻击方式,其理论基础为集成电路中门电路在实现加密算法时的物理特性、功耗模型及数据功耗相关性.详细介绍了针对IDEA加密系统进行差分功耗攻击的设计与实现,开发了相应的仿真实验平台,实验成功破解了IDEA加密算法的密钥,从而给IDEA加密算法研究者提供了有益的安全设计参考.实验表明,未加防护措施的IDEA加密系统难以抵御差分功耗的攻击.     

IC卡芯片DES加密差分功耗分析方法

针对IC卡芯片在数据加密标准(DES)加密运算过程中的功耗泄露问题,利用IC卡芯片的旁路功耗攻击方法,分析IC卡芯片在加密工作时的功率消耗特性,采用基于S盒输出的功耗区分函数,提出一种新的差分功耗分析(DPA)和相关性分析方法.通过Inspector平台对某款IC卡芯片的DES加密运算进行DPA攻击测试,破解DES加密密钥,结果验证了该方法的正确性.     

一种SMS4加密算法差分功耗攻击

针对SMS4加密电路,采用差分功耗分析攻击方式进行密钥破解.该攻击方法是一种典型的加密芯片旁路攻击方式,其理论基础为集成电路中门电路在实现加密算法时的物理特征、功耗模型及数据功耗相关性.结合中国第一个商用密码算法SMS4,详细介绍了针对SMS4加密系统进行差分功耗分析攻击的设计与实现.开发了相应的仿真实验验证平台,实验验证成功破解了SMS4加密算法的密钥,从而给SMS4加密算法研究者提供了有益的安全设计参考.实验表明,未加防护措施的SMS4加密系统难以抵御差分功耗分析的攻击.     

基于随机延时的嵌入式CPU抗DPA硬件架构

针对嵌入式CPU运行加解密算法时产生的功耗边道效应问题,提出了一种基于随机延时的抗DPA攻击的嵌入式处理器架构。该架构在处理器前级流水级中插入随机的等待延时,在时间轴上对每一次程序运行的功耗轨迹进行干扰,从而达到抗DPA攻击目的。实验表明,该架构具有良好的抗差分功耗分析的特性,且硬件电路的设计复杂度较低。     

DES差分功耗分析研究及仿真实现

在分析CMOS芯片工作时功率消耗原理的基础上,提出一种简洁高效的功耗模型,设计一种针对DES加密算法的差分功耗攻击方案,并在自主开发的功耗分析仿真器上完成破解 DES加密算法中的48位子密钥,结果表明未加防护的DES加密系统存在安全隐患,该仿真器亦为功耗攻击方法及抗功耗攻击的研究提供一种简洁、直观、快速、有效的评估平台,最后对抗功耗攻击方法进行分析。     

数据加密标准的相关电磁分析

分析了CMOS逻辑门电路在运行时的电流特征,阐明了集成电路中数据与电磁辐射的相关性,建立了寄存器级电磁信息泄漏汉明距离模型.通过针对P89C668单片机实现的DES密码系统的攻击实验,介绍了相关电磁分析(Correlation Electronlagnetic Analysis,CEMA)算法的设计与实现,分析了攻击点D的选择和计算方法,成功获得了DES第16轮48位子密钥,验证了电磁信息泄漏汉明距离模型.实验结果表明,工作状态下的CMOS集成电路存在电磁信息泄漏现象,相关分析比差分攻击更有效,DES每一轮的异或操作可以成为攻击点,为密码系统实施相关防护措施提供了依据.     

一种抗旁路攻击实现技术的分析和改进

B.Chevallier-Mames提出RSA和ECC(Elliptic Curve Crypto-system:椭圆曲线密码)箅法一种简单的抗旁路攻击实现技术.针对该防护技术,给出了可行的差分功耗攻击以及具体的攻击结果,提出了基于随机掩码的改进措施,可以消除原有实现中的安全漏洞,实验结果验证了改进措施的正确性和有效性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).