基于数据挖掘的文件元数据预取探究

在文件存储系统中,文件系统整体性能的提升对于保证文件的安全性和可靠性具有重要意义,而在此过程中,元数据访问性能与文件系统性能有密切关系,要想进一步满足大规模文件存储系统需要,就必须建立相应的文件元数据预取模型。本文通过对基于数据挖掘的文件元数据预取进行分析,以期满足文件数据的大量存取访问需求。     

小规模集群文件系统中两级元数据服务器的设计与实现

在集群文件系统中,元数据服务器是整个系统正常运转的核心,它的可靠性和性能是设计系统时需要着重考虑的问题之一.本文设计了一个具有高可靠性、高性能的两级元数据服务器系统,兼顾了集中式元数据管理和分布式元数据管理的优点.系统中高级元数据服务器负责维护文件系统全局的目录结构和管理整个文件系统的命名空间,双元数据服务器负责维护文件元数据的分布信息,并采用了马尔可夫回报模型对两级元数据服务器系统进行了可靠性分析.实验数据表明,具有两级元数据服务器的集群文件系统能提供高吞吐量.     

并行网络文件系统PNFS性能评测与分析

传统的网络文件系统难以满足高性能计算系统的I/O 需求,并行网络文件系统——PNFS可以有效地解决传统网络文件系统在可扩展性、可用性和性能上存在的问题。首先对PNFS的体系结构进行了设计,实现了元数据服务器与存储服务器的分离,消除了由于集中服务器结构引发的I/O瓶颈问题。然后,对PNFS的原型系统进行了性能测试,并与相同环境下NFS的测试结果进行比较与分析,结果表明PNFS能够为客户端提供并行访问文件数据的能力,有着较高的I/O读写带宽和较低的访问延迟,同时实现了客户端I/O带宽与存储服务器规模之间的线性可扩展关系,能较好地满足高性能计算中的I/O需求。     

一种加速广域文件系统读写访问的缓存策略

针对广域网高延迟、低带宽的特性给广域文件系统访问带来的性能影响问题,提出了一种不依赖于底层文件系统、能够加速广域文件系统读写访问的缓存策略.该策略支持基于区间粒度的文件数据缓存及访问,并支持元数据本地缓存;该策略提供基于阈值的容量管理功能,采用超时与最终一致相结合的方式维护缓存的一致性.最后使用典型的文件I/O基准测试工具和元数据性能测试工具对该缓存策略进行了评测,实验结果表明:该缓存策略减少了客户端与服务器的交互次数,给广域文件系统的数据访问带来了明显的性能提升,当缓存命中时其数据的读写性能与本地文件系统相近.     

结合隐式元数据和List IO的并行文件系统

并行文件系统中的文件数据与元数据分离管理和分离存储使得系统复杂性上升,可靠性下降,采用将两种数据结合的隐式的元数据管理与存储则可以避免上述问题,而且可以获得元数据的并行服务能力,将Expand隐式元数据管理的简单可靠及元数据并发服务和PVFS高效的ListI/O非连续数据访问的能力相结合,可以同时获得两者的优点。     

MDDS:一种面向高性能计算的并行文件系统元数据性能提升方法

随着计算能力的增强、应用课题规模和复杂度的增加,高性能计算机对并行文件系统性能要求越来越高.在海量小文件和大规模并发I/O操作的应用场景中,文件系统元数据的吞吐率成为限制其性能的关键因素.设计并实现了元数据代理(meta data delegation service,MDDS),通过降低元数据服务间的耦合度,保证元数据集群的高可用性;使用目录子树方式管理元数据代理空间,避免跨节点目录引入的分布式原子操作的复杂性和低效性.并针对高性能计算中I/O转发架构,提出基于元数据代理的两种作业调度策略——单作业独占单元数据代理调度和多作业共享多元数据代理调度——实现作业间和作业内的负载均衡.在116台存储服务器上对MDDS进行评估,实验结果表明,元数据代理提供了拟线性的元数据性能,在大规模的环境中较Lustre CMD方案有较好的扩展性;两种调度方式有效分散了作业元数据的负载,改善了高性能计算中的元数据瓶颈问题.     

面向大数据分析的分布式文件系统关键技术

大数据时代的来临使数据分析和处理能力成为数据中心和互联网公司日益倚重的技术手段.信息规模的扩大和数据结构的多样化,使海量数据存储成为大数据分析研究的热点.传统的分布式文件系统在扩展性、可靠性和数据访问性能等方面难以满足新形势下的需求.设计并实现了一个面向大数据分析、专为大规模集群应用的分布式文件系统Clover.该系统采用基于目录划分和一致性Hash映射的名字空间管理方法,解决了元数据扩展性问题;通过改进的两阶段提交协议,保证了多元数据服务器下分布式元数据操作的一致性;提出了基于共享存储池的高可用机制,通过热备和全局状态恢复机制提高了元数据的可靠性.评测结果表明,Clover的元数据处理能力随服务器的数量线性增长,增加单个服务器的元数据操作性能平均提升了5.13%~159.32%.由于名字空间管理和分布式事务的开销,多元数据服务器会导致复杂操作的性能下降,但是这种下降的幅度很小(小于10%).与HDFS相比,Clover的文件读写带宽与之接近,并能够保证在元数据服务器失效后文件系统快速恢复,适合于构建高可扩展和高可用的存储系统.     

基于代理的并行文件系统元数据优化与实现

在高性能计算环境中,并行文件系统面临百万量级的客户端,这些客户端往往在同一时间段内发出大量并发I/O请求,使元数据服务器承载巨大的压力.另一方面,这些客户端发出的并发读写请求往往指向同一目录,导致很难将元数据负载调度到多个服务器上.为此,提出在并行文件系统的客户端和元数据服务器之间增加一级代理(proxy),并给出相应的优化措施降低元数据服务器的负载.在元数据代理上实现2方面的优化:1)由于高性能计算程序往往并发访问大量的文件,可以考虑通过元数据聚合将大量请求合并成1个请求发送到元数据服务器上,降低元数据服务器的负载;2)高性能计算程序的并发I/O往往指向同一目录,而传统的元数据负载均衡机制一般采用子树划分的方法将元数据负载调度到多个元数据服务器上,无法实现针对同一目录元数据操作的负载均衡,通过代理将针对同一目录的元数据操作调度到多个元数据服务器上,实现细粒度的负载均衡.     

BESⅢ分布式计算的元数据管理

北京谱仪III(BESIII)高能物理实验产生PB量级的实验数据,海量数据的处理和分析对计算资源提出较大挑战。分布式计算是整合异构计算资源和解决计算资源短缺的可行方案。根据BESIII实验需求对分布式计算所需的元数据管理进行研究,提出数据文件的元数据模型,利用中间件软件DIRAC的目录服务设计并实现元数据管理系统。该系统利用树型目录结构、物理文件名动态构建和虚拟数据集等技术,组织和存储各种类型的元数据,实现查询请求、逻辑文件以及物理文件之间的映射,使用数字证书和开放安全套接层协议保证系统安全。将该系统应用于实验数据分析和处理中,测试结果表明,当并发用户访问量为300时,查询时间仅为0.3 s,证明该系统性能较好,可以满足BESIII实验的应用需要。     

基于扩展属性的元数据管理算法

元数据的管理效率对大规模存储系统性能具有重要影响.在深入研究现有元数据管理算法的基础上,提出了一种基于扩展元数据属性的元数据分布算法.该算法通过对文件系统中目录进行编码并将编码作为Hash键值,有效解决了文件重命名导致的数据迁移问题,通过使用标志位,有效地解决了目前文件系统目录删除操作中使用递归遍历方式的低效问题,提升了大规模存储系统的元数据管理效率.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.