镁合金AZ31D的热变形力学行为与微观组织演化规律的试验研究

对具有粗大柱状晶的镁合金AZ31D材料进行了圆柱体热压缩试验研究.通过试验获得了该种材料在不同温度、不同应变速率条件下的真应力-应变曲线以及动态再结晶和晶粒细化的规律.应用峰值应力的试验结果计算出了该材料热变形过程的激活能及试验条件下的Z参数,得到了镁合金AZ31D的热变形过程以及动态再结晶过程的主要特征变量作为Z参数的函数表达式.试验发现,当Z≥(2.61E 6)s-1时,热压缩试验过程中会出现与试样端面成45°角的剪切断裂.     

焊接角变形的动力学分析

从刚体定轴转动特征出发,构建了对接接头焊接角变形的动力学模型并进行了分析。认为,对接接头焊接角变形与刚体定轴转动特征相同;通过对焊接角变形动态过程曲线进行动力学分析,可以得到焊接过程中角变形驱动力矩变化情况,为研究焊接变形机理提供了一个新的方向,同时也为焊接角变形的控制提供了理论基础。     

铝合金5A12钨极氩弧焊板外变形的试验研究

通过自行研制的动态变形测量系统,对焊接过程板外变形进行实时测量.研究钨极氩弧焊接过程中,不同焊接条件下铝合金5A12板外变形动态过程及最终残余变形形态.分析板外变形动态过程及最终残余变形的产生机制及影响因素.结果表明,试板厚度和焊接热输入对焊接板外变形动态过程及最终残余变形有很重要的影响.残余板外变形分为,拱形、波浪形、碗形3种形态.     

钢轨对接超窄间隙焊接的角变形

钢轨的超窄间隙对接对坡口宽度控制有严格的要求,焊接过程中的角变形直接影响坡口宽度的变化和焊后钢轨的平直度.通过钢轨的超窄间隙焊接试验,实测出焊接过程中角变形随焊层厚度的变化关系,其特征为:当焊层厚度达到13～18 mm时角变形达到最大值,当焊层厚度达到100 mm以上时,角变形不明显.在此变化关系的基础上估算出合适的反变形角度,可保证在焊接过程中坡口底部尺寸随着焊接角变形始终保持在合适的范围内.     

变形参数对挤压态AZ41M镁合金热变形行为和组织演变的影响

通过热模拟压缩试验研究了挤压态AZ41M镁合金在应变速率为0.005～1s-1、温度为300～450℃条件下的热变形行为.利用光学显微镜分析了合金热变形过程中的组织演变.结果表明:挤压态AZ41M镁合金热变形过程中,真应力应变曲线表现出典型的单峰动态再结晶(DRX)特征,合金具有比较高的温度和应变速率敏感性;合金热变形...     

ML40Cr钢动态再结晶行为的研究

使用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,在不同变形条件下进行单道次压缩试验,并通过计算机和绘图仪输出压缩过程的应力-应变曲线。根据该曲线分析了变形温度、变形速度和变形程度对ML40Cr钢动态再结晶行为的影响;并且根据试验得到的应力-应变曲线做出了再结晶图,为研究ML40Cr钢的动态再结晶提供了依据。     

角变形动态过程试验研究

对低碳钢对接接头多层多道焊的角变形动态过程进行数据采集,得到了不同工艺及不同工件厚度条件下角变形与时间的关系曲线,并进行了分析.认为,角变形发生发展的动态过程复杂；多层多道焊时,每层焊缝角变形动态过程既有一定的规律,又存在差异;残余角变形是焊接过程中角变形增量不断累加的结果.     

Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金高温热变形行为及动态再结晶

在Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验对Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在应变速率为0.01~5 s 1、变形温度为600~800℃条件下的流变应力行为进行研究,利用光学显微镜分析合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明:Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,且根据变形温度的不同,真应力—真应变曲线的特征有所不同。流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性得出该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。     

TiO2粉末介质介入铝合金电阻点焊熔核形核电阻特征分析

以TiO2粉末作为添加介质进行铝合金电阻点焊. 焊接过程中利用实时传感技术对电阻点焊熔核形核过程的电极电压与焊接电流信号进行实时检测,通过对检测信号的计算和分析得到熔核形核动态电阻曲线,研究TiO2粉末介质对熔核形核与生长过程电阻特征的影响. 结果表明,随着TiO2粉末介质的介入,熔核形核动态过程发生变化,表现出不同的动态电阻特征. 由动态电阻曲线提取的接触电阻、终了电阻和形核电阻热效应3个特征值均能反映TiO2粉末介质对熔核形核质量特征的影响,且终了电阻、形核电阻热与焊点最大承载力高度线性相关,可作为检测熔核形核质量的依据.     

基于软化机制的TC18钛合金本构关系研究

通过TC18钛合金热模拟压缩实验,得到不同变形条件下的高温变形真应力-真应变曲线.通过加工硬化和动态软化效应,分析变形参数变化对TC18钛合金应力-应变曲线形态和峰值应力的影响.不同变形条件下,TC18钛合金流变曲线呈现出相似的特征,而峰值应力对变形参数的变化却十分敏感.通过Poliak-Jonas准则,分析了不同条件下TC18钛合金在高温变形过程中的软化机制.相同温度下,动态再结晶机制主要发生在低应变速率下的高温变形过程中,并且软化机制的选择对温度不敏感.基于传统的Arrhenius型方程,针对TC18钛合金热变形过程中不同的软化机制,分别建立动态再结晶和动态回复机制下的本构方程.针对识别出的TC18合金在不同变形条件下的软化机制,通过适用的本构模型来描述TC18合金在应变为0.7时真实应力对变形温度、应变速率的响应过程.以动态再结晶为主要软化机制的变形过程,其变形激活能和应变速率敏感系数远远大于以动态回复为主的过程.     

Dynamic process of angular distortion between aluminum and titanium alloys with TIG welding

The dynamic process of welding angular distortion in the overlaying welding of 5A12 aluminum alloy and BT20 titanium alloy was investigated. Information of dynamic distortion was got via self-made welding dynamic measuring system. Research results show that the characteristics of dynamic distortions at various positions of the plate edge parallel to the weld of 5A12 and BT20 alloy are different. Comparison between 5A12 and BT20 alloy shows that transverse shrinkage and downward longitudinal bending are main factors influencing the dynamic angular distortion processes of 5A12 and BT20 alloy under welding heat input of 0.32 kJ/mm. The angular distortion of 5A12 alloy is completely inversed with welding heat input increasing to 0.4 kJ/mm, and the position of weld center and buckling distortion become the primary factors.     

Temperature distribution effect on relation between welding heat input and angular distortion

Conventional and activated tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding were conducted under the same welding conditions in an experiment to compare the weld penetration, temperature distribution and angular distortion. The results showed that the quantities of heat input per unit welding length were almost the same, but the shapes of the weld penetration and heat-affected zones changed drastically. The difference in angular distortion between conventional and activated TIG welding was strongly dependent on the thickness of the welded plate. A distortion analysis was developed by considering convective heat transfer in the weld pool to obtain a more detailed understanding of the temperature distribution effect on the relation between welding heat input and angular distortion. The resulting distinguishable curves for conventional and activated TIG welding, which can lead to the thickness dependence of differences in angular distortion, showed the traditional relation between the heat input parameter and the angular distortion.     

Effect of welding conditions on reduction in angular distortion by welding with trailing heat sink

Abstract

The effectiveness of welding with a trailing heat sink in reducing the angular distortion of a weld has been experimentally investigated with focus on the cooling position. A numerical model of welding with a trailing heat sink is constructed through the comparison of measured values of weld penetration, thermal cycles and angular distortion with those calculated. On the basis of this model, the effect of welding heat input conditions on the reduction in angular distortion is discussed to evaluate the versatility of welding with a trailing heat sink. The results indicate that the choice of an appropriate cooling position behind the welding heat source is essential for the effective reduction in angular distortion. The reduction in angular distortion by the heat sink at the appropriate cooling position increases with the heat input parameter Q_net/h, where Q_net is the weld heat input and h is the thickness of the plate.     

Numerical simulation of transient welding angular distortion with external restraints

Abstract

A multibody coupling finite element model, in which worktable, clamping strip, welding plate and fixture are included, is built to simulate the welding transient distortions under restraining forces. Overlaying welding experiments are also carried out to measure transient welding distortions and dynamic restraining forces to validate the model. The effects of the restraining force location and magnitude, release of restraining force and restraining moment on welding distortion are discussed. Results show that the variation of the restraining force is similar to that of the welding angular distortion during welding, and the minimum initial restraining force for a specified restraining location and the appropriate restraining distance from welding centreline for a specified restraining force to restrain the welding angular distortion can be optimised using the model. However, the welding plate would spring back to some extent after the restraining force release. The restraining moment plays an important role in controlling the welding angular distortion under the same welding parameters, the angular distortion almost the same with the same restraining moment no matter the location and magnitude of the restraining force, the angular distortion decreases rapidly with increasing restraining moment, the distortion before restraining force release can be fully restrained and the values of spring back keep almost the same when the restraining moment is larger than a threshold.     

Q345B钢板焊接热循环及实时角变形测试

对Q345B钢板进行多层多道焊接,使用K型接触式热电偶测温模块和激光位移传感系统测量焊接过程中的热循环和角变形。结果表明,多层多道焊的热循环峰值温度随焊道的逐渐靠近而升高;距离焊缝越近,峰值温度越高,对应的升温速度也越快;焊接角变形主要产生于焊接阶段,表现为逐渐增加,而在层间冷却阶段很小,最终焊接角变形约为4.78°。     

Study on prevention of angular distortion in fillet-welded T-joint by welding with a trailing reverse-side gas heating

Reduction or control of angular distortion without additional processes is demanded because it takes a lot of time and effort to correct the angular distortion of fillet-welded T-joints. In this study, the reduction or control of angular distortion of both sides of a fillet-welded T-joint by welding with trailing reverse-side gas heating was investigated through a welding experiment and its numerical simulation. First, the effect of gas heating position and intensity on the reduction in angular distortion was experimentally investigated using a gas burner. The results showed that angular distortion became smallest when reverse-side heating using the gas burner was located 50 mm backward of the welding torch. Also, the concentrated gas flame with increased propane and oxygen gas flow was effective for reducing angular distortion. It was clarified that the angular distortion could be controlled completely with an appropriate reverse-side gas heating condition. Next, the numerical simulation model of welding and gas heating was constructed based on comparison with the measured temperature histories and angular distortion. Through the numerical simulation of welding with a trailing reverse-side gas, more detailed understanding of the effect of gas heating condition on reduction in angular distortion was developed. In addition, it was confirmed that the gas heating position for the smallest angular distortion is dependent on the temperature distribution along the thickness of the flange plate.     

拘束控制铝合金焊接面外变形行为分析

利用温度和变形实时测量系统,对5A12铝合金板拘束焊变形和外拘束力进行了试验研究,分析了拘束力大小和拘束释放对试板面外变形的影响.结果表明,施加不同的拘束力,试板焊后残余面外变形大小不同,适当的拘束可以有效地控制焊接变形;焊接结束拘束卸载后,焊接件变形出现不同程度的反弹;弹性同复是造成拘束焊残余变形的主要因素;拘束力大...     

螺旋焊管焊缝噘嘴应力分析方法

螺旋焊管焊缝噘嘴问题是复杂的三维问题,国际上目前尚无现成的应力计算公式可以利用。作者建立了螺旋焊缝噘嘴应力分析的力学模型,在直焊缝噘嘴应力的理论解基础上。通过理论分析和有限元数值分析,提出了螺旋焊管焊缝噘嘴附加弯曲应力和焊缝噘嘴部位最大应力的显式解。给出了螺旋焊管焊缝极限噘嘴高度的计算公式,为螺旋焊管质量控制和安全性评定提供了理论依据。     

大面积拼焊平台结构的焊接变形预测

为了对大面积厚板拼焊平台结构进行焊接变形预测,首先进行了缩比件焊接试验,并测试了焊接过程中的角变形,然后进行了实际焊道数量及焊道集中分组后缩比件的焊接数值模拟,验证了焊接有限元模型输入的准确性及焊道集中分组方案的合理性;最后根据建立的焊道集中规则建立了平台结构的焊接有限元模型,进行了焊接变形的预测.结果表明,实际焊道数量及焊道集中分组后缩比件焊接角变形的数值模拟结果与测试结果一致,角变形约为1.6°,验证了将实际焊接工艺中15层27道简化为5层5道的焊道集中方案的准确性;平台结构的焊接变形表现为局部下塌或上凸的面外变形,是由上下坡口不对称产生的焊接角变形及底部钢架支撑作用共同产生的,面外变形范围为−5.2 ~ 4.4 mm.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.