海洋平台大厚度焊接接头断裂韧度

依据BS7448断裂韧度试验标准(ISO／TC164／SC4-N400)，对采用埋弧焊(SAW)工艺施焊的、板厚为54mm的海洋石油平台大厚度对接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验。分别测试了-15℃下单丝和双丝埋弧焊工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的CTOD值。试验表明，除双丝埋弧焊热影响区试件外，其余试件均满足挪威船级社DNV规定的最小特征CTOD为0．15mm的要求，为指导海洋平台的施工建造提供了科学依据。     

钢箱梁焊接接头的断裂韧度评定

采用冲击试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺存在局限性,指出用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺的优越性.介绍了焊接工艺CTOD断裂韧度评定的方法.针对港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接建造,运用英国标准BS7448对两项拟用焊接工艺进行CTOD试验评定.结果表明,埋弧自动焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较高,该工艺可以直接用于钢箱梁焊接施工;而焊条电弧焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较低,经扫描电子显微镜断口分析和X射线分析,发现其原因是焊缝中心存在气泡、微裂纹、夹杂物和硫等有害元素.试验评定结果为港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接质量控制提供了依据.     

海洋石油平台焊接接头大型CTOD试验

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准，对焊接接头超大尺寸低温裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）试验测试技术进行了探讨，对采用焊条电弧焊与埋弧焊工艺施焊的、板厚为2．5in(63.5mm）的海洋石油平台焊接接头试样进行了CTOD试验，分别测试了－18℃两种工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的CTOD断裂韧性，对试验结果及试验中的有关技术问题进行了分析讨论。试验表明，除两个热影响区（HAZ）试样外，其余试样均满足美国Phillips石油公司提出了最小CTOD为0．15mm的要求。试验结果为评价这种板厚焊接接头的焊后热处理规范提供了依据。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响北大核心

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

海洋钢结构大尺寸焊接接头CTOD断裂韧性试验与分析

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准,研究了超大板厚碳钢焊接接头的低温断裂韧性(裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)) .针对厚为95 mm和60 mm的钢板分别开发了埋弧焊(SAW)和药芯保护焊(FCAW)2种焊接工艺,并研究了低温服役条件下(0℃)2种焊接工艺焊接接头各区(包括焊缝区和热影响区)的断裂韧性. 研究结果表明,所有试样均满足最小特征CTOD值0.15 mm的要求.本研究结果可为厚95 mm的D36钢板埋弧焊和厚60 mm的D36钢板药芯保护焊焊接接头免除焊后热处理提供依据.     

基于SINTAP的管线钢X70断裂韧度CTOD分布规律及检验分析

依照英国BS7448和挪威船级社DNV-OS-F101标准对管壁厚18.0 mm的X70级气体保护焊环焊管热影响区进行断裂韧度CTOD(crack tip opening displacement)试验,并应用数理统计方法对试验结果进行了分布拟合检验. 文中分别采用了柯尔莫哥洛夫检验法和A2-W2检验法对试验结果进行了拟合检验和对比分析,得到了该X70钢焊接接头热影响区CTOD分布规律. 结果表明,应用A2-W2检验法进行拟合检验的敏感度较高,且断裂韧度数据拟合较好的统计分布函数为Weibull分布函数,可结合欧洲工业完整性评定程序(SINTAP)的可靠性评定方法,计算得X70钢焊接接头热影响区CTOD断裂韧度概率密度分布函数.     

工程机械用高强钢20MnTiB焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

本文针对工程机械用高强钢焊接接头有较大断裂倾向的特点,依据英国标准BS 7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)工艺对板厚为14mm的国产高强钢20MnTiB对接焊接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.结果表明:在本文中所制订的焊接工艺条件下,无需焊后消氢处理20MnTiB高强钢的焊接接头CTOD平均值均大于标准验收值,有较高的断裂韧性值.     

X65管线钢焊接接头CTOD断裂韧度

根据BS74 4 8断裂韧度试验标准 ,对X6 5管线钢焊接接头的低温 (0℃ )裂纹尖端张开位移 (CTOD)进行了测试。取尺寸为B× 2B(B为试样厚度 )、缺口方向为NP的试样进行三点弯曲试验 ,然后由所得到的 0℃下母材、焊缝和热影响区 (HAZ)的P -V曲线来计算CTOD值 ,并对试验结果进行了讨论和总结。对显微组织的分析表明 ,共有3个HAZ试件不满足裂纹尖端不超过熔合线 0 .5mm且落在粗晶区内的要求。该结果恰好与P -V曲线和所得的CTOD值相一致 ,从而解决了试验值分散性大的问题 ,同时为ECA评估提供了重要依据 ,验证了BS74 4 8标准的合理性并体现了它的优越性。     

EH36钢埋弧焊接头CTOD试验中的突跃效应及评价

根据BS 74 4 8试验标准 ,在对海洋石油平台用钢EH36单、双丝埋弧焊接头的焊缝和热影响区 (HAZ)进行低温下 (- 15℃ )裂纹尖端张开位移 (CTOD)测试时 ,多个试样出现了”突跃”(F -V曲线上瞬间载荷下降、位移增加变慢 ) ,亦称”POP -IN”现象。针对这一问题 ,依据BS 74 4 8-Ⅰ中的有关评定标准 ,对存在POP -IN现象的试样进行了F-V曲线上载荷 -位移变化的测量、计算 ,并在光学显微镜 (× 10 0 0 )下观察了断裂面上脆性起裂点处的微观组织 ,从而合理取舍了焊接接头这一非均质结构中出现的POP -IN效应。     

焊后热处理对BB503钢焊接接头性能及组织的影响

对45mm厚的BB503钢板分别采用手工焊、CO2气体保护焊、埋弧自动焊进行焊接，对部分焊接接头进行了焊后去应力热处理。比较了不同工艺焊接接头的力学性能及显微组织的差异。结果表明，经于工焊和CO2气体保护焊焊接的BB503钢板的焊接性优于埋弧焊；焊后热处理消除了焊接接头中的残余应力，大幅度提高了接头各区的冲击韧度，综合力学性能显著提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。