Analysis and design of a single-phase AC/DC step-down converter for universal input voltage

This work presents a single-phase AC/DC step-down converter, which is composed of two power stages, buck-boost converter and buck converter. The front stage is used for a power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit and is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) by using the pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique to achieve almost unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion of input current (THD_i). The rear stage is also operated in DCM to achieve voltage step-down and low DC-link voltage. The proposed converter can be applied for universal input voltage (85-265 V) and wide output power range. Also, the steady-state analysis of voltage gain and boundary operating condition are presented. Moreover, the selections of inductors, capacitors and input filter are depicted. Finally, a hardware circuit with simple control logic is implemented to illustrate the theoretical analysis.     

Advanced control for PWM converter and variable-speed induction generator

The paper describes a simple control structure for a vector-controlled stand-alone induction generator (IG) used to operate under variable speeds. Deadbeat current control is developed for a voltage source PWM converter and the three-phase variable speed squirrel-cage IG to regulate DC-link and generator voltages with newly designed phase-locked-loop circuit. The required reactive power for the variable-speed IG is supplied by means of the PWM converter and a capacitor bank to build up the voltage of the IG without the need for a battery and to reduce the rating of the PWM converter with the need for only three sensors. This proposed scheme can be used efficiently for variable speed wind or hydro energy conversion systems. The measurements of the IG system at various speeds and loads are given and show that this proposed system is capable of good AC and DC voltages regulation     

Recurrent wavelet neural network controller with improved particle swarm optimisation for induction generator system

A recurrent wavelet neural network (RWNN) controller with improved particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) is proposed to control a three-phase induction generator (IG) system for stand-alone power application. First, the indirect field-oriented mechanism is implemented for the control of the IG. Then, an AC/DC power converter and a DC/AC power inverter are developed to convert the electric power generated by a three-phase IG from variable frequency and variable voltage to constant frequency and constant voltage. Moreover, two online trained RWNNs using backpropagation learning algorithm are introduced as the regulating controllers for both the DC-link voltage of the AC/DC power converter and the AC line voltage of the DC/AC power inverter. Furthermore, an IPSO is adopted to adjust the learning rates to further improve the online learning capability of the RWNN. Finally, some experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IG system.     

Intelligent controlled shunt active power filter for voltage and current harmonic compensation in microgrid system

An integrated microgrid with a novel shunt active power filter (APF) using Elman neural network (ENN) is proposed in this study. The microgrid consists of a storage system, a photovoltaic (PV) system, the shunt APF, a linear load, and a nonlinear load. Moreover, the master/slave control algorithm is adopted in the microgrid. The storage system, which is considered as the master unit, is adopted to control the active and reactive power outputs (P/Q control) in grid-connected mode and the voltage and frequency of the microgrid (V/f control) in islanded mode. Furthermore, the PV system is considered as the slave unit to implement P/Q control in both grid-connected and islanded modes. In addition, the proposed shunt APF possesses dual functions of voltage and current harmonic compensation for microgrid under voltage harmonic propagation and nonlinear load to reduce the voltage and current total harmonic distortions (THD) effectively. Additionally, an ENN controller is adopted in the proposed shunt APF to improve the transient and steady-state responses of DC-link voltage during the switching between the grid-connected mode and islanded mode. Finally, some simulation results are provided to verify the feasibility and the effectiveness of the integrated microgrid with the intelligent controlled shunt APF.     

Control of a converter system for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction motor drive operating in motoring and generating modes

The control of a converter system is presented and discussed for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction machine drive that is operating in motoring and generating modes. The proposed system consists of back-to-back voltage source converters. For a machine side, a three-leg voltage source converter provides both unbalanced and balanced two-phase output voltages with a scalar V/F control based on a carrier space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. For a front end, a single-phase AC/DC doubled voltage converter with hysteresis current control is used to keep DC-link voltage constant, thus resulting in a bi-directional power flow operation for the motoring and generating modes. A closed-loop design for the DC-link voltage is fully given and also included is a review of carrier-based SVPWM for two-phase three-leg VSI. The proposed drive system was both simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented on digital microcontrollers. The comparative performance evaluation of the whole system between balanced and unbalanced two-phase voltages for the machine is given. The simulation and experimental results show that the unbalanced phase voltage offers better performance for the whole system.     

Eighteen-sided polygonal voltage space-vector-based PWM control for an induction motor drive

An inverter scheme with 18-sided polygonal voltage space-vector structure is proposed for induction motor drive applications. An open-end winding configuration is used for the drive scheme. The motor is fed from one end with a conventional two-level inverter and from the other end with a three-level inverter, realised by cascading two conventional two-level inverters. The inverters are fed with asymmetrical DC-link voltages. A simple linear PWM control scheme up to 18-step mode is proposed, based only on the motor reference phase amplitudes. The proposed scheme gives an increased modulation range with the elimination of the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th-order harmonics, for the entire modulation range, when compared with any conventional schemes. The absence of low-order harmonics gives nearly sinusoidal currents throughout the modulation range, and makes PWM control of voltage very simple, with low inverter switching frequencies, especially in the extreme modulation range.     

Space vector-based analysis of overmodulation in triangle-comparison based PWM for voltage source inverter

The equivalence of triangle-comparison-based pulse width modulation (TCPWM) and space vector based PWM (SVPWM) during linear modulation is well-known. This paper analyses triangle-comparison based PWM techniques (TCPWM) such as sine-triangle PWM (SPWM) and common-mode voltage injection PWM during overmodulation from a space vector point of view. The average voltage vector produced by TCPWM during overmodulation is studied in the stationary (a–b) reference frame. This is compared and contrasted with the average voltage vector corresponding to the well-known standard two-zone algorithm for space vector modulated inverters. It is shown that the two-zone overmodulation algorithm itself can be derived from the variation of average voltage vector with TCPWM. The average voltage vector is further studied in a synchronously revolving (d-q) reference frame. The RMS value of low-order voltage ripple can be estimated, and can be used to compare harmonic distortion due to different PWM methods during overmodulation. The measured values of the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the line currents are presented at various fundamental frequencies. The relative values of measured current THD pertaining to different PWM methods tally with those of analytically evaluated RMS voltage ripple.     

基于模型预测的三电平PWM变流器直接功率控制

为了满足脉宽调制型变流器功率响应速度快以及绝缘栅双极型晶体管开关频率恒定等要求,提出了基于模型预测的直接功率控制策略用于三电平PWM变流器。该控制策略采用电压外环、功率内环的双闭环控制,外环省略了锁相环环节,简化了控制系统结构;内环无需PI调节器,参数设计简单,响应速度快。利用MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真平台搭建了三电平中性点箝位型PWM变流器模型,对比分析了提出的控制策略与传统PI控制的效果。仿真结果表明,新的控制策略有效降低了交流侧电流总谐波失真率,提高了交流侧功率因数,具有良好的动态和稳态性能。     

Zero-voltage-switching DC/AC inverter

A novel zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) DC/AC inverter is proposed. The proposed inverter can not only provide output voltage that is higher or lower than DC input voltage but can also use the pulse-width modulation (PWM) control technique. Furthermore, in the proposed inverter, besides operating at constant frequency, all semiconductor devices operate at soft-switching without additional voltage stress and current stress. A design example of 1000 W ZVS-PWM buck-boost inverter is examined to assess the inverter performance     

Large value AC capacitor for harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation

To overcome the limitations of conventional shunt passive filters, which are invariably used for harmonic filtering, a quasi-passive filter (QPF) has been proposed. It comprises a parallel and series tuned LC tank circuit. Unlike the conventional shunt passive filter, the QPF utilises a large value AC capacitor. Unipolar DC capacitors and power semiconductor devices have been used to realise the large value AC capacitor. The operation of the QPF is simple and it does not require the complex control methods of active power filters. With certain modifications in the QPF, a modified quasi-passive filter (MQPF) has been proposed, which can be used for reactive power compensation in addition to harmonic filtering. The proposed QPF and MQPF have been verified through analysis and simulation. Experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the QPF.     

交流变频调速系统仿真建模及谐波特性分析

随着电力电子技术的发展,交流变频调速系统以其强大的优势逐渐取代传统的直流调速传动,其在给人们生产生活带来方便和效率的同时,也造成了电力系统谐波污染加重的问题。因此,设计了一种开环正弦脉宽调制（sinusoidal pulse width modulation,SPWM）控制的交流变频调速系统并搭建仿真模型,实现了对系统中变频器输出电压频率和幅值及电机转速的灵活控制。对系统网侧电压和电流进行了谐波特性分析,结果表明：网侧电压的波形比较理想、畸变很小,而电流波形畸变严重;且随着变频器输出频率的增加,电压波形畸变程度有所加剧,电流畸变程度有所减轻。     

Analytical closed-form investigation of pwm inverter induction motor drive performance under dc bus voltage pulsation

The voltage unbalance conditions at the input rectifier stage of the AC?DC?AC rectifier-inverter fed induction motor drive is analysed. This unbalance can cause significant voltage harmonic of twice the line frequency 2f1 in the DC bus. This voltage ripple can have a degrading effect on the induction-machine performance characteristics. The authors present an analytical closed-form mathematical model and analysis of the impact of DC bus ripple voltage of the three-phase voltage source inverter with the space-vector PWM on the induction machine phase voltages, currents and torque pulsations. The analytical expressions for the voltage and current space vectors as a function of the DC bus voltage pulsation are derived. Using superposition, the separate parts of the motor currents can be determined. From the current space vectors, the torque behaviour is estimated, again as a function of DC link voltage pulsation. Next, it is shown that the DC link voltage ripple components may cause large torque pulsation. The proposed analytical method is based on the mixed p?z approach, enabling presentation of the results in lucid and closed form. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed analytical model, experimental results based on laboratory setup were obtained.     

Feedforward simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase AC/DC power-MOSFET converter with least components

A novel simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase alternating current to direct current (AC/DC) power-metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) converter with least components, which is employed to obtain small current and DC output voltage ripples as well as excellent performance, and using a feedforward simple control method for DC output voltage regulation is proposed. The proposed all-digital feedforward controller has the features of low cost, simple control, fast response, independence of load parameters and the switching frequency, it has no need for compensation, and high stability characteristics; moreover, the proposed controller consists of three operation amplifiers and few digital logic gates that are directly applied to the three-phase converter. The power-MOSFETs are also known as power switches, whose control signals are derived from the proposed all-digital feedforward controller. Instead of thyristors or diodes, the application of power-MOSFETs can reduce the loss of AC/DC converter that is proper to the power supply system. The input stage of an AC/DC converter functions as a rectifier and the output stage is a low pass inductor capacitor (LC) filter. The input AC sources may originate from miniature three-phase AC generator or low-power three-phase DC/AC inverter. The maximum output loading current is 0.8 A and the maximum DC output ripple is less than 200 mV. The prototype of the proposed AC/DC converter has been fabricated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35 mum 2P4M complementary MOS (CMOS) processes. The total chip area is 2.333 1.960 mm². The proposed AC/DC converter is suitable for the following three power systems with the low power, DC/DC converter, low-dropout linear regulator and switch capacitor. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified to be correct by simulations and experiments.     

一种线性保护输入的恒压LED驱动电源设计

采用对母线电压进行反馈调节的恒压控制方式,设计研究了一种新型高压(260AC)线性保护输入LED驱动电路.利用LD7591GS芯片控制的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)电路和外围光耦电压反馈电路以及LNK564芯片控制的线性隔离变换电路,通过对驱动电路拓扑结构进行研究设计,并对变压器参数进行优化,实现了电压反馈的线性保护输入LED驱动电源设计.实验结果表明,采用外围电压反馈方式电路和线性隔离保护电路调整的LED驱动电源电路具有较好的安全稳定特性和低纹波PWM输出波形,并具有高转化效率,良好的抗电磁干扰性能和稳定的恒压功能.     

Dynamics on a ZCZVT soft-switching DC/DC boost converter

The non-floating switches, zero-current–zero-voltage-transition (ZCZVT) soft-switching DC/DC boost power converter is proposed in this article. The AC small-signal mathematical model for the ZCZVT boost converter is then derived. It shows that the ZCZVT boost converter exhibits better dynamical behavior than the conventional PWM boost converter. The accuracy of theoretical results is verified by experiments and simulations. In addition, a classical and a modified integral variable structure controllers are designed to achieve output voltage regulation. They are used to eliminate the effect of the variations of input voltage and load on the output voltage. The performances of the proposed converter with these controllers are also validated by experimental results.     

单相无电解电容永磁同步电机驱动系统控制方法研究

针对传统单相无电解电容电机驱动系统中直流母线电压波动较大而导致控制不稳的问题,提出一种单相无电解电容永磁同步电机驱动系统控制方法。通过对传统单相无电解电容电机驱动系统输入、输出功率进行分析,在q轴电流注入正弦分量,对输出功率进行控制,调节输入功率,达到改善输入电流波形的目的;通过设计一种积分比例控制器替代传统的比例积分控制器对母线电压进行调节,能够有效抑制母线电容充电时的电流、电压过冲。理论分析、仿真结果与试验结果均验证所提控制策略的有效性。     

PWM optimisation for three-level voltage inverter based on clonal selection algorithm

A clonal selection algorithm (CSA) is first applied to determine the switching time for a three-level voltage pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. To obtain an optimal PWM switching pattern, CSA should calculate a set of nonlinear transcendental equations with nonlinear equality and inequality constraints. Unlike the general CSA by penalising infeasible solutions, this new CSA deals with constraints and guides the search to the true optimum solution by an infeasibility degree with a random disturbance (IFDD) selection operation. The proposed method minimise the total harmonic distortion and generates a waveform with adjustable amplitude of the fundamental component. Calculation results verify that the proposed method is efficient to obtain the optimal PWM switching pattern and is superior to natural sampling and genetic algorithm-based PWM switching pattern.     

交流连续调谐滤波器失谐度的无盲区检测方法

失谐度的在线测量是交流连续调谐电力滤波器中的关键环节之一,其检测精度会影响到滤波器的性能及其运行的稳定性。针对目前调谐滤波器失谐度间接测量方法所存在的检测盲区问题,提出了一种基于滤波电容器和电抗器两端谐波电压幅值的失谐度测量方法,该方法克服了失谐度检测盲区的问题,且实现简单方便;建立了交流连续调谐滤波器的失谐度检测实验系统,实验结果表明该失谐度检测方法是有效准确的。     

Analytical evaluation of DC capacitor RMS current and voltage ripple in neutral-point clamped inverters

The sizing of the DC-link capacitor in a three-level inverter is based on the RMS current flowing through it. This paper analyses the DC-link capacitor RMS current in a neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter and expresses the same as a function of modulation index, line-side current amplitude and power factor. Analytical closed-form expressions are derived for the capacitor RMS current for single-phase half-bridge, single-phase full-bridge and three-phase three-leg topologies of a three-level inverter. The worst-case capacitor current stress is determined for each topology based on the analytical expressions. Further, analytical expressions are derived for the RMS values of low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor currents. These expressions are then used to estimate voltage ripple across the DC capacitor for sinusoidally modulated three-phase NPC inverter. The analytical expressions for the RMS current and voltage ripple are validated experimentally over a wide range of operating points.     

网络仪用高效率多路电源设计

目的　设计网络仪用多路开关电源 .方法　控制电路采用了 PWM脉宽调制技术 ,输出电路采用了开关串调及输出滤波电感共绕同一磁芯的方法 .结果与结论　本文设计的多路开关电源具有输出效率高、纹波电压低、多路输出相互独立的特点 ,满足了用户的技术要求 .该电源不但适用于网络仪 ,还可广泛用于仪器仪表等设备