Case studies of groundwater flow into tunnels and an innovative water-gathering system for water drainage

Groundwater inflow into tunnels can constitute a potential hazard and also is an important factor influencing the speed of tunnel excavation. In this paper the results of numerical modelling are presented to investigate the groundwater flow and the distribution of the pore pressure around tunnels. Two types of tunnels, double-arch tunnel and twin-tube tunnel, were studied. Potential leakage places are identified for the two types of tunnels. The most permeable place in the double-arch tunnel is at the contact interface between the middle wall and the overlying rock. The results of numerical modelling are compared with field observations in the case studies. Based on the results of numerical modelling and the field investigations, an innovative water-gathering system for reducing water leakage was proposed and applied in some tunnels on ChangJi Expressway in China. The water-gathering system can be quickly glued to the rock surface and easily installed for tunnelling. It can be applied in tunnels where water-bearing fractures are well-developed in the rock mass.     

台灣東部鐵路單軌隧道開挖支撐互制行為之探討

為利用收斂圍束法理論及新外顯示分析模式,以台灣東部鐵路變質岩隧道群之收敛計測資料為依據,藉由計測資料回歸分析而獲得相關模式參數,進而模擬變質岩隧道開挖變形行為及岩體結構間之互制行為。介紹了收斂圍束法理論和外顯示分析模式以及台灣東部鐵路單軌隧道群之工程案例分析等,獲得了隧道前期位移量、無支撐距離位移量、岩體彈性模數、結構支撐應力和縱剖面變形曲線等之預估與計算。     

考虑应变软化、剪胀和渗流的水工隧洞解析解

基于统一强度理论和弹脆塑性软化模型,考虑不同工况下主应力顺序、岩石应变软化、剪胀和渗流等综合影响,推导了圆形水工压力隧洞应力和洞壁位移解析解。通过工程算例,比较本文方法与传统方法的不同,说明考虑第一主应力的变化和渗流体积力更符合工程实际,并得出统一强度理论参数、软化特性参数和剪胀特性参数对隧洞切向应力和洞壁位移的影响特性。隧洞设计时,应依据围岩材料特性合理地选取统一强度理论参数,并考虑由于软化特性参数和剪胀特性参数的减小对隧洞切向应力和洞壁位移增大的影响。该结果为圆形水工压力隧洞弹塑性分析提供了理论依据,对工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

Indian experiences with Q and RMR systems

The Q-systemir of Barton et. al. (1974, 1976) and the RMR-system of Bieniawski (1973) have been evaluated on the basis of measured tunnel support pressures from 26 tunnel sections, 2 to 14 m wide, covering both squeezing and non-squeezing ground conditions. The comparison shows that the Q-system is unsafe for large tunnels under squeezing ground conditiona. A new correlation has been developed considering tunnel depth, tunnel radius, tunnel closure, and Rock Mass Number—i.e., “stress free Q”—to obtain reliable estimates of tunnel support pressures. Changes suggested by Sheorey (1991) for satisfactory application of the Q system to coal-mine roadways on the basis of 44 case histories are presented. Unal's (1983) correlation for coal-mine roadways is shown as overly safe for large tunnels under non-squeezing ground conditions, and unsafe for all sizes of tunnels under squeezing ground conditions. Correlations between tunnel support pressure, tunnel depth, tunnel closure, and Bieniawski's RMR have been developed to provide reliable tunnel support pressures for all sizes of rock tunnels under varying ground conditions. The correlations between RMR and Q proposed by Bieniawski (1976) and by Rutledge and Preston (1978) are not reliable, because RMR and Q are not truly equivalent. Therefore, an acceptable correlation between rock mass number N and RMR_mod, i.e., RMR without joint orientation and intact rock strength, has been presented for a better interrelation.     

Effect of Depth on the Seismic Response of Square Tunnels

Response of tunnels to earthquake induced loads is a complex dynamic soil-structure interaction problem. While there seems to be a general consensus that tunnels in rock perform adequately during earthquake events, the seismic performance of shallow tunnels in soils is less certain. More experimental and field data is needed to better understand the dynamic tunnel-soil interaction. In this paper, the behaviour of relatively shallow tunnels of square cross-section located in a sand deposit is investigated using dynamic centrifuge modelling and complimentary Finite Element analysis. Emphasis is given on the effect of tunnel axis depth on the seismic response of square tunnels. Dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out on model tunnels at different depths of embedment. Accelerations around the tunnel and earth pressures on the linings were measured. Tunnel deformations were also recorded using a fast digital camera. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analyses were conducted to measure soil and lining deformations. Results show that for the cases investigated, the depth of the tunnel does not effect the deformation pattern of the tunnel significantly during an earthquake event; however it affects the amount of amplification of accelerations through the tunnel, the magnitude of dynamic earth pressures and the magnitude of the lining forces.     

三维边界元在地下洞群围岩变形与稳定分析中的应用

本文应用边界元静动力分析程序包BESDAP对某大型水利工程地下洞群的围岩变形与稳定进行了计算分析。针对边界元法在大型工程应用中的一些共同的特点与要求,对若干重要的计算技术问题作了有效的处理。计算成果给出了各洞室之间的相互影响、各洞室的孔边位移、应力以及洞周的剪切破坏区。整个计算过程与最终成果均表明边界元法的各种优点在地下洞群围岩分析中表现得特别显著。     

Wall displacement prediction of circular,D shaped and modified horseshoe tunnels in non-hydrostatic stress fields

The prediction of the magnitude and development of the expected displacements has an important impact on a large number of issues during tunnel construction. Convergence confinement method (CCM) is based on the analysis of the stress and strain state that develops in the rock around a circular tunnel capable of determining wall displacement. The radial displacement given by RocSupport that is based on convergence-confinement method (CCM) is valid for the tunnel circular cross section driven in the hydrostatic state of stress. In this paper several equations and graphs are presented using numerical modeling (FLAC3D) to obtain corrective coefficients to be applied to the values of wall displacement of circular tunnels in hydrostatic state of stress given by analytical method (RocSupport) for the prediction of maximum wall displacement and displacements of different parts of circular, D shaped and modified horseshoe tunnels in non-hydrostatic stress fields.     

考虑开挖面空间效应的围岩虚拟支护力分析

基于围岩与支护相互作用两阶段分析法,针对静水压力下的圆形隧道,提出了一种预测理想弹塑性、应变软化、弹-脆-塑性围岩下虚拟支护力的数值方法。根据该方法,首先给出了隧道纵向变形曲线与围岩特征曲线的求解程序,在此基础上,根据一定工况下围岩应力应变一致性对虚拟支护力进行耦合求解。通过与其他方法的计算结果对比论证了本文方法的优势。同时还探讨了临界塑性软化系数、岩体质量、初始应力、剪胀系数对虚拟支护力与开挖面空间效应的影响规律,参数分析结果表明:许多关于隧道掘进的数值模拟研究或实际工程中,经常基于弹性假定计算应力释放率,相应的支护设计并不安全。     

浅埋层状大跨度土质隧道变形及稳定性试验研究

 采用离心试验手段研究浅埋大跨度土质隧道中软塑和硬可塑2种粉质黏土的特性,从土体的无侧限抗压强度、回弹量以及成拱能力等方面探讨土体的主要变形特征,分析其对隧道施工稳定性的影响,进而提出开挖和支护时应注意的问题。通过不同埋深、跨度的毛洞开挖试验对比,发现该黏土隧道中土体成拱与岩石存在着明显的不同,硬塑土具有成拱能力而软塑土不具有。土体的变形特性表明,浅埋黏性土中土压力不存在松动压力而是以变形压力为主,据此可确定作用在隧道支护上的荷载。试验还研究了不同软塑夹层位置对隧道开挖变形以及施工稳定性的影响,发现软弱夹层对隧道开挖稳定性有着较大的影响,尤其是位于洞顶时。测量不同埋深下随深度变化土体的水平和竖向变形特性,据此初步分析剪切带在该种土体中的存在与否以及剪切带内土体的变形性状。     

Analysis of mechanical behavior of soft rocks and stability control in deep tunnels

Due to the weakness in mechanical properties of chlorite schist and the high in situ stress in Jinping II hydropower station, the rock mass surrounding the diversion tunnels located in chlorite schist was observed with extremely large deformations. This may significantly increase the risk of tunnel instability during excavation. In order to assess the stability of the diversion tunnels laboratory tests were carried out in association with the petrophysical properties, mechanical behaviors and waterlweakening properties of chlorite schist. The continuous deformation of surrounding rock mass, the destruction of the support structure and a large-scale collapse induced by the weak chlorite schist and high in situ stress were analyzed. The distributions of compressive deformation in the excavation zone with large deformations were also studied. In this regard, two reinforcement schemes for the excavation of diversion tunnel bottom section were proposed accordingly. This study could offer theoretical basis for deed tunnel construction in similar geological condition~     

岩溶隧道施工围岩变形动态监测与仿真分析

 岩溶区隧道因受岩溶发育程度、岩溶位置等影响,其围岩位移特征与一般隧道存在较大区别。以达成高速铁路宝石岩隧道为工程背景,对侧部含有溶洞的隧道围岩变形进行现场监测研究,并运用有限差分软件FLAC3D进行仿真分析,现场监测和仿真分析所得围岩变形规律基本一致。结果表明：隧道开挖后,围岩分别向溶洞和隧道内变形,溶洞与隧道之间的围岩向两个相反的方向变形,是较危险区域;靠近溶洞的隧道左侧特征位置的位移值要比远离溶洞的隧道右侧相应部位的位移值大,其中,左边墙的水平位移是右边墙的2倍左右。随着开挖断面处溶洞尺寸的逐渐增大,拱顶下沉位移增量最大,边墙水平位移增量次之,腰拱水平位移增量最小。溶洞顶部下沉位移和靠近隧道的溶洞右侧部水平位移较大,溶洞其他部位的位移值较小。侧部含有溶洞的隧道,其围岩变形的非对称性容易使隧道受“偏压”。所得结论可为同类隧道的设计、施工和研究提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

The behaviour of tunnels at great depth under large static and dynamic pressures

The main objective of the paper is to illustrate the range of conditions that can result from the presence of tunnels in, and the activity of driving tunnels through, competent hard rock under conditions of very high rock pressure. After briefly examining differences and similarities between the support design philosophies applied in these circumstances and those prevailing in most civil engineering tunnels, the paper goes on to suggest concepts that might prove useful in civil works under great depth of cover. The conviction is clearly explained and illustrated that the rock-anchoring tendons used under these conditions must possess sufficient yieldability to avoid tensile fracture under conditions of large and violent rock deformation. The containment support must also be appropriately compliant and must be properly coupled to the retaining rock tendons. Environmental impact statement: The environment in which tunnelling is undertaken through hard rock at great depth is harsh and sometimes dangerous. It has the potential to affect the health and safety of the workforce who constructed the tunnel and continue to use it after completion. There is no possibility that the underground situation can have any effect on the surface environment or any direct impact on the health and safety of its community. Insofar as they would have the objective of controlling the fracturing and potential disruption of the surrounding rock, the technologies implied or explicity advocated in the paper would improve the underground environment and substantially benefit the safety of the workforce.     

破碎千枚岩隧道施工工法比选试验研究

 为探明破碎千枚岩隧道在不同工法下的变形及支护力学响应特征,寻求一套适宜该种地层的合理工法体系,以该地层的隧道开挖为依托,采取现场试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究隧道在7种不同工法下的洞周变形、锚杆轴力、围岩–初期支护和初期支护–二衬接触压力、拱架及二衬内力变化规律。研究表明：工法S1,S2因较易引发洞室大变形等病害而不适合隧道开挖;工法S3能满足开挖条件但需增强支护参数体系;工法S4～S7均能有效抑制变形、保障隧道稳定,其中,工法S5,S6以支护承受较大荷载为代价,且施工难度大、工期长、造价高,工法S7对围岩扰动次数最多且初期支护不能及时封闭成环,工法S4既可抑制围岩变形,减小作用至衬砌的形变压力,又可提供稳定的支护力,在特殊地层时该法能迅速转变成工法S6,S7,缩短工法转换时间,有利于破碎千枚岩等软岩隧道的长期稳定。     

隧道围岩与支护结构变形协调控制机理及工程应用

为解决高应力下隧道岩爆以及软岩大变形控制难题,本文从隧道围岩荷载与支护平衡、变形协调控制及围岩能量守恒三方面进一步分析地下工程平衡稳定方法的特点;根据不同围岩级别总结地下工程平衡稳定方法中隧道支护结构抗力与围岩变形特征曲线,并提出隧道围岩支护的施工建议;通过分析围岩与支护结构有效荷载传递规律与功能转换特征,揭示围岩平衡与支护结构变形协调控制机理,并结合高应变吸能层材料设计一种表征为“吸能让压 支承抗压”的一体化新型隧道围岩支护工艺。通过工程应用表明,基于新型支护工艺在岩爆、软岩大变形隧道中围岩压力降低28.09%,保障了隧道安全高效施工。     

近距离多线叠交盾构施工对既有隧道变形的影响研究

针对上海地铁新建11号线先下后上近距离穿越既有4号线,形成三层隧道四线叠交的特殊工况,采用有限元数值模拟和现场监测相结合的方法,考虑既有隧道周围土压力的分布规律,研究了盾构下穿施工时土仓压力和注浆压力以及上穿施工时压重范围和压重量对既有隧道变形的影响。研究结果表明：下穿施工结束时,既有隧道的沉降量不随土仓压力比的改变而改变,但随注浆压力比的减小而增大;上穿施工应采取压重措施预防既有隧道的上浮和局部隆起变形,宜遵循新建隧道同步压重为主,既有隧道压重为辅的原则。     

高地应力断层带软岩隧道变形特征与控制措施研究

隧道在穿越断层地带时由高地应力引起的软岩大变形问题是隧道建设施工中难点,给隧道建设的施工与进度带来很大影响。本文结合区域地应力,围岩强度实验等分析柿子园隧道穿越断层地区产生支护结构破坏现象的原因,并对围岩压力,钢架应力,围岩变形进行了现场监测,得到了高地应力软岩大变形引起的支护应力特征与变形特征,提出了控制大变形的技术措施。研究表明,高地应力区软岩隧道穿越断层地带时,由于复杂的构造应力造成隧道结构受力不均,隧道左右两侧围岩压力,支护内力与围岩变形呈现出很大的不对称性。采用优化断面形式、加强初支刚度、非对称预留变形量和锚杆布置等措施可以有效减小隧道结构受力,控制隧道变形。     

Pressure tunnels in non-uniform in situ stress conditions

The bearing capacity of prestressed concrete-lined pressure tunnels is governed by the in situ stress of rock mass, which generally has different magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal direction. Two cases were distinguished, based on whether the vertical stress is greater than the horizontal stress or not.By means of a finite element model (FEM), the resulting distribution of stresses, strains and deformations due to tunnelling processes was revealed. The bearing capacity of pressure tunnels was determined based on the superposition principle. The results obtained demonstrate the significance of horizontal-to-vertical stress coefficients in the bearing capacity of pressure tunnels prestressed by grouting. Favourite locations where crack openings in the final lining may occur are identified, which is useful for taking measures regarding the tunnel tightness and stability.     

层状围岩中管片衬砌受力特征的模型试验研究

深部层状围岩结构强度具有各向异性特点,此类地层中修建盾构隧道,管片衬砌易受偏压作用,对结构安全构成挑战。开展层状围岩与盾构管片衬砌相互作用关系的相似模型试验研究,研究不同层理倾角下管片衬砌壁后围岩压力、管片衬砌内力和变形分布规律。研究结构表明:管片衬砌受力和变形特征受层理面控制明显,管片衬砌受力极不均匀,弯矩、轴力和变形呈现非对称分布;管片衬砌壁后围岩压力最大值集中在强度最弱的层理面法线方向,该方向上管片衬砌的弯矩最大,轴力最小,变形最大;层理倾角对管片衬砌的受力和变形影响显著,层理倾角不仅影响管片衬砌壁后围岩压力分布形状还影响其量值大小;均质地层中,管片衬砌裂缝主要出在封顶块接头处和其他环向接头处,层状地层中管片衬砌裂缝出现位置受接头位置影响减弱,而受层理倾角影响明显,管片衬砌裂缝出现位置主要集中在层理面法向。研究结果对层状围岩中修建盾构隧道的支护结构型式设计具有一定参考价值。     

偏压富水软岩大断面隧道下穿建筑物地层变形及影响分析

 偏压富水软岩大断面隧道施工引起的地层变形是多方面影响因素叠加的结果。结合武广高铁尖峰顶隧道下穿地表高压输电线塔的工程实践,首先对隧道施工前后地层变形监测和分析提出控制大变形的工程措施,然后采用综合统计和理论分析,研究地形条件、地层产状、隧道和通道施工、地面荷载、地表坍塌造成的地层变形与建筑物位移的关系,最后以流固耦合数值分析为手段对影响地层变形的关键因素进行量化分析。结果表明：(1) 偏压富水软岩大断面隧道下穿工程,地表地形引起的地层变形是影响地表建筑物水平位移和倾斜的主要因素;(2) 地层变形叠加效应对建筑物倾斜的影响存在明显的方向性,当多重因素引起的地层变形产生互逆方向位移叠加时对控制建筑物倾斜有利;(3) 软岩顺层斜坡地面下的大断面偏压隧道施工,地层变形在垂直于隧道轴线两侧呈非对称分布,变形最大区域位于向山坡侧;(4) 从影响地层变形长期效应上看,因施工引起的地层变形增量波动大但收敛快,地表地形引起的地层变形在施工后仍持续发展,成为影响建筑物安全性的长期潜在因素。     

引水隧洞复合支护钢拱架变形特性及围岩稳定性研究

 为研究复合支护中钢拱架变形特性和力学机制,优化支护参数,保证引水洞室的稳定性,在对支护结构进行力学分析的基础上,采用数值计算方法对山西引水工程中施工支洞进行了仿真模拟。基于复合支护力学作用机制的研究,分析钢拱架在初期支护中的应力及变形特性,并结合工程实例研究复合支护中钢拱架、钢筋网以及喷层所分担的围岩压力比例。数值计算表明：与普通的喷锚支护相比,有钢拱架的复合支护体系能够对围岩变形提供直接支护力,使围岩初期变形和塑性区范围大大减小,有利于围岩承载拱的形成并发挥其自身承载能力,同时其他各支护材料的变形和应力也有较大程度的降低,是洞室破碎围岩支护的有效手段之一。研究成果为山西省中部引黄工程引水洞支护设计提供了理论依据,对同类工程也具有借鉴和指导意义。