真空吸气剂吸氢后样品的热解动力学及热重分析

采用热重分析方法,以氮气为载气,对真空吸气剂吸氢后的样品进行了热解实验。含100%PdO的吸气剂吸氢后的热解分为PdO脱氢、Pd脱氢和PdO分解三个区域,对应的温度区间分别为202~284℃,593~780℃和800~900℃。PdO吸氢是物理吸附,Pd吸氢既有物理吸附也有化学吸附。热重分析的升温速率设定为20℃/min。Ag2O分解与样品脱氢存在明显的协同作用,主要体现在593~780℃的热解区间。吸氢后样品的热解动力学采用3个一级反应来描述。在不同的升温速率和PdO含量的情况下,活化能和频率因子之间存在"动力学补偿效应",其反应性能得到了很大的提高。在常压下,随着吸气剂中Ag2O含量的增加,其活化所需的最高温度明显下降。     

活性炭和TiF3共掺杂对NaAlH4放氢-再氢化性能的影响

采用高能球磨法制备了活性炭(AC)和TiF3共掺杂NaAlH4复合储氢材料,研究了TiF3和AC共掺杂NaAlH4后复合材料的吸/放氢性能。结果表明:共掺杂10%(质量分数)AC和3%(摩尔分数)TiF3明显降低了NaAlH4前两步放氢温度,且较单一掺杂而言,共掺杂AC和TiF3更有利于NaAlH4放氢温度的降低;160℃下NaAlH4+TiF3+AC样品在170 min内放氢5.0%(质量分数),完成理论放氢量的93%;4次吸放氢循环后NaAlH4+TiF3+AC依然具有良好的循环稳定性,在160℃、真空下起始放氢以及130℃、9 MPa起始吸氢条件下,NaAlH4可逆储氢量可达4.8%(质量分数)。     

复合改性活性炭的表征及其吸附模拟烟气中SO_2的研究

为了研究单一金属盐和复合金属盐改性活性炭材料对SO_2吸附性能的影响,以活性炭(activated carbon,AC)为载体,通过水热法制备ZnO/AC复合材料、Fe_2O_3/AC复合材料、ZnFe_2O_4/AC复合材料以及空白AC材料。采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、物理吸附仪(BET)及X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)对复合材料结构及化学组分进行表征,并且在常温条件下考察活性炭复合改性前后对模拟烟气中SO_2的吸附性能。结果表明,复合改性后活性炭材料成功负载金属氧化物活性组分,比表面积孔容减小,孔径增大并且对SO_2的去除效率显著提高。通过AC、ZnFe_2O_4以及4种复合材料脱硫效率的比较发现,负载ZnFe_2O_4的活性炭材料的脱硫效率最高,其比表面积和孔容分别为435.9m~2/g、0.37cm~3/g,脱硫性能试验中样品的击穿时间为136.0min,硫容达到168.3mg/g。     

Pd/C纳米催化剂的制备及催化Heck反应研究

以高比表面积椰壳活性炭为载体,柠檬酸钠为还原剂,在100℃条件下对H2PdCl4溶液进行还原负载,制备了直径在3~10nm的Pd/C催化剂。控制柠檬酸钠与H2PdCl4的量,制备了6个不同粒径Pd粒子负载的Pd/C催化剂,制备条件温和。该催化剂能够高效催化Heck反应的进行,反应无需无水无氧条件,无需配体的参与,重复利用次数较多。     

活性炭纤维对贵金属的吸附

活性炭纤维（ACF）具有优越的氧化还原吸附特性，通过创麻基活性炭纤维（水蒸气活化和磷酸化学活化）与硝酸银溶液反应而将银引入纤维中，X射线衍射分析表明ACF上负载的都是纳米银热处理可使它们的畸变减小且在高于150℃时才长大此外，用其它基体的ACF也可还原吸附贵金属离子（Au+、Pt4+、Pd2＋），并得到晶体生长有取向的纳先资金属粒子复合的活性炭纤维     

通过再活化浸渍金属盐的活性炭来发展中孔结构

研究了在椰子壳活性炭上浸渍金属盐（硝酸铁和硫酸铁）后，在二氧化碳气氛中催化活化对中孔结构的影响。发现硝酸铁对活性炭比表面积（-1930m^2／g）的增加和中孔结构（-10nm）的发展更有效。改性活性炭具有发达的中孔结构，显示了更大的维生素B12吸附容量（是改性前的5倍～8倍）和更快的吸附速度。中孔结构的发展基于三个方面的原因：（1）在活化过程中，浸渍在活性炭微孔内的金属盐分解所释放的氧化性气体与微孔碳壁反应，扩大了孔径；（2）在高温下，来自于金属盐的金属氧化物被碳还原，扩大了孔径；（3）在金属铁存在下，碳壁被催化活化，大大提高了活性炭的中孔率。由此提供了一种廉价的从商业活性炭制备中孔活性炭的有效途径。     

新型无氢胺化催化剂PdHx-Pd/C的水合肼还原法制备及形成机制研究

PdH_x是Pd/C催化剂中重要的活性物种, 在常温无氢的条件下不能稳定存在。在常压无氢条件下, 以PdO作前驱体, 用水合肼还原法可制备出PdH_x含量较高, 且能够稳定存在的PdH_x-Pd/C催化剂。通过XRD、XPS和TEM等表征方法研究了PdH_x和Pd颗粒的微观结构、形貌及化学状态; 提出了水合肼还原法生成PdH_x的机理。实验结果表明: PdH_x颗粒的平均粒径为3.9 nm, PdH_x(111)晶面间距比Pd(111)稍大; PdH_x生成于水合肼对PdO的还原过程, 且其晶粒大小与前驱体PdO的粒度大小及结构不完整性密切相关。将该催化剂应用于无氢条件下胺化法合成2, 6-二甲基苯胺的反应中, 其催化性能明显优于普通的Pd/C催化剂。     

负载TiO2活性炭电极材料的制备工艺

采用溶胶-凝胶法对活性炭进行载钛改性,制备TiO2/AC电极材料。通过正交实验考察改性过程中无水乙醇(C2H5OH)、去离子水(H2O)、冰乙酸(CH3COOH)、盐酸(HCl)以及活性炭(AC)这五种成分的最佳加入量。利用比表面积及孔径分析仪(BET)、电化学工作站分别对材料的比表面积和电极比电容进行表征。结果表明,材料组成的最佳加入量为无水乙醇30mL、冰乙酸2mL、盐酸0.3mL、去离子水4.5mL、活性炭2g。各因素对电极的电化学性能影响大小依次为:AC量>CH3COOH量>C2H5OH量>去离子H2O量>HCl量。载钛后活性炭比表面积从680.5m2/g降为523.35m2/g,降低23.1%;比电容从116F/g升到135F/g,升高16.4%。活性炭材料负载TiO2处理后,可以加速电极双电子层的形成,提高电极比电容量。     

金属Mn/活性炭电极材料电化学性能的研究

选用不同孔结构的活性炭采用浸渍法负载Mn金属离子,考察活性炭在负载前后的比电容变化情况。研究表明,金属Mn具有比较明显的准电容效应,其中负载金属Mn的中孔活性炭和微孔活性炭的比电容分别增加63．17％和19．69％,中孔活性炭负载金属Mn时,比电容随负载量的增加而上升;微孔活性炭负载5％时比电容最大为340．16F／g。     

低负载量Pd/CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于低温催化氧化VOCs

采用直接吸附法制备了Pd负载量为0.03% (质量分数)的Pd/γ-Al₂O₃和Pd/CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂, 并用于评价VOCs的催化氧化性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)等对催化剂的结构和表面性能进行了表征。结果表明, 在VOCs体积分数为0.1%, 空速(GHSV)为18000 mL/(g·h)条件下, Pd/CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上甲苯、丙酮和乙酸乙酯实现98%转化率的温度分别为205、220和275 ℃, 比Pd/γ-Al₂O₃分别降低了15、15和20 ℃, 而且即使在较高的气体空速下, Pd/CeO₂/ γ-Al₂O₃催化剂仍能展现出优异的催化氧化性能, 且具有很好的稳定性和选择性。氧化铈的加入对材料的物理化学性质和催化活性有一定的影响, 其中Pd/CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃含有Ce ³⁺和高含量的PdO, 活性物种主要以PdO形式均匀地分散在载体γ-Al₂O₃表面。另外, PdO与非化学计量的CeO₂之间的金属-载体相互作用增强了Pd/CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化氧化性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.