氢在21-6-9奥氏体不锈钢中的渗透

本工作采用超高真空气相渗透-动态监测技术,研究了氢在21-6-9奥氏体不锈钢中的渗透。结果指出:在230～430℃范围内,氢渗透率、扩散系数和溶解度常数与温度的关系遵循Arrhenius方程;试样两面电镀钯,可以防止表面氧化作用对氢渗透的影响,稳态渗透速度与充氢压力的平方根成正比;试样的冷加工和热处理状态对材料的氢渗透行为没有影响。     

Incoloy903合金氢渗透与扩散的研究

本工作采用气相氢渗透技术,测定了220—420℃温度范围内,Fe-Ni-Co基超合金Incoloy 903的氢渗透率和扩散系数,讨论了该合金时效处理后强化相γ′对氢渗透和扩散特性的影响。结果表明:该合金的氢透率和扩散系数几乎与热处理状态无关,不受时效析出的γ′沉淀相的影响。氢渗透率和扩散系数与温度的关系可分别表示为φ=9.36×10~(-5)exp[-54.20(kJ/mol)/RT]mol/m·s·MPa~(1/2), D=4.24×10~(-7)exp[-49.07(kJ/mol)/RT]m~2/s。     

氢在镍基单晶高温合金中的扩散和溶解

本工作采用超高真空气相渗透技术，在３００￣４２０℃温度范围内，测定了氢在ＤＤ８，Ｒｅｎｅ＇Ｎ４两种单晶高温合金中的扩散系数，渗透率和溶解度常数，分析了缺陷对扩散系数的影响及氢溶解放热的原因。结果表明，在实验温度范围内，氢在两种单晶高温合金中的扩散系数，渗透率和溶解度常数均遵循Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ关系，空洞不是造成氢溶解放热的原因。     

表面氧化层对低碳钢氢渗透行为的影响

利用气相氢渗透技术,测定了#10碳钢表面镀Pd和预氧化两种状态(在80-330℃温度范围内)的有效氢渗透率和扩散系数,结果表明:低于150℃,表面氧化层(主要为Fe3O4)对氢在钢中的渗透有明显的阻碍作用,有效氢渗透率降低约1个数量极,扩散系数降低3-4倍,但在180℃,10kPa氢压力的条件F,表面氧化层开始被还原、氢渗透逐步回复到由钢中的体扩散所控制.氢在氧化钢中的渗透速率满足Sievert定律.     

化学镀Ni┐P/Fe双层结构材料中氢的扩散

采用超高真空气相氢渗透技术在80～250℃温度范围内,测定了氢在化学镀非晶态Ni-P/Fe双层结构材料中的扩散系数,研究了化学镀Ni-P镀层及其在300℃下真空退火热处理1h后对氢在基材中扩散行为的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,氢在化学镀Ni-P/Fe双层结构中的有效扩散系数D与温度T的关系遵循Arrhenius方程,300℃真空退火处理后,有效扩散系数基本不变。     

稳定奥氏体不锈钢氢渗透的研究

本文用电化学氢渗透法,研究了钝化膜、极化电位及介质中pH值对氢在稳定奥氏体不锈钢中渗透行为的影响。测定了氢在310奥氏体不锈钢中25℃时的扩散系数为(1.2±0.1)×10~(-8)cm~2/sec;估算了氢在钝化膜中的扩系散数约为10~(-8)cm~2/sec数量级。随着介质中pH值的降低,氢渗透的饱和电流增加。不仅阴极极化可增加氢渗透的饱和电流;当电位超过点蚀击穿电位后,阳极极化也可增加氢渗透的饱和电流。充氢后试样在0.1NH_2SO_4溶液中的阳极极化曲线显著地向右移动;充氢后的固溶处理试祥,也具有明显的晶间腐蚀倾向。     

微观组织对2205双相不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用金相显微镜,氢渗透试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验结合扫描电镜研究了微观组织对2205双相不锈钢氢渗透行为及氢脆敏感性的影响。微观组织分析表明,随着固溶处理温度升高,铁素体含量升高,奥氏体含量降低。氢渗透试验结果显示,随着铁素体含量升高,氢在2205双相不锈钢中的扩散系数增大。结合慢应变速率拉伸试验和断口形貌观察发现,950 ℃固溶处理的2205双相不锈钢的氢脆敏感性较高,呈现脆性断裂;而1050 ℃固溶处理试样中的铁素体和奥氏体含量较均衡,氢脆敏感性较低,呈韧性断裂特征。     

淬火温度对马氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

采用不同的温度淬火获得不同组织的马氏体-铁素体不锈钢,结合SEM、 XRD、氢渗透等手段研究了马氏体-铁素体不锈钢中各类型组织对氢扩散的影响。结果表明:双相不锈钢经过不同温度淬火后得到的显微组织不同,不同的微观结构显示出不同的氢扩散行为,其中920℃淬火后试样的耐蚀性最优,其组织中的残余奥氏体可以有效阻止氢在金属中的渗透。金属间相对耐腐蚀性具有不利影响,残余奥氏体对材料的耐蚀性贡献最大,马氏体次之,铁素体最小。     

微观组织对GCr15轴承钢氢扩散行为的影响

通过对球化退火态、球化退火+淬回火(Q&T)态GCr15轴承钢进行电化学氢渗透试验来描述氢扩散行为,并分析了微观组织以及热处理状态对氢扩散行为的影响。结果表明,对于球化退火态试样,碳化物的分布情况对氢扩散行为影响很大。氢在带状碳化物中扩散最快,而沿晶界分布的网状碳化物作为氢陷阱,可以捕捉更多的氢原子。Q&T试样中,氢在带状未溶碳化物中扩散最快,且随着残留奥氏体体积分数的增大,有效氢扩散系数减小。球化退火试验钢的氢扩散系数远高于Q&T钢。Q&T试样中残留奥氏体的存在使氢陷阱增加,导致氢的渗透更难进行。     

应变和成分对316L不锈钢纤维的一些重要性能的影响

报导了应变对不同成分316L不锈钢纤维磁性和力性的影响。研究结果表明：不锈钢丝合金元素对316L奥氏体的稳定性有显著影响。合金元素含量越低,奥氏体的稳定性越低。对不稳定的奥氏体施加一定的真实变,奥氏体部分转变成马氏体是不锈钢纤维性能提高的主要原因。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.