无定形态H3PW12O40/TiO2光催化剂降解有机染料

以钛酸丁酯和磷钨酸为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂光催化剂,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析和比表面分析对光催化剂进行表征。结果表明,H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂光催化剂为无定形态,比表面积202 m²·g^-1,杂多阴离子保持了Keggin骨架结构。在TiO₂中掺杂H₃PW₁₂O₄₀,使催化剂的光响应范围扩展到可见光区,从而提高光催化活性。光催化剂对甲基橙、酸性红、罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝均有较好的光催化降解活性,催化剂易于分离,重复使用稳定性较好。对甲基橙降解的适宜条件为：1.7×10-5 mol·L^-1甲基橙溶液50 mL,H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO2光催化剂用量0.03 g,500 W碘钨灯照射60 min,此条件下,甲基橙脱色率可达到96%。     

H3PW12O40/TiO2-SiO2光催化降解甲基红

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO₂-SiO₂,用浸渍法将H₂PW₁₂O₄₀负载在TiO₂-SiO₂上,制得H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂-SiO₂光催化剂。探究在模拟自然光条件下,光照时间、甲基红溶液初始浓度、催化剂用量和溶液pH对甲基红可见光催化降解的的影响。实验结果显示,在光照时间为15min.甲基红溶液初始浓度为15mg/L.催化剂用量为1.8g/L以及pH为2的优化条件下,甲基红的光降解率高达99.7%。光催化降解甲基红溶液为一级动力学反应。     

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

本文以二氧化硅负载磷钨酸(H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂)为催化剂,丁醛和乙二醇为原料合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛,探讨了H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂/SiO₂对缩醛反应的催化活性,研究了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验结果表明:H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂/SiO₂是合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂。在固定丁醛用量为0.2mol的情况下,n（丁醛）:n（乙二醇）=1:1.4,催化剂的用量占反应物料总质量的1%,环已烷用量为4mL,反应时间为45min的条件下,产品收率可达77.6%。     

H3PW12O40/酸改性硅藻土催化剂的制备、表征及催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以硫酸改性后的硅藻土为载体,Keggin结构磷钨酸为活性组分,通过浸渍法制备出负载型催化剂H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土,并对催化剂进行傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）和N₂-程序升温脱附（N₂-TPD）表征。结果表明：酸改性后硅藻土的微孔增大增多,比表面积增大。H₃PW₁₂O₄₀均匀分布在改性硅藻土载体上,负载后磷钨酸仍保持Keggin结构。以H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土为催化剂催化乙酸和正丁醇液相合成乙酸正丁酯,通过正交试验探索优化工艺条件。在较优工艺条件下,即w(40%H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土)=1.1%（基于反应物质量）,n(酸)∶n(醇)=1∶3,125℃反应2.0h,酯化率高达98.1%。催化剂重复催化使用5次,酯化率仍可达86.1%。H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/改性硅藻土可作为催化合成乙酸正丁酯的高效催化剂,具有活性高、用量少、价格低廉、制备简单、后处理简便、无废液排放等优点。     

磷钨酸盐催化转化葡萄糖合成乙酰丙酸

制备了一系列金属离子修饰的磷钨酸盐(M_XH_3-2XPW₁₂O₄₀,M=Zn,Cu,Cs,Ag)催化剂,并将磷钨酸银盐(Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀)用于水解葡萄糖制备乙酰丙酸的实验中。采用FTIR、XRD、SEM和EPMA等技术对磷钨酸盐性能进行了表征,并分析了磷钨酸银盐催化剂在反应前后结构和表面元素相对含量的变化。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和葡萄糖浓度等对乙酰丙酸得率的影响。结果表明:合成的磷钨酸盐具有磷钨酸的Keggin结构,并且Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀催化剂在多次使用后Keggin结构没有被破坏。在催化合成反应中,在反应温度200℃、反应时间2 h、Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀催化剂用量0.7 g和葡萄糖浓度40 g·L^-1的条件下,乙酰丙酸的最大得率可达到81.61%,催化剂可重复利用。     

石墨烯复合金属离子掺杂纳米二氧化钛光催化材料的研究进展

对石墨烯复合金属离子掺杂纳米二氧化钛光催化材料在污染物治理、CO₂还原和资源化、H₂生产等方面的研究进展进行了论述。石墨烯复合金属离子掺杂纳米二氧化钛光催化材料相较于纳米二氧化钛,其禁带宽度变窄,提高了在可见光区的吸收性能,提高了光催化活性,提高了污染物降解率、CO₂还原和资源化的产率和H₂生产效率。     

H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3催化合成丙酸正丁酯

以H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂-WO₃为催化剂,丙酸和正丁醇为原料合成丙酸正丁酯。探讨H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂-WO₃对缩醛酯化反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响,实验表明:H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂-WO₃是合成丙酸正丁酯的良好催化剂;在n（丙酸）:n（正丁醇）=1:1.4,催化剂用量占反应物量总质量的1.5%,环己烷为带水剂6ml,反应时间45min的最佳条件下,丙酸正丁酯的收率可达85.9%。     

H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化正丁醛自缩合反应

正丁醛自缩合合成辛烯醛是工业生产辛醇的重要步骤之一。首先考察了3种杂多酸H₃PW₁₂O₄₀、H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀和H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀对正丁醛自缩合反应的催化性能,发现H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀的催化性能最好。其次,利用浸渍法制备了负载型H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀催化剂,考察了载体和制备条件对催化剂性能的影响,确定以SiO₂为载体,H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀负载量为50%（质量分数）,在150℃焙烧2 h的制备条件。探讨了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,确定了适宜反应条件：催化剂与正丁醛的质量比为0.15,反应温度120℃,反应时间6 h。在此条件下,正丁醛的转化率为90.4%,辛烯醛的选择性为89.2%。通过对催化剂进行ICP-AES分析和XRD表征,发现活性组分流失是造成催化剂稳定性差的主要原因。为减缓H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀的流失,以[emim]BF₄离子液体为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂催化剂,实验结果表明,催化剂稳定性有一定程度的提高。     

Fe掺杂Bi2WO6复合催化剂光催化芬顿协同去除污染物

采用水热法制备不同铁掺杂比例下的钨酸铋复合光催化剂，通过SEM、UV-Vis和PL表征手段对材料的结构及其光学性能等进行了表征。以罗丹明B作为目标污染物，考查了Fe/Bi₂WO₆复合材料的降解能力。结果表明，掺杂量为11%时，复合光催化剂在光催化-芬顿协同作用下的降解能力最好，此外，对催化剂投加量、H₂O₂投加量、p H等反应条件进行优化。最后提出了光芬顿降解机理。     

H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2-WO3催化合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

以二氧化钛负载磷钨钼酸H₃PW₆Mo₆O₄₀/TiO₂-WO₃为催化剂,环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮。探讨H₃PW₆Mo₆O₄₀/TiO₂-WO₃为对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H₃PW₆Mo₆O₄₀/TiO₂-WO₃为是合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂,在固定环己酮的物质量为0.2mol,n（环己酮）:n（1,2-丙二醇）=1:1.3,催化剂的用量占反应物料总质量的1.2%,带水剂环己烷的用量为6mL,反应时间45min的适宜条件下,环己酮1,2-丙二酵缩酮的收率可达88.5%。     

Selective oxidation of cyclopentene with H_2O_2 by using H_3PW_(12)O_(40) and TBAB as a phase transfer catalyst

The selective oxidation of cyclopentene by aqueous H_2O_2 using H_3PW_(12)O_(40) and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide(TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst has been investigated. The results show that the presence of TBAB significantly improved the oxidation selectivity of cyclopentene. The effects of the reaction conditions on the conversion of cyclopentene were investigated in detail. The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: the H_3PW_(12)O_(40) to TBAB molar ratio, 1:1–1:3; H_3PW_(12)O_(40) to cyclopentene molar ratio,0.54:100–0.64:100; and molar ratio of H_2O_2 to cyclopentene, 1.6:1. The conversion reached to 59.8% in 4h at 35.0 °C, while the selectivity of glutaraldehyde was 38.0% and the selectivity of 1,2-cyclopentanediol was 55.6%. In addition, a route for oxidation of cyclopentene by aqueous H_2O_2 using a heteropoly acid and quaternary ammonium salt as a phase transfer catalyst was proposed.     

Optimisation of degradation conditions of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in water and reaction kinetics analysis using a cocurrent downflow contactor photocatalytic reactor

The photocatalytic degradation of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, a non-biodegradable nitrogenous organic compound) in water was optimised under UV radiation using titanium dioxide photocatalyst. The reactor used was a pilot scale cocurrent downflow contactor photocatalytic reactor (CDCPR), a system offering very high mass transfer efficiency. The effect of photocatalyst loading, initial substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and different combinations of UV, O₂, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ on the photocatalytic oxidation of DBU was investigated. The TiO₂ photocatalyst used was Degussa VP Aeroperl P25/20, a granulated form of Degussa P-25, recently developed to ameliorate downstream catalyst separation problems. The CDCPR was fitted with an internally and vertically mounted 1.0 kW UV lamp. The reactions were carried out at 40–60 °C and 1 barg, with the reactor being operated in closed loop recycle mode and suspended photocatalyst being re-circulated. Optimisation of reaction conditions using a combination of TiO₂, UV radiation and O₂ gave the most rapid degradation and mineralisation of the DBU in comparison with other processes. Under optimised conditions, 100% degradation of DBU was achieved in 45 min, with a quantum yield of 7.39, using a 1 kW lamp, 0.5 g/dm³ TiO₂, 100 mg/dm³ DBU, 1 barg, 50 °C and pH of 3.17. Investigating the reaction pathway and its modelling showed a first order dependency, incorporating the effect of first intermediates of degradation. The activation energy was found to be 54.68 kJ mol⁻¹ showing a significant influence of temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of DBU.     

The hydrocracking of n-decane over bifunctional Ni-H3PW12O40/SiO2 catalysts

A series of bifunctional Ni-H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts for the hydrocracking of n-decane were designed and prepared. The evaluation results of the catalysts show that Ni-H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts possess a high activity for hydrocracking of n-decane and an excellent tolerance to the sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the feedstock. Under the reaction conditions: reaction temperature 300 °C; H₂/n-decane volume ratio of 1500; total pressure of 2 Mpa and the LHSV 2 h⁻¹, the conversion of n-decane over reduced 5%Ni-50%H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂ catalysts is as high as 90%, the C₅⁺ selectivity equal to 70%. In order to reveal the structure and nature of the catalysts, a number of characterizations including XRD, Raman, H₂-TPD, NH₃-TPD, XPS and FT-IR of pyridine adsorption were carried out. The characteristic results show that the high activity of the catalysts and high C₅⁺ selectivity can be related to the unique structure of the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and its suitable acidity.     

Liquid phase esterification of acrylic acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by solid acid catalysts

Esterification of acrylic acid with 1-butanol has been studied in a heterogeneous solid–liquid reaction system using a variety of solid acids including an acidic salt of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀. The catalytic activity (per proton) of liquid acids such as heteropolyacids, H₂SO₄, and para-toluenesulfonic acid increased as the acid strength of the solution increased, but the difference in the activity among them was not significant. In the solid–liquid reaction system, Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀ exhibited the highest catalytic activity in the unit of catalyst weight among the solid oxide catalysts, while the activity of Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀ was less than those of organic resins such as Nafion and Amberlyst 15. Contrary to the liquid acids, the specific activity values (per proton) of solid acids were significantly different. It was demonstrated that the activity of Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀ was almost retained after the addition of water, while the activities of the organic resins greatly decreased. The water-tolerant property of Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀ is presumed to be due to the hydrophobic nature of the surface.     

Titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalysed degradation of few selected organic pollutants in aqueous suspensions

The photocatalytic degradation of maleic hydrazide (1), propham (2), tebuthiuron (3), propachlor (4), chlortoluron (5), thiram (6), phenoxyacetic acid (7), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (8), 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (9), uracil (10), 5-bromouracil (11) and bromothymol blue (12) have been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) under a variety of conditions. The degradation was studied by monitoring the change in substrate concentration employing UV spectroscopic analysis technique and depletion in total organic carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time. The degradation kinetics of the compounds were investigated under different conditions, such as types of TiO₂, pH, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and in the presence of different electron acceptors, such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), potassium persulphate (K₂S₂O₈), ammonium persulphate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and potassium bromate (KBrO₃) besides molecular oxygen. TiO₂ Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of the model compounds as compared with other photocatalysts. The degradation products were analysed using GC/MS analysis technique and probable pathways for the formation of different products have been proposed.     

N、Bi共掺杂的TiO_2可见光光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备系列BixTi1-xO_2光催化剂以及N和Bi共掺杂Ti O_2光催化剂,采用XRD、UV-Vis、N2-物理吸附和TEM等对催化剂进行微观结构表征,以普通节能灯为光源,考察催化剂光催化氧化室内甲醛的性能。结果表明,在Bi掺杂的Ti O_2光催化剂体系中,Bi0.15Ti0.85O_2光催化剂催化降解甲醛效果最佳,400℃焙烧2.5 h,节能灯光照48 h,可将(1.05±0.05)mg·m-3甲醛降解至0.08 mg·m-3,甲醛转化率92.8%,达到室内空气质量标准。当N与Bi共掺杂时,节能灯光照24 h,Bi0.15Ti0.85O_2-N(0.2)光催化剂表现出最佳的光催化氧化降解甲醛性能,即可将甲醛由(1.05±0.05)mg·m-3降解至0.082 mg·m-3,甲醛转化率达92.0%,较Bi0.15Ti0.85O_2催化剂光催化效率提高50%。     

Photocatalytic degradation of omethoate using NaY zeolite-supported TiO2

The degradation of omethoate was conducted using H₂O₂ as oxidant, TiO₂ supported on NaY zeolite as photocatalyst and a 300 W lamp as light source. The effect of the calcination temperature of the photocatalyst, the amount of TiO₂ loaded on NaY zeolite, the photocatalyst amount, the pH value and the radiation time on the degradation ratio of omethoate were investigated. The results show that TiO₂/NaY zeolite photocatalyst prepared by sol-gel method had good photocatalysis. The photocatalytic optimum oxidation conditions of omethoate are as follows: the calcination temperature of the photocatalyst is 550°C,the amount of TiO₂ loaded on NaY zeolite is 35.2 wt-%, the amount of photocatalyst is 5 g/L, pH=8 and the radiation time is 180 min. Under these conditions, the removal ratio of omethoate is up to 93%.     

Catalytic activity of Pt and tungstophosphoric acid supported on MCM-41 for the reduction of NOx in the presence of water vapor

The catalytic activity of tungstophosphoric acid and Pt loaded MCM-41 for the catalytic reduction of NO_x with propene in the presence of water vapor was studied. Pt/MCM-41 was found to be most active, the loading with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ led to an improved selectivity to N₂ formation and to an enhanced activity in the presence of water vapor. Hydrated tungstophosphoric acid generated additional sorption sites for C₃H₆ and led to a higher local concentration of the reducing agent on the catalyst surface, which was found to increase the activity of the Pt and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ loaded catalysts in the presence of water vapor.