钒钛系脱硝催化剂抗硫酸氢铵中毒改进措施研究进展

NH₃选择性催化还原(SCR)技术具有较高的脱硝效率、优良的选择性和实用性,是当前燃煤电厂去除NO_x的主流方法。其中V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂在中温段(300～450℃)具有较高的脱硝活性和抗硫性,被广泛应用。但是,烟气中的SO₃、NH₃和水蒸气会发生反应生成硫酸氢铵(ABS)和硫酸铵(AS),其中硫酸氢铵在低温条件下因毛细冷凝现象沉积在V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂表面致其中毒,活性降低。为了改善低温条件下催化剂中毒问题,本文通过分析ABS在催化剂表面的生成机理、对催化剂的危害及催化剂抗ABS中毒改性研究进展,发现钒钛系脱硝催化剂抗ABS中毒改进措施主要集中在抑制硫酸氢铵生成、促进硫酸氢铵分解两方面。最后,总结了合理调控催化剂壁厚、孔径和隔离层等物理结构以及添加MoO₃、BaO、Nb₂O₅、Fe₂     

FN-3Y型NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂开发及工业应用

以高比表面TiO₂为载体、V₂O₅为活性组分,通过掺杂分子筛和CeO₂调变酸性和氧化还原性能,采用直接挤出成型方法制备了FN-3Y型脱硝催化剂。通过BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR分析了催化剂的物理化学性质,通过NH₃-SCR小型实验装置考察了催化剂的脱硝性能。实验结果表明：通过负载分子筛和CeO₂掺杂,提高了催化剂的表面酸性和氧化还原性能,提高了催化剂的脱硝活性。工业应用表明：采用FN-3Y脱硝催化剂,乙烯裂解炉烟气脱硝反应器出口NO_x低于25 mg·m^-3,优于超低排放要求。     

锰基催化剂低温催化脱除NOx及CO研究进展

NO_x和CO作为需重点处理的污染物，随钢铁烧结等烟气排放标准进一步提高，传统的NH₃-SCR(NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x)脱硝技术存在明显不足，特别是烧结烟气排放温度低于钒基催化剂窗口温度，导致脱硝催化剂活性不足及生成的硫铵盐堵塞催化剂表面，对CO控制尚缺乏有效手段。因此开发低温催化剂成为脱除低温烟气中NO_x及CO的关键因素。对Mn基催化剂在脱除NO_x和CO方面进展进行论述，对比活性组分、制备方法、载体等方面对锰基低温催化剂催化活性的影响，详细介绍Cu、Ce等金属对于锰基催化剂改性的影响，分析了元素掺杂与催化性能的关系；在此基础上，对近年来CO还原NO技术的最新研究成果进行系统梳理和总结，着重探讨反应机理、O₂在反应中的作用机制，结果表明，Mn元素丰富的核外电子排布是其在脱除NO_x和CO中活性优异的根本原因，但目前研究成果多数仅处于实验室开发阶段，在实际烟气中缺乏大规模验证。最后，展望了Mn基催化剂未来的发展方向...     

Fe2O3对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂表面性质及其性能的影响

催化剂是选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术的核心,研究Fe对钒钛系SCR催化剂脱硝活性及SO₂/SO₃转化率的影响具有重要意义。采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Fe/V质量比的Fe₂O₃-V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,并进行表征,研究Fe对钒钛系SCR催化剂脱硝活性及SO₂/SO₃转化率的影响,并讨论Fe对于钒钛系SCR催化剂表面性质的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂表面Fe₂O₃含量增加,催化剂的脱硝效率及二氧化硫氧化率均是先上升后下降,当Fe/V质量比为3.0时,催化剂的脱硝效率和二氧化硫氧化率均达到最大值91.78%、1.01%。XPS及H₂-TPR结果表明,随着Fe₂O₃含量增加,催化剂表面钒活性组分的相对含量及V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺比减小,催化剂表面吸附氧(O_α)浓度增加,催化剂的氧化能力增强。NO-TPD结果表明,随着Fe₂O₃含量增加,催化剂表面吸附NO的能力增强。     

MnOx-FeOx/TiO2低温SCR烟气脱硝催化剂制备及其脱硝性能

采用浸渍法制备MnO_x-FeO_x/TiO₂低温脱硝催化剂粉体，考察锰铁含量对催化剂脱硝性能的影响。选取6Mn-4Fe/TiO₂粉体催化剂(Mn质量分数6%,Fe质量分数4%),考察挤出成型配方对条形催化剂孔结构的影响。比较成型前后催化剂脱硝性能及不同浓度SO₂下的抗中毒能力。采用XRD和N₂吸附-脱附对催化剂进行表征。结果表明，粉体催化剂6Mn-4Fe/TiO₂具有最佳的低温SCR脱硝活性，在空速18 000 h^-1,氨氮(氨气和一氧化氮)物质的量比1∶1,氧体积分数5%反应条件下，在(120～220)℃内能够保持100%的脱硝效率。在反应温度180℃,SO₂浓度300 mg·m^-3条件下具有优异的抗硫能力。且成型后，条形催化剂的活性温度窗口进一步拓宽，抗硫能力有所提高。     

CeO2纳米棒负载Co催化CO脱除NOx的机理

以碱法水热合成径向尺寸6～10 nm的CeO₂纳米棒,采用湿法浸渍在纳米棒上负载不同含量的Co氧化物。通过实验探究Co含量改变对脱硝性能的影响原理,实验结果显示浸渍方案为3 g CeO₂∶30 ml 10%（质量分数） 硝酸钴溶液时,脱硝效率最高,在NO与CO摩尔比为1∶5,体积空速为30000 h^-1,无氧状态下,250℃ 即能达到70%以上的效率。采用氮气吸附、XPS、TEM以及XRD测试不同钴含量催化剂的物化性质,与催化性能结果比对分析后得出Co的添加是通过改变催化剂表面的活性官能团来提高效率,其中Co₂O₃对于催化CO与NO_x进行反应具有较高的效率,提高催化剂中Co₂O₃的比重可以将高效率温度段降低,CoO在一定程度上对CO与NO_x反应具有负面作用,而Co₃O₄对低温阶段N₂O选择性影响较大。     

WO3改性Cu/CeO2催化剂选择性催化氧化乙二胺的性能研究

以CeO₂为载体、Cu物种为主要活性位点,采用浸渍法制备了一系列WO₃改性Cu/CeO₂催化剂。研究了WO₃质量分数对乙二胺(EDA)选择性催化氧化(SCO)性能的影响,并通过XRD、XPS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD等方法对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了分析表征。结果表明,WO₃改性的Cu/CeO₂催化剂的N₂选择性大幅提高,其中Cu/5W/CeO₂在337℃时对EDA实现了100%的转化率,该温度条件下NO_x的浓度大幅降低,同时具有较好的活性和选择性。表征结果表明,WO₃的引入显著提高了催化剂的酸性位点数量,促进了对反应副产物NO_x的催化还原,提高了反应的N₂选择性。     

水泥工业NOx超净排放下CO2增排量的推算

本文假定以单一辅助脱硝技术实现水泥工业烟气NO_x超净排放,选取满足假设条件的SCR法脱硝技术和先进型选择性非催化还原法脱硝工艺分别实施,通过对脱硝工程实施前后广义能耗变化量的推算,给出因广义能耗改变而增加的CO₂排量。     

水泥窑炉烟气中温脱硝技术的研究与分析

根据中温(160～230℃)催化剂研究成果,开展了水泥窑炉烟气中温SCR脱硝技术的应用研究与效率分析。针对不同配方催化剂系列,测试了多种工况条件下NO_x脱除效率,并对催化剂的高尘防堵与吹灰技术进行了设计和研究。试验研究表明,中温中尘脱硝效率均可达85%以上,NO_x浓度稳定控制<50 mg/Nm³,催化剂阻力<200 Pa/层。以上研究为水泥窑炉烟气中温SCR脱硝工程应用奠定基础,即中温中尘SCR脱硝技术是水泥窑炉烟气NO_x深度减排的重要措施。     

脱硝催化剂的研究现状与进展

脱硝催化剂是用于减少工业和能源生产中产生的氮氧化物(NO_x)废气的催化剂。最新的研究主要集中在提高催化剂的活性、稳定性和选择性,以降低NO_x排放并减少对环境的不利影响。本文主要介绍了目前脱硝催化剂的研究现状与进展,以期为相关研究提供一定的参考。     

V2O5@CeO2核壳微球结构的脱硝催化剂制备及其抗硫性能

利用静电自组装法制备了V₂O₅@CeO₂核壳微球结构,并负载在TiO₂上。考察了分散剂六偏磷酸钠（SHP（对表面zeta电位的影响,采用扫描电镜（SEM（、投射电镜（TEM（观察了核壳结构的形貌,并在固定床上进行了脱硝性能测试,并通过比表面积（BET（、氨气吸附漫反射（in situ DRIFTS（等进行表征。结果表明：SHP使纳米颗粒表面带负电,且一定范围内SHP浓度越高,zeta电位越大;含质量分数1%V₂O₅、5% CeO₂的催化剂,在260~400℃间具有80%以上的脱硝效率,对比了该核壳结构与传统浸渍法制备催化剂的抗硫抗水性,烟气中含15%（体积分数（H₂O,SO₂含量较低时,脱硝性能优于传统浸渍法制备的催化剂。     

溶胶-凝胶原位合成宽活性温度V2O5/TiO2脱硝催化剂

利用溶胶-凝胶技术原位合成一系列不同V₂O₅担载量的V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂,通过BET、XRD、NH₃-TPD及紫外-可见光等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明：制备的催化剂均具有介孔结构,V₂O₅在TiO₂表面高度分散,且存在3种典型的酸性位。通过选择性催化还原反应对V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂进行活性评价,结果显示随着V₂O₅含量的增加,NO转化率大于75%的温度窗口向低温方向偏移,含10% （质量分数）V₂O₅的催化剂的NO转化率为80%的温度窗口最宽为200～450℃,240℃时20 h连续实验表现出稳定的抗硫抗水性能。结合紫外-可见光谱分析,揭示了钒掺杂所形成的单聚和低聚钒酸盐为催化剂的活性组分。     

Reactivity of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

The physico-chemical characteristics and the reactivity of sub-monolayer V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ deNO_x catalysts is investigated in this work by EPR, FT-IR and reactivity tests under transient conditions. EPR indicates that tetravalent vanadium ions both in magnetically isolated form and in clustered, magnetically interacting form are present over the TiO₂ surface. The presence of tungsten oxide stabilizes the surface V^IV and modifies the redox properties of V₂O₅/TiO₂ samples. Ammonia adsorbs on the catalysts surface in the form of molecularly coordinated species and of ammonium ions. Upon heating, activation of ammonia via an amide species is apparent. V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts exhibits higher activity than the binary V₂O₅/TiO₂ and WO₃/TiO₂ reference sample. This is related to both higher redox properties and higher surface acidity of the ternary catalysts. Results suggest that the catalyst redox properties control the reactivity of the samples at low temperatures whereas the surface acidity plays an important role in the adsorption and activation of ammonia at high temperatures.     

Boosting low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 of V2O5/TiO2 catalyst via B-doping

A series of B-doped V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts has been prepared the by sol-gel and impregnation methods to investigate the influence of B-doping on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃. X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction of H₂ and temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ technology were used to study the effect of the B-doping on the structure and NH₃-SCR activity of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. The experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of B not only improved the low-temperature SCR activity of the catalysts, but also broadened the activity temperature window. The best SCR activity in the entire test temperature range is obtained for VTiB_2.0 with 2.0% doping amount of B and the NO_x conversion rate is up to 94.3% at 210 ℃. The crystal phase, specific surface area, valence state reducibility and surface acidity of the active components for the as-prepared catalysts are significantly affected by the B-doping, resulting in an improved NH₃-SCR performance. These results suggest that the V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts with an appropriate B content afford good candidates for SCR in the low temperature window.     

碱金属化合物对V2O5/AC催化剂低温脱硝的影响

研究了碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)对活性炭(AC)担载五氧化二钒(V₂O₅)组成的V₂O₅/AC催化剂的低温脱硝活性的影响。发现在V₂O₅/AC催化剂表面负载碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)后其脱硝活性大大降低。用等体积浸渍法制备了V₂O₅/AC催化剂和K_x-V₂/AC(x=0.5,1,2)催化剂。采用5种模型对动力学实验数据进行关联。结果显示,无论V₂O₅/AC催化剂是否负载K₂SO₄,Eley-Rideal模型均比其他模型可更好地描述SCR脱硝反应,碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)的存在提高了反应活化能,但并不改变反应机理。     

Catalytic performance of a novel ceramic-supported vanadium oxide catalyst for NO reduction with NH3

A novel TiO₂/Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb-supported V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalyst was studied for the selective reduction of NO with NH₃. The effects of reaction temperature, space velocity, NH₃/NO ratio and oxygen content on SCR activity were evaluated. Two other V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalysts supported on Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb or TiO₂/cordierite honeycomb support, two types of pellet catalysts supported on TiO₂/Al₂O₃ or Al₂O₃, as well as three types of pellet catalysts V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–TiO₂ were tested for comparison. The experiment results show that this catalyst has a higher catalytic activity for SCR with comparison to others. The results of characterization show, the preparation method of this catalyst can give rise to a higher BET surface area and pore volume, which is strongly related with the highly active performance of this catalyst. At the same time, the function of the combined carrier of TiO₂/Al₂O₃ cannot be excluded.     

SO2 resistant antimony promoted V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR of NOx at low temperatures

To get the low temperature sulfur resistant V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts quantum chemical calculation study was carried out. After selecting suitable promoters (Se, Sb, Cu, S, B, Bi, Pb and P), respective metal promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunner Emmett Teller surface area (BET-SA). Se, Sb, Cu, S promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts showed high catalytic activity for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) of NO_x carried at temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. The conversion efficiency followed in the order of Se > Sb > S > V₂O₅/TiO₂ > Cu but Se was excluded because of its high vapor pressure. An optimal 2 wt% ‘Sb’ loading was found over V₂O₅/TiO₂ for maximum NO_x conversion, which also showed high resistance to SO₂ in presence of water when compared to other metal promoters. In situ electrical conductivity measurement was carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and compared with commercial W(10%)V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst. High electrical conductivity difference (ΔG) for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst with temperature was observed. SO₂ deactivation experiments were carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ at a temperature of 230 °C for 90 h, resulted Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ was efficient catalyst. BET-SA, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis of spent catalysts well proved the presence of high ammonium sulfate salts over W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ than Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst.     

Factors controlling the selectivity of V2O5 supported catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

The surface properties of a series of V₂O₅ catalysts supported on different oxides (Al₂O₃, H–Na/Y zeolite, MgO, SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZrO₂) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy augmented by CO and NH₃ adsorption. In the case of the V₂O₅/SiO₂ system TEM images evidenced the presence of V₂O₅ crystallites, whereas such segregated phase was not observed for the other samples. VO_x species resulted widely spread on the surface of Al₂O₃, H–Na/Y zeolite, MgO and SiO₂, whereas on TiO₂ and ZrO₂ they are assembled in a layer covering almost completely the support. Furthermore, evidences for the presence in this layer of V–OH Brønsted acid sites close to the active centres were found. It is proposed that propene molecules primarily produced by oxydehydrogenation of propane can be adsorbed on this acid centres and then undergo an overoxidation by reaction with redox centres in the neighbourhood. This features could account for the low selectivity of V₂O₅/TiO₂ and V₂O₅/ZrO₂ catalysts.     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.