Retrospect and Prospect of the Protection and Reconstruction of Old Beijing

Beijing is a famous,cultural and ancient capital inour country and one of the first group of famous,histori-cal and cultural cities proclaimed by the State Council.The Imperial Palace,the Great Wall and the Ape—manCave are listed as the” world cultural heritage”,whichhas further confirmed Beijing’s historical position in theworld.It has always been an important task in the field ofBeijing’s overall planning to protect this historical citywell while carrying out its modernization.At present,itbecome more important to do so for Beijing when the re-form and opennng policy is accelerated,the socialist mar-ket economy is being set up and the development of thecity is speeded up.To protect and reform the old Beijing,a great dealof valuable exploration has been put into practice overthe past more than 40 years.The work is now heing putinto a more scientific course.A few points of view are asfollows:     

A Proportion Analysis of City/Town Population in China''''s Fourth Census in 1990

On the basis of the analysis of the standards for the city/town populationstatistics in the past censuses,the author makes a proportional analysis of the city/townpopulation according to the data obtained from the fourth census,and points out the dis-crepancies in the standard for the the city/town population statistics used in the fourthcensus and proposes ways for their correction.     

A Great Across-the-Century Planning to Build Modernized Capital——The Revision of Beijing City Overall Plan

The revision work of the overall plan from 1991 to1992 under the auspices of the Beijing Institute of Planning and Design(BIPD) has been completed in an all-round way.This article sums upthose background conditions,guiding ideology and basic objectives con-cerned,and the four focal points of the revision.     

Ten Years of Urban Traffic Planning Development in China

Since China adopted the policy of reform and opening to the outside world, the ur-ban-traffic problem has become more and more severe with each passing day. With theconcerted efforts of the professionals from all over the country, and by introducing newtheory, applying new technologies and new methods and by preserving in continuouspractice and exploration, we have obtained gratifying experience and results in trying tosolve the problem. Following is a historical review of the work we have done in trying tofind the solutions to traffic problems. Meanwhile, the author also points out that in thenext ten years, the task of China's urban traffic-planning is still very arduous and more ef-forts should be made in this respect to meet the needs of our economic development.     

Methodology for Definition of the Three-Dimensional Geodesic Structures in the Olinda＇s Historical Site

It is shown to be a relevant study involving terrestrial methods of measurement, such as： forward and backward intersections, geometric leveling, trigonometric leveling with short distance targeted and spatial positioning GNSS methods, for the definition of field reference points and field-object points located in rough terrain. The geodesic structures were implemented in the Historic Site of Olinda employing GNSS （global navigation satellite system） receivers, total stations and digital level. The historical site of Olinda was recorded by UNESCO as Historical and Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The study area is located in the center of the busiest site with a quite roughly relief. This area has been studied since 2007 involving Research of Scientific Initiation and Pos-Graduation Course. This paper aims to present the realized experiments for the implementation and definition of geodesic structures in environments with very rough relief, including large old houses and historic monuments.     

Book Information

正"Compact" City:Strategies for HighQuality Construction in High-Density Cities Author:Li Lin Year:2020Publisher:China ArchitectureBuilding Press ISBN:9787112247325 (340 pages, in Chinese)This book first clarified the concept of "compact" and the goals of research and implementation of the "compact" strategy. Based on the two basic points of the concept of "compact," it points out that the goal consists of an objective goal of achieving efficient land use, and a subjective goal of improving the quality of life.     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of clay rock for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste

In the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste in clay formations, the thermo-hydromechanical(THM) behavior of the indurated Callovo-Oxfordian and Opalinus clay rocks has been extensively investigated in our laboratory under repository relevant conditions:(1) rock stress covering the range from the lithostatic state to redistributed levels after excavation;(2) variation of the humidity in the openings due to ventilation as well as hydraulic drained and undrained boundary conditions;(3)gas generation from corrosion of metallic components within repositories; and(4) thermal loading from high-level radioactive waste up to the designed maximum temperature of 90℃ and even beyond to150℃. Various important aspects concerning the long-term barrier functions of the clay host rocks have been studied:(1) fundamental concept for effective stress in the porous clay-water system;(2) stressdriven deformation and damage as well as resulting permeability changes;(3) moisture influences on mechanical properties;(4) self-sealing of fractures under mechanical load and swelling/slaking of clay minerals upon water uptake;(5) gas migration in fractured and resealed claystones; and(6) thermal impact on the hydro-mechanical behavior and properties. Major findings from the investigations are summarized in this paper.     

An extended displacement discontinuity method for analysis of stress wave propagation in viscoelastic rock mass

An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primary group with an average geometrical size larger than or in the same order of magnitude of wavelength of a concerned stress wave is defined as "macro-joints",while the secondary group with a high density and relatively small geometrical size compared to the wavelength is known as "micro-defects"...     

Exploration and Innovation of Regional Urban System Planning: A Review and Analysis on the Urban System Plan of Jiangsu Province

Through the analysis on the main problems existing in the urban development of Jiangsu Province, this paper points out the limitations of traditional urban system planning. It also introduces the exploration and innovation in the compilation of the Urban System Plan of Jiangsu Province, and puts forward the specific countermeasures.     

Pile-clayey soil interaction analysis by boundary element method

This paper is an attempt to solve the soil-pile interaction problems using the boundary element method(BEM).A computer package called PGroupN,which deals mainly with the analysis of the pile group problem,is employed in this study.Parametric studies are carried out to assess the impacts of the pile diameter,pile length,ratio of spacing to diameter and the thickness of soil stratum.The external load is applied incrementally and,at each increment,a check is made that the stress state at the pile-soil interfaces does not violate the yield criteria.This is achieved by specifying the limited stresses of the soil for the axial pile shaft capacity and end-bearing resistance.The elements of the pile-soil interface yielded can take no additional load,and any increase in load is therefore redistributed between the remaining elements until all elements have failed.Thus,by successive application of loading increments,the entire load-displacement relationship for the pile group is determined.It is found that as the applied load reaches the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile group,all the piles will share the same amount of load.An exception to this case is for the center pile in a group of 9 piles embedded in clay,which is not consistent with the behaviors of the other piles in the group even if the load reaches the ultimate state.For the 4 piles group embedded in clay,the maximum load carried by the base does not exceed 8% of the load carried by each pile with different diameters.This low percentage ascertains that the piles embedded in cohesive soils carry most of the load throughout their shafts.     

Investigation of creep behaviours of gypsum specimens with flaws under different uniaxial loads

The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the dip angle of a pre-existing macrocrack on the lifetime and ultimate deformation of rock-like material. Prediction of lifetime has been studied for three groups of specimens under axial static compressive load levels. The specimens were investigated from 65% to 85% of UCS(uniaxial compressive strength) at an interval of 10% of UCS for the groups of specimens with a single modelled open flaw with a dip angle to the loading direction of 30°(first group), at an interval of 5% of UCS increment for the groups of specimens with single(second group), and double sequential open flaws with a dip angle to the loading direction of 60°(third group). This study shows that crack propagation in specimens with a single flaw follows the same sequences. At first, wing cracks appear, and then shear crack develops from the existing wing cracks. Shear cracking is responsible for specimen failure in all three groups. A slip is expected in specimens from the third group which connects two individual modelled open flaws. The moment of the slip is noticed as a characteristic rise in the axial deformation at a constant load level. It is also observed that axial deformation versus time follows the same pattern, irrespective of local geometry. Specimens from the first group exhibit higher axial deformation under different load levels in comparison with the specimens from the second and third groups.     

Between Tangibility and Intangibility——A Review on Conservation Planning and Its Implementation in the Historical City of NanJing

The conservation plan for the famous historical and cultural city of Nanjing was prepared since several yearsago.The plan,being an integral component to enrich comprehensive planning of the city,has been workingeffectively through the planning structure to direct the development of Nanjing.However,upon further analysis,au-thors of this article feel that this plan still has its own deficiences and drawbacks in exploring indepth the city'scultural origin,in selecting the essentials while discarding the dross and in blazing new trails based on the rich legacyof the past.These aspects need to be further investigated and to illustrate these points,two scenic belts are proposedto be included into the conservation plan.     

Some Thoughts on the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Cities

Through the concepts in the preservation plan for the historical and cultural city of Shenyang,this paper at-tempts to discuss and explore various issues such as the understanding and implementation,contents and concepts,preservation and development,heritage and redevleopment of the historical and cultural city,with a hope to providethis profound topic some references for consideration.With the economic and cultural development of the country,more and more attention has been paid to the pres-ervation and the utilization of the historical and cultural relics.Shenyang is one of the second group of the historicalcities designated by the State Council in 1986.Preservation plan and protective measures are now being formulatedfor this city.The following paragraphs outline some views in respect of the preservation of historical and cultural cities.     

The Modernization of Small Town and the Continuation of Historical Context

In the process of criticizing complete westernization,the traditional culture and national culture have gained theirdeserved positions.However.it is still under discussion whether or not all the traditional culture should be encouragedand whether the enhancement of national culture means the advocation of traditional culture or not.It is generally heldthat feudalism dominates the former while the latter is dominated by socialism.In the course of strengthening spiritualcivilization the encouragement of the national culture will not be simply achieved by restoring fragments of ancientways,let alone the issues of rejecting the dross and assimilating the weeding through the old to bring forth the new inthe field of carrying forward the traditional culture.The author points out,through profound study in planning,modernization is not westernization,historical context is not simply the reappearance of the past and continuation isnot carrying on as before.     

Preliminary engineering application of microseismic monitoring technique to rockburst prediction in tunneling of Jinping Ⅱ project

Monitoring and prediction of rockburst remain to be worldwide challenges in geotechnical engineering.In hydropower,transportation and other engineering fields in China,more deep,long and large tunnels have been under construction in recent years and underground caverns are more evidently featured by ＂long,large,deep and in group＂,which bring in many problems associated with rock mechanics problems at great depth,especially rockburst.Rockbursts lead to damages to not only underground structures and equipments but also personnel safety.It has been a major technical bottleneck in future deep underground engineering in China.In this paper,compared with earthquake prediction,the feasibility in principle of monitoring and prediction of rockbursts is discussed,considering the source zones,development cycle and scale.The authors think the feasibility of rockburst prediction can be understood in three aspects：（1） the heterogeneity of rock is the main reason for the existence of rockburst precursors;（2） deformation localization is the intrinsic cause of rockburst;and（3） the interaction between target rock mass and its surrounding rock mass is the external cause of rockburst.As an engineering practice,the application of microseismic monitoring techniques during tunnel construction of Jinping II Hydropower Station was reported.It is found that precursory microcracking exists prior to most rockbursts,which could be captured by the microseismic monitoring system.The stress concentration is evident near structural discontinuities（such as faults or joints）,which shall be the focus of rockburst monitoring.It is concluded that,by integrating the microseismic monitoring and the rock failure process simulation,the feasibility of rockburst prediction is expected to be enhanced.     

Improving Conviviality in Public Places： The Case of Naples, Italy

Under the umbrella concept of conviviality in public spaces, a research project on the rehabilitation of urban areas for commercial and retail uses---as engine of a complex process of production of places for social and cultural mixit6--has been defined. The aim of this research has been to produce useful tools for coping with the abandonment of public spaces in former commercial urban areas, without generating anonymous and globalized commercial districts. Through involving local stakeholders in a participatory process, the first phase of the research here presented needs to demonstrate the possible effectiveness of a pilot action plan in dealing with both isolation and gentrification processes of historical centres. The main hypothesis is that traditional retailers should be considered an essential element to ensure effective public use of urban public spaces. The research methodology is based on a qualitative approach. Focussing on the process of impoverishment within local commercial districts, the research group started working with local stakeholders in order to identify priorities and criticisms for enhancing a regeneration process. The case study to be carried out in Naples is the historical market place of Piazza Mercato in the Citth Bassa of Naples （Italy）.     

New Development of Urban-Rural Spatial Planning in China: A Case Study on Provincial Urban System Planning

From a governmental perspective, after a thorough analysis on provincial urban system planning, this paper summarizes the new cognitions and consensuses of provincial urban system planning guided by the Scientific View of Development. It points out that there have been explicit definitions in related laws and regulations on the responsible main body, the review and approval procedure, and the planning content. The paper generalizes three "musts" in planning content, three "musts" in planning administration by superior government, and three "controls" by the government at provincial level.     

HOLIDAY ELEGANCE

The occasion is an opulent Christmas dinner for two in a spacious setting. Candlelight sets the stage for an extravagant, solemn, and dramatic evening. The focal points of the setting are the Victorian-era tablecloth and the antique Old Imari ware bowls. Both traditions are characterized by their ornate decoration, which are displayed     

Beijing:Government-Led Development of Cultural and Creative Industrial Clusters

The development of creative cities in China currently shows strong government-led characteristics.Therefore,taking Beijing as an example,this paper discusses the government-led development model of cultural and creative industrial clusters.By analyzing the cultural and creative resources in Beijing,it explores the approaches initiated by the Municipal Government to promote cultural and creative industrial clusters.Based on the exploration of the industrial structure and spatial distribution of such clusters,this paper points out their role in urban renewal,industrial heritage utilization,New Countryside Construction,industrial park development,etc.,and further proposes measures for their future improvement.     

Application of Greenhouse Gas Inventory to Urban Rural Planning in China

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory analysis provides crucial scientific basis to support the preparation of urban-rural planning policies on managing climate change. This article reviews current studies on GHG inventory in China and points out the short fall in translating these inventory data into specific local policies. It examines the issue of setting up the GHG inventory based on the statutory urban-rural planning systems in China. It enables the local government to set up a platform coordinating various city policies and to serve well as the platform for local emission mitigation and removal policies. The urban-rural planning GHG inventory system needs to address the issue of spatial boundary in accounting for local emission sources and origins with respect to the boundaries of planning area, and it must directly relate to the various statutory master plan policy contents and the local municipal government functional structure. Finally it presents a case study of applying the proposed inventory as a planning tool for Jiangyin at the Jiangsu Province.