Application of error minimized extreme learning machine for simultaneous learning of a function and its derivatives

In this paper a new learning algorithm is proposed for the problem of simultaneous learning of a function and its derivatives as an extension of the study of error minimized extreme learning machine for single hidden layer feedforward neural networks. Our formulation leads to solving a system of linear equations and its solution is obtained by Moore-Penrose generalized pseudo-inverse. In this approach the number of hidden nodes is automatically determined by repeatedly adding new hidden nodes to the network either one by one or group by group and updating the output weights incrementally in an efficient manner until the network output error is less than the given expected learning accuracy. For the verification of the efficiency of the proposed method a number of interesting examples are considered and the results obtained with the proposed method are compared with that of other two popular methods. It is observed that the proposed method is fast and produces similar or better generalization performance on the test data.     

网络结构增长的极端学习机算法

针对极端学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)结构设计问题,基于隐含层激活函数及其导函数提出一种前向神经网络结构增长算法.首先以Sigmoid函数为例给出了一类基函数的派生特性:导函数可以由其原函数表示.其次,利用这种派生特性提出了ELM结构设计方法,该方法自动生成双隐含层前向神经网络,其第1隐含层的结点随机逐一生成.第2隐含层的输出由第1隐含层新添结点的激活函数及其导函数确定,输出层权值由最小二乘法分析获得.最后给出了所提算法收敛性及稳定性的理论证明.对非线性系统辨识及双螺旋分类问题的仿真结果证明了所提算法的有效性.     

限定记忆极端学习机及其应用

为了实现极端学习机（ELM）的在线训练,提出一种限定记忆极端学习机（FM-ELM）.FM-ELM以逐次增加新训练样本与删除旧训练样本的方式,提高其对于系统动态变化特性的自适应性,并根据矩阵求逆引理实现了网络输出权值的递推求解,减小了在线训练过程的计算代价.应用于具有动态变化特性的非线性系统在线状态预测表明,FM-ELM是一种有效的ELM在线训练模式,相比于在线贯序极端学习机,FM-ELM具有更快的调节速度和更高的预测精度.     

一种鲁棒非平衡极速学习机算法

极速学习机（ELM）算法只对平衡数据集分类较好,对于非平衡数据集,它通常偏向多数样本类,对于少数样本类性能较低。针对这一问题,提出了一种处理不平衡数据集分类的ELM模型（ELM-CIL）,该模型按照代价敏感学习的原则为少数类样本赋予较大的惩罚系数,并引入模糊隶属度值减小了外围噪声点的影响。实验表明,提出的方法不仅对提高不平衡数据集中少数类的分类精度效果较明显,而且提高了对噪声的鲁棒性。     

局部感知的类限制极限学习机

极限学习机(ELM)由于高效的训练方式被广泛应用于分类回归,然而不同的输入权值在很大程度上会影响其学习性能。为了进一步提高ELM的学习性能,针对ELM的输入权值进行了研究,充分利用图像局部感知的稀疏性,将局部感知的方法运用到基于自动编码器的ELM(ELM-AE)上,提出了局部感知的类限制极限学习机(RF-C₂ELM)。通过对MNIST数据集进行分类问题分析实验,实验结果表明,在具有相同隐层结点数的条件下,提出的方法能够获得更高的分类精度。     

Least learning machine and its experimental studies on regression capability

Feedforward neural networks have been extensively used to approximate complex nonlinear mappings directly from the input samples. However, their traditional learning algorithms are usually much slower than required. In this work, two hidden-feature-space ridge regression methods HFSR and centered-ELM are first proposed for feedforward networks. As the special kernel methods, the important characteristics of both HFSR and centered-ELM are that rigorous Mercer's condition for kernel functions is not required and that they can inherently be used to propagate the prominent advantages of ELM into MLFN. Except for randomly assigned weights adopted in both ELM and HFSR, HFSR also exploits another randomness, i.e., randomly selected examplars from the training set for kernel activation functions. Through forward layer-by-layer data transformation, we can extend HFSR and Centered-ELM to MLFN. Accordingly, as the unified framework for HFSR and Centered-ELM, the least learning machine (LLM) is proposed for both SLFN and MLFN with a single or multiple outputs. LLM actually gives a new learning method for MLFN with keeping the same virtues of ELM only for SLFN, i.e., only the parameters in the last hidden layer require being adjusted, all the parameters in other hidden layers can be randomly assigned, and LLM is also much faster than BP for MLFN in training the sample sets. The experimental results clearly indicate the power of LLM on its application in nonlinear regression modeling.     

基于多层学习克隆选择的改进式增量型超限学习机算法

针对增量型超限学习机(incremental extreme learning machine,I-ELM)中大量冗余节点可导致算法学习效率降低,网络结构复杂化等问题,提出基于多层学习(multi-learning)优化克隆选择算法(clone selection algorithm,CSA)的改进式I-ELM.利用Baldwinian learning操作改变抗体信息的搜索范围,结合Lamarckian learning操作提高CSA的搜索能力.改进后的算法能够有效控制I-ELM的隐含层节点数,使网络结构更加紧凑,提高算法精度.仿真结果表明,所提出的基于多层学习克隆选择的增量型核超限学习机(multi-learning clonal selection I-ELMK,MLCSIELMK)算法能够有效简化网络结构,并保持较好的泛化能力,较强的学习能力和在线预测能力.     

Evolutionary extreme learning machine

Extreme learning machine (ELM) [G.-B. Huang, Q.-Y. Zhu, C.-K. Siew, Extreme learning machine: a new learning scheme of feedforward neural networks, in: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN2004), Budapest, Hungary, 25-29 July 2004], a novel learning algorithm much faster than the traditional gradient-based learning algorithms, was proposed recently for single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs). However, ELM may need higher number of hidden neurons due to the random determination of the input weights and hidden biases. In this paper, a hybrid learning algorithm is proposed which uses the differential evolutionary algorithm to select the input weights and Moore-Penrose (MP) generalized inverse to analytically determine the output weights. Experimental results show that this approach is able to achieve good generalization performance with much more compact networks.     

Ensemble of online sequential extreme learning machine

Liang et al. [A fast and accurate online sequential learning algorithm for feedforward networks, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17 (6) (2006), 1411–1423] has proposed an online sequential learning algorithm called online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM), which can learn the data one-by-one or chunk-by-chunk with fixed or varying chunk size. It has been shown [Liang et al., A fast and accurate online sequential learning algorithm for feedforward networks, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17 (6) (2006) 1411–1423] that OS-ELM runs much faster and provides better generalization performance than other popular sequential learning algorithms. However, we find that the stability of OS-ELM can be further improved. In this paper, we propose an ensemble of online sequential extreme learning machine (EOS-ELM) based on OS-ELM. The results show that EOS-ELM is more stable and accurate than the original OS-ELM.     

一种基于鲁棒估计的极限学习机方法

极限学习机(ELM)是一种单隐层前馈神经网络(single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks,SLFNs),它相较于传统神经网络算法来说结构简单,具有较快的学习速度和良好的泛化性能等优点。ELM的输出权值是由最小二乘法(least square,LE)计算得出,然而经典的LS估计的抗差能力较差,容易夸大离群点和噪声的影响,从而造成训练出的参数模型不准确甚至得到完全错误的结果。为了解决此问题,提出一种基于M估计的采用加权最小二乘方法来取代最小二乘法计算输出权值的鲁棒极限学习机算法(RBELM),通过对多个数据集进行回归和分类分析实验,结果表明,该方法能够有效降低异常值的影响,具有良好的抗差能力。     

结合期望风险的极限学习机的研究

对极限学习机的模型进行了研究,提出了一种结合期望风险最小化的极限学习机的预测模型。其基本思想是同时考虑结构风险和期望风险,根据期望风险和经验风险之间的关系,将期望风险转换成经验风险,进行最小化期望风险的极限学习机预测模型求解。利用人工数据集和实际数据集进行回归问题的数值实验,并与极限学习机（ELM）和正则极限学习机（RELM）两种算法的性能进行了比较,实验结果表明,所提方法能有效提高了泛化能力。     

在线增量极限学习机及其性能研究

针对在线学习中极限学习机需要事先确定模型结构的问题,提出了兼顾数据增量和结构变化的在线极限学习机算法。算法于在线序列化极限学习机的基础上,通过误差变化判断是否新增节点,并利用分块矩阵的广义逆矩阵对新增节点后的模型进行更新,使模型保持较高正确率。通过在不同类型和大小的数据集上的实验表明,所提算法相较于经典极限学习机及其在线和增量学习版本都具有较好的分类和回归准确率,能够适应不同类型的数据分析任务。     

Convex incremental extreme learning machine

Unlike the conventional neural network theories and implementations, Huang et al. [Universal approximation using incremental constructive feedforward networks with random hidden nodes, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17(4) (2006) 879–892] have recently proposed a new theory to show that single-hidden-layer feedforward networks (SLFNs) with randomly generated additive or radial basis function (RBF) hidden nodes (according to any continuous sampling distribution) can work as universal approximators and the resulting incremental extreme learning machine (I-ELM) outperforms many popular learning algorithms. I-ELM randomly generates the hidden nodes and analytically calculates the output weights of SLFNs, however, I-ELM does not recalculate the output weights of all the existing nodes when a new node is added. This paper shows that while retaining the same simplicity, the convergence rate of I-ELM can be further improved by recalculating the output weights of the existing nodes based on a convex optimization method when a new hidden node is randomly added. Furthermore, we show that given a type of piecewise continuous computational hidden nodes (possibly not neural alike nodes), if SLFNs can work as universal approximators with adjustable hidden node parameters, from a function approximation point of view the hidden node parameters of such “generalized” SLFNs (including sigmoid networks, RBF networks, trigonometric networks, threshold networks, fuzzy inference systems, fully complex neural networks, high-order networks, ridge polynomial networks, wavelet networks, etc.) can actually be randomly generated according to any continuous sampling distribution. In theory, the parameters of these SLFNs can be analytically determined by ELM instead of being tuned.     

MELM-GRBF: A modified version of the extreme learning machine for generalized radial basis function neural networks

In this paper, we propose a methodology for training a new model of artificial neural network called the generalized radial basis function (GRBF) neural network. This model is based on generalized Gaussian distribution, which parametrizes the Gaussian distribution by adding a new parameter τ. The generalized radial basis function allows different radial basis functions to be represented by updating the new parameter τ. For example, when GRBF takes a value of τ=2, it represents the standard Gaussian radial basis function. The model parameters are optimized through a modified version of the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. In the methodology proposed (MELM-GRBF), the centers of each GRBF were taken randomly from the patterns of the training set and the radius and τ values were determined analytically, taking into account that the model must fulfil two constraints: locality and coverage. An thorough experimental study is presented to test its overall performance. Fifteen datasets were considered, including binary and multi-class problems, all of them taken from the UCI repository. The MELM-GRBF was compared to ELM with sigmoidal, hard-limit, triangular basis and radial basis functions in the hidden layer and to the ELM-RBF methodology proposed by Huang et al. (2004) [1]. The MELM-GRBF obtained better results in accuracy than the corresponding sigmoidal, hard-limit, triangular basis and radial basis functions for almost all datasets, producing the highest mean accuracy rank when compared with these other basis functions for all datasets.     

基于灵敏度分析法的ELM剪枝算法

针对极端学习机(ELM)网络结构设计问题,提出基于灵敏度分析法的ELM剪枝算法.利用隐含层节点输出和相对应的输出层权值向量,定义学习残差对于隐含层节点的灵敏度和网络规模适应度,根据灵敏度大小判断隐含层节点的重要性,利用网络规模适应度确定隐含层节点个数,删除重要性较低的节点.仿真结果表明,所提出的算法能够较为准确地确定与学习样本相匹配的网络规模,解决了ELM网络结构设计问题.     

基于流形学习的极端学习机及其在人脸识别中的应用

极端学习机以其快速高效和良好的泛化能力在模式识别领域得到了广泛应用,然而现有的ELM及其改进算法并没有充分考虑到数据维数对ELM分类性能和泛化能力的影响,当数据维数过高时包含的冗余属性及噪音点势必降低ELM的泛化能力,针对这一问题本文提出一种基于流形学习的极端学习机,该算法结合维数约减技术有效消除数据冗余属性及噪声对ELM分类性能的影响,为验证所提方法的有效性,实验使用普遍应用的图像数据,实验结果表明本文所提算法能够显著提高ELM的泛化性能。     

Fast automatic two-stage nonlinear model identification based on the extreme learning machine

It is convenient and effective to solve nonlinear problems with a model that has a linear-in-the-parameters (LITP) structure. However, the nonlinear parameters (e.g. the width of Gaussian function) of each model term needs to be pre-determined either from expert experience or through exhaustive search. An alternative approach is to optimize them by a gradient-based technique (e.g. Newton's method). Unfortunately, all of these methods still need a lot of computations. Recently, the extreme learning machine (ELM) has shown its advantages in terms of fast learning from data, but the sparsity of the constructed model cannot be guaranteed. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for automatic construction of a nonlinear system model based on the extreme learning machine. This is achieved by effectively integrating the ELM and leave-one-out (LOO) cross validation with our two-stage stepwise construction procedure [1]. The main objective is to improve the compactness and generalization capability of the model constructed by the ELM method. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed algorithm only involves about half of the computation of orthogonal least squares (OLS) based method. Simulation examples are included to confirm the efficacy and superiority of the proposed technique.     

基于核极限学习机的标记分布学习

标记分布学习作为一种新的学习范式,利用最大熵模型构造的专用化算法能够很好地解决某些标记多样性问题,但是计算量巨大。基于此,引入运行速度快、稳定性更高的核极限学习机模型,提出基于核极限学习机的标记分布学习算法（KELM-LDL）。首先在极限学习机算法中通过RBF核函数将特征映射到高维空间,然后对原标记空间建立KELM回归模型求得输出权值,最后通过模型计算预测未知样本的标记分布。与现有算法在各领域不同规模数据集的实验表明,实验结果均优于多个对比算法,统计假设检验进一步说明KELM-LDL算法的有效性和稳定性。     

基于极速神经网络的协作过滤方法研究

协作过滤是一种有效的个性化推荐技术,针对该技术随着用户和资源的增多,数据的高维稀疏特性严重导致推荐质量的下降和计算速度减慢的问题,研究并实现了一种基于极速神经网络的协作过滤方法。采用主成分分析解决数据高维稀疏性问题,采用极速神经网络技术解决计算速度慢的问题。实验结果表明,该方法具有良好的泛化性能和学习速度,能很好的满足个性化资源推荐的需求。     

基于极限学习机的焊点质量检测

焊点加工直接影响电子产品的可靠性,焊点的检测对产品质量的提高尤为重要。应用主成分分析与极限学习机对焊点质量进行检测。首先通过中值滤波和分水岭算法对焊点图像进行预处理,得到焊点轮廓及区域划分情况并用主成分分析法进行降维;然后采用200个隐含层网络节点、sigmoid响应函数的极限学习机算法对预处理结果进行分类。测试结果表明,极限学习机算法能够对焊点精确分类,与支持向量机、邻近算法、卷积神经网络相比,取得更高的检测准确率,检测时间更短。