静态电压稳定分析的故障筛选和排序方法

提出一种新的故障筛选和排序方法。首先,定义一种负荷裕度阈值,用连续潮流法计算此裕度下的潮流工况,在此工况下,利用最优乘子法依次求解所有的开断潮流,将有解的大部分开断作为安全故障筛选掉,少量无解的则为不安全故障。然后,在基态下利用最优乘子法依次求解不安全故障的开断潮流。有解则为危险故障,并用连续潮流法求解负荷裕度,按裕度给出排序;无解则为失稳故障,结合最小二乘潮流解失配量中隐含的校正控制灵敏度信息,使用序列线性规划法给出使潮流恢复有解的最小切负荷代价,据此代价来排序失稳故障。新英格兰10机39节点系统的仿真结果验证了所提出的方法能快速、可靠、全面地实现电压稳定的故障筛选和排序。     

电压稳定分析中支路型故障筛选及排序算法研究

提出了一种用于电压稳定性分析的支路型故障筛选和排序的快速算法，该方法分为4个阶段：①依据正常运行状态下的潮流解从所有预想事故中筛选出严重事故；②通过分析线路被置换后系统雅克比矩阵的最小奇异值，从所筛选出的事故中再次筛选出更严重的事故；③在指定的负荷水平下解潮流方程，从第二次筛选出的事故中再次筛选出最严重的事故；④对每个最严重的事故进行1次潮流计算，估计其最大负荷能力。通过New-England 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统算例表明，此算法计算量少，简单有效，易于实现。     

估计支路型事故后系统电压稳定边界的灵敏度算法研究

提出一种改进的灵敏度算法估计支路型故障后系统的电压稳定边界。该方法首先在事故前的鞍结分岔点引入置换定理将预想故障支路对系统的作用转换为2个独立功率源对系统的作用,而后通过置换后的系统方便地求出负荷参数对支路传输功率的灵敏度,来估计事故后系统的电压稳定边界。所提方法在很大程度上消除了在简单灵敏度法中因负荷参数和支路导纳之间强非线性引起的估计误差。通过New-England 39节点系统、某实际639节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统算例表明,此算法与现有的简单灵敏度法相比,无需增加计算量就可给出更精确的估计结果。     

基于最优潮流并计及静态电压稳定性约束的区域间可用输电能力计算

可用输电能力(ATC)是衡量电力系统在安全稳定运行的前提下区域间功率交换能力的指标。文中基于最优潮流(OPF)方法，建立起符合电力市场交易机制的ATC计算模型，其中考虑到输电线路故障对系统静态电压稳定性的影响，加入线路N-1故障时广义参数化形式的潮流方程及相应的不等式约束条件，使系统在故障时仍有负荷裕度，以保持电压稳定；以支路功率和系统负荷裕度之间的灵敏度指标进行预想故障选择，并用原对偶内点法计算得到输电线路N-1安全约束下的区域间可用输电能力。IEEE30和IEEE118节点系统算例表明该模型和算法的正确性与有效性。     

A novel collapse prediction index for voltage stability analysis and contingency ranking in power systems

Voltage instability is a serious phenomenon that can occur in a power system because of critical or stressed conditions. To prevent voltage collapse caused by such instability, accurate voltage collapse prediction is necessary for power system planning and operation. This paper proposes a novel collapse prediction index (NCPI) to assess the voltage stability conditions of the power system and the critical conditions of lines. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed index are investigated on the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems and compared with the well-known existing indices (Lmn, FVSI, LQP, NLSI, and VSLI) under several power system operations to validate its practicability and versatility. The study also presents the sensitivity assumptions of existing indices and analyzes their impact on voltage collapse prediction. The application results under intensive case studies prove that the proposed index NCPI adapts to several operating power conditions. The results show the superiority of the proposed index in accurately estimating the maximum load-ability and predicting the critical lines, weak buses, and weak areas in medium and large networks during various power load operations and contingencies. A line interruption or generation unit outage in a power system can also lead to voltage collapse, and this is a contingency in the power system. Line and generation unit outage contingencies are examined to identify the lines and generators that significantly impact system stability in the event of an outage. The contingencies are also ranked to identify the most severe outages that significantly cause voltage collapse because of the outage of line or generator.     

基于粒子群进化算法的极限输电容量计算方法

针对 N -1静态安全模型的电力系统可用输电容量（ATC）计算问题,提出一种基于粒子群进化算法的新方法。其基本思想是,对得到的某个ATC可能值,验证在该功率传输水平下系统是否满足静态安全约束。对群中每个粒子对应变量分为区域交换功率值和停运支路编号2部分,二者以不同方式分别进化。计算过程中,不可行粒子用于得到ATC的值并对其采取校正措施来加快得到ATC的速度,可行粒子用于判别严重支路。计算终止时得到区域间ATC、关键支路和对ATC影响较大的严重支路集。在IEEE 118节点测试系统上,通过与其他计算ATC的方法相比较,表明该算法可以准确捕获严重支路集并得到ATC的值。     

Optimal location and parameter setting of UPFC for enhancing power system security based on Differential Evolution algorithm

This paper presents a new approach based on Differential Evolution (DE) technique to find out the optimal placement and parameter setting of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for enhancing power system security under single line contingencies. Firstly, we perform a contingency analysis and ranking process to determine the most severe line outage contingencies considering line overloads and bus voltage limit violations as a Performance Index. Secondly, we apply DE technique to find out the optimal location and parameter setting of UPFC under the determined contingency scenarios. To verify our proposed approach, we perform simulations on an IEEE 14-bus and an IEEE 30-bus power systems. The results we have obtained indicate that installing UPFC in the location optimized by DE can significantly enhance the security of power system by eliminating or minimizing the overloaded lines and the bus voltage limit violations.     

考虑支路故障的SVC配置方案

电压崩溃现象往往是由于系统故障引起的。支路故障情况下,为防止电压崩溃现象的发生,应用支路参与因子法确定关键支路,提出系统故障情况下确定静止无功补偿器SVC(static var compensator)安装位置和安装个数的新方案。该方案考虑了故障情况发生的概率,定义了一个衡量系统故障时薄弱点的新指标,通过该指标可以确定故障情况下SVC的最佳安装位置以及装置的安装个数,IEEE14节点算例结果说明了该方案的正确性。     

A new algorithm for analysis of SVC’s impact on bifurcations, chaos and voltage collapse in power systems

In this paper, a numerical algorithm, based on initial value problem, using local parameterisation continuation technique is proposed for tracing stable and unstable steady state periodic solution branches of power systems. Bifurcation diagrams of steady state solutions are constructed by the application of the proposed algorithm. From the bifurcation diagrams, the existence of various bifurcation points such as, unstable Hopf bifurcation (UHB), stable Hopf bifurcation (SHB), cyclic fold bifurcation (CFB), saddle node bifurcation (SNB) and period doubling bifurcation (PDB) are identified. With the use of tools of nonlinear dynamics, voltage collapse points, and chaotic solutions due to period doublings are unearthed. Simulations have been carried out to analyse the sensitivity of the system with respect to load reactive power and compensating capacitor. The impact of SVC on Hopf bifurcations and occurrence of SNB are investigated. The algorithm is validated by applying it to a standard power system reported in literature and the results obtained are presented.     

N-1故障电压稳定极限高阶灵敏度快速计算

在利用连续潮流计算得到无故障网络的静态电压稳定临界点的基础上,提出一种快速计算线路故障下静态电压稳定临界点的可靠方法.该方法将单条线路运行状态参数化,通过求解原系统的静态电压稳定临界点对故障线路参数的1至N阶导数,用泰勒级数法进行逼近,从而快速精确的求解出线路故障情况下电压稳定临界点.在求解1至N阶导数时,系数矩阵是同一个矩阵,无需反复形成与分解.该方法计算量小,无需反复迭代.该文方法的可行性与高效性通过在IEEE 30及118母线系统上的算例得以验证.     

基于支路视在功率灵敏度的故障后电压计算

提出了基于支路视在功率灵敏度的N-1网络电压快速计算方法。支路故障采用故障开断参数来模拟,首先通过牛顿潮流计算出故障前网络节点电压,然后利用已收敛潮流修正方程式对支路开断参数求导,从而计算出电压对相应支路开断参数的导数,进一步得到节点电压对故障支路故障前视在功率的导数,最后根据视在功率灵敏度修正故障前网络电压,得到故障后网络电压。方法特点是在计算不同支路故障的导数时共用潮流计算收敛时的雅可比矩阵,不用重新进行因子表分解。由于节点电压与支路功率之间的良好线性关系,所提方法计算精度较高。IEEE14节点、IEEE30节点、IEEE118节点网络和湖南实际系统的测试结果证明了该方法的正确性和实用价值。     

支路故障后静态电压稳定裕度的估算

提出一种支路故障后静态电压稳定裕度的估算方法。该法先通过2阶灵敏度法对支路故障后电压稳定临界点处的状态变量进行预估,并通过预估的状态变量求出故障后电压稳定临界点处的注入功率;然后将该注入功率等效成正常条件下初始运行点处注入功率的变化量,并根据该等效的变化量来预估故障后负荷裕度的变化,避免了因负荷裕度对支路导纳线性灵敏度差而导致预估精度不高的缺点;最后在IEEE14和30节点系统上验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Line outage ranking for voltage limit violations with corrective rescheduling avoiding masking

This paper describes a technique for ranking line outages causing voltage limit violations taking into account the post-outage correctability of the network during contingency selection process. Due to the choice of large even powered of performance index (PI): (i) masking is avoided; and (ii) complete potential of correctability of power network is utilised. Fletcher and Reeves conjugate gradient method is used for optimisation. Use of newly derived compensated voltage shift factor has been made. To restrict the reactive power limit violations at generation buses, use of newly derived reactive power compensated shift factor has been made. Control corrections have been optimised for each line outage in the same base case pre-outage condition itself. This allows the use of same set of pre-outage sensitivity coefficients and line outage distribution factors. It is to be stressed here that the control corrections have been obtained for each line outage in pre-contingency condition mainly for computational convenience. But actually these corrections are applied in respective post-outage conditions. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 25-bus, 30-bus and 91-bus test systems.     

基于灰色关联分析法的电压稳定故障筛选与排序

故障筛选与排序是电力系统电压稳定评估的重要部分。针对以往基于潮流计算筛选方法的单一性,提出了一种新的故障筛选与排序方法。首先结合感应电动机特性、负荷大小、电源支撑及输电线路情况构建一套故障筛选指标体系;其次针对单一指标反映故障严重程度的局限性,采用灰色关联分析法计算综合指标,综合多方面因素评估故障严重程度。采用存在电压稳定问题的实际电网数据对所提方法进行验证,结果表明基于灰色关联分析法的电压稳定故障筛选与排序方法是合理和有效的。     

ANN based integrated security assessment of power system using parallel computing

This paper presents the application of cascade neural network (CANN) based approach for integrated security (voltage and line flow security) assessment. The developed cascade neural network is a combination of one screening module and two ranking modules, which are Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm based neural networks (LMANNs). All the single line outage contingency cases are applied to the screening module, which is 3-layered feed-forward ANN having two outputs. The screening module is trained to classify them either in critical contingency class or in non-critical contingency class from the viewpoint of voltage/line loading. The screened critical contingencies are passed to the corresponding ranking modules, which are developed simultaneously by using parallel computing. Parallel computing deals with the development of programs where multiple concurrent processes cooperate in the fulfillment of a common task. For contingency screening and ranking, two performance indices: one based on voltage security of power system (VPI) and other based on line flow (MWPI) are used. Effectiveness of the proposed cascade neural network based approach has been demonstrated by applying it for contingency selection and ranking at different loading conditions for IEEE 30-bus and a practical 75-bus Indian system. The results obtained clearly indicate the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of speedup in training time of neural networks as compared to the case when the two ranking neural networks were developed sequentially to estimate VPI and MWPI.     

Genetic algorithm-based method for contingency screening in power systems

This paper proposes an application of genetic algorithm (GA) to contingency screening in power systems. The contingency selected by the GA-based screening method is the double line outage which has the risk of causing transient instability. Generally, the contingency screening problem including multiple outage can be interpreted as the combinatorial optimization one for searching the combination of single outages which makes the system insecure. Therefore, GA which is one of the probabilistic searches for combinatorial problems, is applicable for such contingency screening problems. In the GA-based contingency screening method, a double line outage is represented as a chromosome. The fitness of the chromosome for environment is defined by using the transient energy function of power systems. The new procedure for avoiding the loss of important outage during contingency screening is developed and embedded in the proposed method by using the theorem of schema for GA. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by applying it to a 6-machine 30-bus 40-line system. The result shows that the GA-based contingency screening has the potential for practical use.     

基于电压抗干扰因子与综合影响因子的电网关键节点辨识

针对现有节点辨识方法存在的评价角度单一、指标权重选取过于片面的问题,从抗干扰能力与综合影响力两方面出发,提出一种多层次多角度的电网关键节点辨识方法。基于运行可靠性理论,构建支路停运下的节点电压抗干扰因子,克服了传统节点抗干扰能力评估仅考虑负荷波动的不足;基于电气介数与潮流冲击熵,构建考虑节点社会属性的拓扑结构影响因子与考虑支路容量裕度的运行状态影响因子,综合表征节点影响力;采用灰色关联投影评价模型进行多指标综合,得到了兼顾主观专家偏好与客观数据信息的节点关键度排序。IEEE 30节点系统及某地区实际电网的仿真结果验证了所提方法的全面性和科学性。     

基于系统网损灵敏度的二阶指标研究

阐述了一种估计电压崩溃临近程度的新指标——网损灵敏度指标。在该指标的基础上,提出了新的二阶指标。所提指标物理意义明确,线性度好,计算量小,适于在线应用。实际系统的仿真结果表明,基于网损灵敏度的二阶指标能够为实时负荷裕度监控、事故排序以及控制策略制定提供有效信息。     

电力系统临界电压崩溃潮流的柔性节点算法

针对电力系统电压崩溃问题,该文在负荷临界电压崩溃特性分析基础上,讨论功率型负荷的电力系统临界电压崩溃的潮流计算方法.提出利用交流电路临界电压崩溃的特性,规避崩溃支路,设置等值的柔性节点及柔性等式约束条件处理等措施,构成电力系统负荷临界电压崩溃的柔性节点潮流算法,为大型电力系统工作域的边界分析提供定量计算方法.IEEE5节点算例表明,所提算法是正确有效的.     

A fast technique for outage studies in power system planning and operation

Security monitoring is a fundamental aspect of the operation of power systems. One of the basic tools that dispatchers use to assess the system security is contingency analysis. This program simulates the state of the system after the sudden loss of an element of production or transmission. The DC load flow used in the determination of the performance index (PI) yields only the real power loading of circuits, and ignores the effects of the bus voltage. Therefore, we present an AC active power model in this paper where the effect of the voltage magnitudes is considered. The changes of the coefficient matrix model due to the line outage are directly determined without reconstruction of that matrix or redetermination of its inverse. Then, the postoutage angle is obtained directly. A derivation of the PI is presented, including only the overloaded lines as a result of the fast contingency screening approach proposed in the paper. Real and practical values of the line power limits required for PI calculations are considered. Furthermore, a simple method for the determination of some matrices included in the PI formulation is introduced in this paper to reduce the computation time compared with that for the Wollenberg-Mikolinnas algorithm. The proposed approach is applied to an IEEE 14-node system and the ranking table is obtained. The proposed method was found to be excellent.