挤压变形对镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了镁合金管材挤压成形工艺参数,如坯料温度、模具温度、润滑、挤压比、挤压速度等对镁合金管材挤压后组织与力学性能的影响,以及镁合金管材挤压成形后高温性能、室温性能和超塑性性能。结果表明:镁合金挤压管材的室温力学性能为屈服极限190 MPa,拉伸强度280 MPa,伸长率17%;镁合金挤压管材在400℃高温时的力学性能为屈服极限、拉伸强度值接近25MPa,伸长率180%;随着变形程度的增大,力学性能指标随之增大,并分析了镁合金管材挤压后组织状态的变化。     

预变形对锥台剪切变形镁合金组织与性能的影响

利用WDW3100电子万能试验机对铸态AZ31镁合金试样进行预压缩量0%和3%处理,并采用新型的锥台强剪切挤压变形方法将AZ31镁合金铸棒挤压成板材。通过金相显微镜、拉伸性能测试及断口扫描分析研究预压缩变形对锥台剪切变形镁合金的微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:3%预变形处理对铸态镁合金植入大量的孪晶组织,为后续动态再结晶提供充足的形核点,且镁合金在变形过程中受到剧烈强剪切变形,使得挤压成形板发生了充分的动态再结晶,晶粒细化至4.5μm。预压缩3%镁合金经锥台剪切变形后,伸长率高达23.6%,屈服强度和抗拉强度高达280.4 MPa和225.3 MPa。与预压缩0%的挤压镁合金相比,断裂伸长率提高幅度高达91%,屈服强度和抗拉强度略有降低。挤压温度对镁合金组织性能有重要的影响,预压缩3%的镁合金经290℃锥台剪切变形后,获得均匀细小的晶粒组织,具有优良的综合力学性能。     

冷却方式对锥台剪切变形AZ31镁合金组织与性能的影响

采用新型的锥台强剪切挤压变形方法将AZ31镁合金棒材挤压成板材。通过金相显微镜、拉伸性能测试及断口扫描分析研究冷却方式对锥台剪切变形镁合金的显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:经锥台强剪切挤压变形后,镁合金上下表面受到强剪切变形,发生了充分的动态再结晶,组织得到明显的细化;经水冷后,镁合金板材的屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率分别为165.2 MPa、283.4 MPa和19.8%,相比于空冷的晶粒组织更加细小均匀,抗拉强度和屈服强度更高,同时,与挤压前相比,其屈服强度、抗拉强度及伸长率分别提高59.9%、83.2%和67.8%。     

汽车用Ti-6Al-4V-1Ni-0.5Cr钛合金管材的挤压工艺优化

进行了不同挤压温度和挤压比下汽车用Ti-6Al-4V-1Ni-0.5Cr合金管材的挤压成形,并进行了力学性能和耐磨损性能的测试、比较和分析。结果表明:钛合金管材试样的抗拉强度和屈服强度随挤压温度和挤压比的增加而先增大后减小,断后伸长率和磨损体积先减小后增大。与850℃挤压的结果相比,925℃挤压的试样抗拉强度和屈服强度分别增大了39、38 MPa,断后伸长率和磨损体积分别减小了1.7%、39.29%;与挤压比10的结果相比,挤压比16的试样抗拉强度和屈服强度分别增大了37、34 MPa,断后伸长率和磨损体积分别减小了3.7%、37.04%。Ti-6Al-4V-1Ni-0.5Cr钛合金管材试样的挤压工艺参数优选为挤压温度925℃和挤压比16。     

AZ61镁合金在不同挤压温度下的组织与力学性能

对变形镁合金AZ61铸态试样和不同温度下的挤压成形试样的微观组织结构、室温力学性能以及拉伸断口进行了研究.结果表明,360℃的热挤压温度不能成形试样,在370、385、400℃下进行热挤压可以得到外形完整、表面光洁的试样;随着挤压温度提高,AZ61挤压试样发生再结晶的晶粒数量显著增加,达到400℃时形成均匀细小的等轴晶组织;370、385、400℃下的挤压试样断口均表现为明显的塑性断裂特征,400℃时挤压试样的抗拉强度达到297.43 MPa,屈服强度达到221.42 MPa,伸长率为22.39%,具有较好的力学性能.     

织构与晶粒对挤锻复合成形AZ61镁合金力学性能的影响

采用AZ61镁合金挤压态预成形坯材,通过不同变形程度的模锻成形试验制备AZ61镁合金拉伸试样,运用金相观察、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)取向成像技术,分析了AZ61镁合金在挤锻复合成形过程中晶粒尺寸与织构对其室温力学性能的影响。结果表明,挤压态预成形试样存在强烈的基面织构,晶粒处于硬取向,基面滑移难以启动,AZ61镁合金具有较高的屈服强度。在基面织构强度相似的情况下,晶粒细化可提高试样的屈服强度和伸长率,但不能通过变形的无限增加改善合金的组织与性能。     

热挤压AZ80镁合金管材的组织与力学性能

对AZ80镁合金管材的挤压工艺进行研究,对挤压前后材料的组织与力学性能进行分析。结果表明,经过热挤压后,镁合金的晶粒细化,力学性能有较大提高。晶粒尺寸由挤压前铸态的28μm细化到挤压后的4μm,抗拉强度由162 MPa提高到265 MPa,屈服强度由74 MPa提高到180 MPa,伸长率由4%提高到14%。随着挤压比的增加,晶粒细化明显,伸长率和屈服强度增加。对于挤压AZ80镁合金管材,合理的挤压工艺参数：挤压比为18.2,坯料温度为390℃,模具预热温度为360℃,挤压速度为1 mm/s,凹模锥半角为60°-70°。     

挤压态喷射成形8009耐热铝合金组织性能的研究

采用喷射成形和挤压工艺制备了8009耐热铝合金,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和力学性能测试等试验,对挤压件的组织和性能进行了分析。结果表明:挤压态合金在室温下的抗拉强度达到415MPa,屈服强度达到345MPa,伸长率达到22.5%;在250℃时,合金抗拉强度为221MPa,屈服强度为208MPa,伸长率为13.33%。挤压态8009合金经400℃暴露24h后对合金的中温力学性能没有影响。     

快速凝固/粉末冶金AZ91镁合金的组织及性能

采用快速凝固／粉末冶金法制备AZ91镁合金，研究了不同挤压比对AZ91镁合金室温力学性能及显微组织结构的影响。结果表明：热挤压后的密度已接近理论值：挤压棒材的抗拉强度和伸长率分别为383．23MPa和9．4％；随着挤压比的增加，晶粒变得细小；合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率提高；热挤压态AZ91镁合金室温拉伸时呈现韧性断裂特征。     

挤压温度对汽车用AZ91镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

利用电子显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸试验机等研究了不同挤压温度对AZ91镁合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在320～410℃,AZ91镁合金挤压后发生了不同程度的动态再结晶。与铸态合金相比,不同温度挤压后AZ91镁合金的强度和伸长率均明显提高。370℃挤压的AZ91镁合金晶粒最为细小。390℃挤压的镁合金动态再结晶较为充分。410℃挤压的试样组织晶粒变得粗大且不均匀。370℃挤压的AZ91镁合金综合力学性能最好,抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率分别达到346、253 MPa和12.6%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.