介孔氧化铝的合成及应用研究进展

介孔氧化铝以其优异的结构性质和表面酸碱性在催化剂、催化剂载体和吸附剂等领域有着广泛应用,系统地阐释了不同模板剂制备介孔氧化铝的方法以及通过对介孔氧化铝进行表面化学修饰来提高其在催化和吸附等领域的应用研究,并对其未来的发展趋势提出了展望。     

载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛用于邻二甲苯的“吸附?催化燃烧”循环脱除

首先利用F127作为软模板,采用蒸汽辅助晶化法合成出具有一定介孔结构的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,然后采用等体积浸渍法负载铂,成功制备了载铂的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附等温线(N2 isotherm)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备的催化剂进行了表征,并将催化剂用于邻二甲苯的吸附和催化燃烧反应,最后考察了催化剂"吸附-催化燃烧"循环脱除邻二甲苯的性能。结果表明,与传统ZSM-5分子筛相比,多级孔ZSM-5分子筛结晶度略有下降,但是介孔度和孔体积明显提升。介孔结构与微孔结构并存,极大提升了多级孔ZSM-5分子筛对邻二甲苯的吸附能力,其饱和吸附量达到了传统ZSM-5分子筛的约8倍。此外,介孔结构的存在提高了铂的分散度,使得载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛具有最佳的催化燃烧邻二甲苯性能,三次"吸附?催化燃烧"循环使用后的吸附容量依然基本保持不变,并且在催化燃烧过程中无二次污染物生成,具有较高的吸附容量和循环使用稳定性。     

分级结构介孔-大孔氧化铝的研究进展

介孔氧化铝材料自合成以来,因其在催化、吸附等领域的广泛应用受到了极大的关注。随着石油化工领域大分子反应不断增加,介孔氧化铝的使用逐渐受到限制,合成具有分级结构介孔-大孔氧化铝材料将具有重大意义。分级结构介孔-大孔氧化铝因其同时具有介孔和大孔孔道,不仅促进了客体分子在孔道内部的传送、减小扩散阻力,而且增大了孔道的比表面积,有助于改善吸附和分离效率、延长催化寿命,因此在吸附和催化方面具有广泛的应用前景。介绍了采用单模板法、双模板法和无模板法合成分级结构介孔-大孔氧化铝材料,并对材料在吸附和催化领域的应用进行探讨,最后对分级结构介孔-大孔氧化铝材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

ZSM-5分子筛介孔的构筑

在微孔结构的ZSM-5沸石分子筛中构筑介孔,可以有效地解决ZSM-5分子筛在催化反应过程中的扩散传质和催化剂失活问题.重点阐述了在初始的合成体系中加入炭黑、介孔碳、表面活性剂等作为模板剂来构筑含介孔结构的ZSM-5和利用碱液或酸液对已合成的微孔的ZSM-5进行后处理来构筑介孔,并对含有介孔结构的ZSM-5的性质和相关的应用做了评价和展望.     

载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛用于邻二甲苯的“吸附-催化燃烧”循环脱除

首先利用F127作为软模板, 采用蒸汽辅助晶化法合成出具有一定介孔结构的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛, 然后采用等体积浸渍法负载铂, 成功制备了载铂的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附等温线(N₂ isotherm)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备的催化剂进行了表征, 并将催化剂用于邻二甲苯的吸附和催化燃烧反应, 最后考察了催化剂“吸附-催化燃烧”循环脱除邻二甲苯的性能。结果表明, 与传统ZSM-5分子筛相比, 多级孔ZSM-5分子筛结晶度略有下降, 但是介孔度和孔体积明显提升。介孔结构与微孔结构并存, 极大提升了多级孔ZSM-5分子筛对邻二甲苯的吸附能力, 其饱和吸附量达到了传统ZSM-5分子筛的约8倍。此外, 介孔结构的存在提高了铂的分散度, 使得载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛具有最佳的催化燃烧邻二甲苯性能, 三次“吸附-催化燃烧”循环使用后的吸附容量依然基本保持不变, 并且在催化燃烧过程中无二次污染物生成, 具有较高的吸附容量和循环使用稳定性。     

介孔分子筛膜的制备及应用

介孔分子筛膜是最近十几年新兴的研究领域,它的出现丰富了有序介孔材料的研究范畴,拓宽了介孔材料的应用范围.作为一种新型的无机膜,介孔分子筛膜不仅具有微孔无机膜的优点,还在大分子催化分离领域具有潜在的应用价值.本文主要介绍了国内外近年来在无机介孔分子筛膜制备和应用方面的最新研究进展,并指出介孔分子筛膜目前存在的主要问题是热稳定性和水热稳定性差,导致其实际应用受到很大的限制.介孔分子筛膜今后主要的发展方向是加强其热稳定性和水热稳定性的研究,此外,制备取向生长的介孔分子筛膜,实现结构优化,将会成为今后介孔膜发展的新的热点.     

功能化介孔氧化铝材料的制备及应用进展

介孔氧化铝因其在催化、吸附等领域具有巨大的应用前景,而受到国内外研究学者的广泛关注。随着工业化生产要求的不断提高,普通介孔氧化铝的使用逐渐受到限制,制备高性能的功能化介孔氧化铝材料将具有重大意义。功能化介孔氧化铝材料具有较高的催化活性、较强的机械和水热稳定性,不仅在催化、吸附领域受到极大重视,而且延伸到光学、医学等重要领域。综述了功能化介孔氧化铝材料的主要制备方法,包括原位合成法和浸渍法,并对两种方法存在的优缺点进行了比较。同时详细介绍了功能化介孔氧化铝材料的种类以及在催化、吸附分离和其它领域的应用,并展望了功能化介孔氧化铝材料的发展及应用前景。     

含MEI结构单元的介孔Ti-HMS-1的合成、表征及催化氧化性能

采用TS-1前驱体作硅源和钛源,以十二胺为模板剂,在中性和室温条件下合成了介孔含钛分子筛Ti-HMS-1.采用XRD、TEM、低温N2吸附、FT-IR和UV-Vis等方法对合成的分子筛进行了表征;以苯乙烯的催化氧化反应为模型反应,考察了合成的Ti-HMS-1的催化氧化性能.结果表明,Ti-HMS-1具有"worm-like"介孔结构,但长程有序度较低,孔壁部分含有MFI的次级结构单元,在373K沸水中水煮50h后,Ti-HMS-1仍能较好地保持原有的介孔结构,表明Ti-HMS-1具有较高的水热稳定性.进入分子筛骨架的钛原子为催化剂的活性中心,对于苯乙烯氧化反应,具有较高的催化活性,对产物的选择性与Ti-HMS接近.     

杂多酸固载催化剂的合成及窄分子量纤维素制备的研究

通过水热合成法制备MCM-41型介孔分子筛,采用浸渍法负载磷钨酸于MCM-41介孔分子筛中,煅烧得到新型HPW/MCM-41固载催化剂。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)和扫描电镜(SEM)对固载催化剂进行表征;考察催化剂对棉纤维催化降解反应的性能。结果表明,新型HPW/MCM-41固载催化剂即持有了磷钨酸的Keggin结构,同时又保持了分子筛的完整介孔结构,具有催化、筛分双重性能。棉纤维催化降解反应数据显示,磷钨酸负载量、反应温度、催化剂用量、液固比及停留时间均影响HPW/MCM-41降解纤维素的性能。在单因素实验最佳反应条件下,棉纤维素降解产物的分子量分布较为均匀,降解产物的产率较优。     

含MFI结构单元的介孔Ti-HMS-1的合成、表征及催化氧化性能

采用TS-1前驱体作硅源和钛源,以十二胺为模板剂,在中性和室温条件下合成了介孔含钛分子筛Ti-HMS.1.采用XRD、TEM、低温N2吸附、FT-IR和UV-Vis等方法对合成的分子筛进行了表征;以苯乙烯的催化氧化反应为模型反应,考察了合成的Ti-HMS-1的催化氧化性能.结果表明,Ti-HMS-1具有“worm-like”介孔结构,但长程有序度较低,孔壁部分含有MFI的次级结构单元,在373K沸水中水煮50h后,Ti-HMS-1仍能较好地保持原有的介孔结构,表明Ti-HMS-1具有较高的水热稳定性.进入分子筛骨架的钛原子为催化剂的活性中心,对于苯乙烯氧化反应,具有较高的催化活性,对产物的选择性与Ti-HMS接近。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...