生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属固化特性

为探索垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属在熔融过程中的迁移特性,采用燃油式表面熔融炉,对杭州某生活垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰连续进行了6个多月日处理规模为500kg/d的熔融固化中试实验.采用X射线衍射仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪研究不同工艺参数(温度、添加剂、冷却方式)对飞灰中重金属固化率的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高和添加剂比例的增大,重金属Cu、Zn的固化率显著提高,Pb、Cd和Cr则变化不明显;水冷却方式下,重金属固化率要略大于空气自然冷却.熔融过程中,烟气中常规污染物浓度和二噁英等污染物总毒性浓度均小于标准限值.     

焚烧飞灰熔融特性与熔渣利用技术研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中含有高浸出浓度的Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn等重金属,属于危险废物。高温熔融技术可以有效地控制焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物。从飞灰无害化和资源化2个角度介绍了熔融技术的研究进展,分析了熔融技术的优缺点,在综述国内外研究成果的基础上,为今后焚烧飞灰的热处理技术提出了研究方向。     

利用热等离子体熔融垃圾焚烧飞灰

为了评价垃圾焚烧飞灰的热等离子体熔融处理效果, 研究SiO2和CaO对重金属固化效果和重金属毒性浸出特性的影响. 在飞灰中添加一定比例的SiO2和CaO, 配置成不同的配灰样品, 利用纯氩热等离子体在1 400～1 500 ℃下, 对飞灰及配灰进行熔融玻璃化的实验研究, 分别利用X射线能量色散谱仪(EDX)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和毒性浸出方法(TCLP)分析飞灰和熔渣的化学组成、微观结构、晶相组成和重金属毒性浸出特性. 结果表明, 热等离子体熔融所得熔渣为无定形的玻璃体, 重金属浸出质量浓度均远低于毒性标准. SiO2和CaO的添加都可以改善重金属固化效果, CaO比SiO2对Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb挥发的抑制效果更好. SiO2的添加可以改善熔渣中重金属的浸出特性, 而CaO的作用与之相反.     

MSWI fly ash based novel solidification/stabilization matrices for heavy metals

The possibilities of MSWI fly ash as a major constituent of novel solidification/stabilization matrices for secure landfill were investigated by mixing MSWI fly ash with rich aluminum components, which was added as bauxite cement or metakaolinite instead, to form Friedel and Ettringite phases with high fixing capacities for heavy metals. The physical properties, heavy metals-fixing capacity, mineral phases and its vibration bands in the novel matrices were characterized by compressive strength, TCLP（toxic characteristic leaching procedure）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） , DTG （derivative thermogravimetry）, and FTIR （fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）, respectively. The Tessier＇s five-step sequential extraction procedure was used to analyze the fractions of chemical speciation for Pb, Cd and Zn ions. The experimental results indicate that Friedel-Ettringite based novel solidification/stabilization matrices can incorporate Pb, Cd and Zn ions effectively by physical encapsulation and chemical fixation, and it exhibits a great potential in co-landfill treatment of MSWI fly ash with some heavy metals-bearing hazardous wastes.     

火化飞灰综合处理技术--PAMCATS固化剂的应用

利用合成的侧链高分子化合物配位稳定火化飞灰中的重金属，并配合石灰固化飞灰与土壤的混合物，实现飞灰的无害直接填埋。实验室有毒物质检测程序（TCLP）检测得到的重金属浸出量符合废物填埋控制标准。飞灰粘土固化件无侧限抗压强度达到2MPa以上，水稳定性好，长期抗渗透能力高。     

粉煤灰与粉煤灰混凝土性能

通过实验和理论分析,研究了粉煤灰活化措施、基本效应以及粉煤灰混凝土的工作性、力学特性和耐久性,为粉煤灰混凝土的应用和研究提供参考．研究认为机械活化措施中细磨加工优于分选加工,细磨加工能提高粉煤灰的活性和利用率;强碱激发剂的掺量要适量,引入硫酸盐复合激发剂是必要的,也是有效的,水泥是粉煤灰最有效、最经济的活性激发剂;粉煤灰的作用机理主要有取代效应、火山灰效应、形态效应和微集料效应等;粉煤灰使混凝土的工作性得到改善,早期强度低,后期强度增长快,抗拉强度明显提高,抗裂性、抗渗性、抗冻性、耐蚀性、抗碳化性和对钢筋的保护能力提高,水化热降低,能消除或减轻碱骨料反应的危害。     

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in lightweight aggregates

Washing pre-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash blended with shale and sludge was utilized in the manufacture of light-weight aggregates and processed to form ceramic pellets. A formula uniform design was performed to arrange the mixture ratio of the materials. The optimal mixture ratio of the materials was determined by measuring the bulk density, granule strength, and 1 h water absorption of the pellets. It is shown that the optimal mixture ratios of materials, MSWI fly ash, shale, and sludge, are 23.16%, 62.58%, and 14.25% (mass fraction), respectively. The performance testing indicators of light-weight aggregates are obtained under the optimum mixture ratio: bulk density of 613 kg/m³, granule strength of 821N, and 1 h water absorption of 11.6%, meeting 700 grade light-aggregate of GB/T 17431.2—1998 standard. The results suggest that utilization of MSWI fly ash in light-weight aggregates is an effective method and a potential means to create much more values.     

差异含水率条件下飞灰及其螯合物的应力应变及环境特性

垃圾焚烧飞灰因极高的重金属含量而被认为是一种危险废弃物,但与火山灰成分的相似使该材料有着资源化利用的潜在价值。以飞灰及其螯合物为研究对象,探讨了含水率、养护条件等因素对材料应力应变及环境特性的影响。研究结果表明：飞灰螯合物重金属浸出浓度较低,并有着较强的吸水特性;飞灰及其螯合物强度早期随着养护时间的增长呈上升趋势,破坏应变随之减小,脆性不断增大;材料强度在中后期出现明显分化,飞灰（90%湿度养护）强度约为螯合飞灰的23.11倍。飞灰强度随含水率的增大而减小,可归结于孔隙水对压实能量的吸收和结构的影响;螯合飞灰强度均随养护时间和含水率增加而显著增大。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰制作碱激发砖的环境安全性评估

为探索垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用,使用流化床焚烧炉产出的焚烧飞灰、燃煤飞灰及矿渣粉为主要原料,由氢氧化钠及硅酸钠调制为碱激发剂制备碱激发砖材.当焚烧飞灰最大添加比为40%时,其28 d的抗压强度达28.69 MPa,符合混凝土实心砖规范(GB/T21144—2007)要求.环境兼容性方面,28 d的垃圾焚烧飞灰碱激发砖材HJ/T 300浸出测试结果显示,重金属稳定于砖材中.长期pH相关联性浸出试验发现,砖材中重金属Ba的浸出量随pH的降低而增加;重金属Zn在pH小于7的环境下可检测到有浸出,而重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb只有在pH为6以下的环境才会有浸出现象.桶槽扩散浸出试验结果显示,焚烧飞灰碱激发砖材环境稳定pH在11.0~11.5,且仅有微量重金属钡（Ba）及铬（Cr）出现释出现象,分析显示其浸出量为微量.     

The Cement Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

The chemical composition, the content and the leachability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration （ MSWI） fly ash were tested and analyzed. It is shown that the leachability of Pb and Cr exceeds the leaching toxicity standard, and so the MSWI fly ash is considered as hazardous waste and must be solidifled. The effect of solidifying the MSWI fly ash by cement was studied, and it is indicated that the heavy metals can be well immobilized if the mass fraction of the fly ash is appropriate. The heavy metals were immobilized within cement hydration products through either physical fixation, substhtaion, deposition or adsorption mechanisms.     

超细粉煤灰与原灰在水泥砂浆中的水化特征对比研究

主要对比研究了粉煤灰原灰颗粒和超细粉磨后的粉煤灰颗粒在水泥砂浆中的水化过程,利用SEM对水化行为进行了微观观察,并结合砂浆试块3 d7、d、28d抗折、抗压强度.结果表明:粉煤灰的细度对试块的强度影响最大,尤其是后期对抗压强度,在相同掺量下,强度相差达2倍左右;粒径在5μm左右的粉煤灰颗粒在养护初期就已经开始水化,且水化速率较快,在28 d时水化程度已经很充分,粉煤灰原灰颗粒即使养护到28 d龄期时,水化程度仍然很低;掺入细灰的试体各个龄期的结构均比原灰的要致密,且钙矾石的生长更快.     

Preparation of fly ash and rice husk ash geopolymer

The geopolymer of fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) was prepared. The burning temperature of rice husk, the RHA fineness and the ratio of FA to RHA were studied. The density and strength of the geopolymer mortars with RHA/FA mass ratios of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, and 60/40 were tested. The geopolymers were activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate, and heat. It is revealed that the optimum burning temperature of RHA for making FA-RHA geopolymer is 690℃. The as-received FA and the ground RHA with 1%-5% retained on No.325 sieve are suitable source materials for making geopolymer, and the obtained compressive strengths are between 12.5-56.0 MPa and are dependent on the ratio of FA/RHA,the RHA fineness, and the ratio of so dium silicate to NaOH. Relatively high strength FA-RHA geopolymer mortars are obtained using a sodium silicate/NaOH mass ratio of 4.0, delay time before subjecting the samples to heat for 1 h, and heat curing at 60℃ for 48 h.     

粉煤灰混合料的力学特性

以细磨粉煤灰、水泥和粉细沙为主要材料组成混合料,采用正交试验方法,研究胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期对混合料的抗压强度和抗拉强度等力学性能的影响.研究表明,灰胶比对混合料的抗拉强度有显著影响;其次是龄期和胶沙比,但二者影响不显著.各因素对粉煤灰混合料抗压强度的影响程度按自大到小的顺序依次为胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期,但均无显著影响.采用低胶沙比和灰胶比组合确定混合料的配合比,既可满足强度要求,又能达到经济性目的.     

Mechanism of high concentration phosphorus wastewater treated by municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The mechanism of removing phosphate by MSWI （municipal solid waste incineration） fly ash was investigated by SEM （scanning electron microscopy） with EDS （energy dispersion spectrum）,XRD （X-ray diffraction）,FT-IR （Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy）,BET （specific surface area）,and BJH （pore size distribution）.The results indicate that the removal rate of phosphate （100 mg/L） in 50 mL phosphorus wastewater reaches at 99.9% as the dosage of MSWI fly ash being 0.9000 g under room temperature.The specific surface area of MSWI fly ash is less than 6.1 m2/g and the total pore volume is below 0.021 cm3/g,suggesting that the absorption capacity of calcite is too weak to play an important role in phosphate removal.SEM images show that drastic changes had taken place on its specific surface shape after reaction,and EDS tests indicate that some phosphate precipitates are formed and attached onto MSWI fly ash particles.Chemical precipitation is the main manner of phosphate removal and the main reaction is：3Ca2＋＋2 PO43-＋xH2O→Ca3（PO4）2↓·xH2O.Besides,XRD tests show that the composition of MSWI fly ash is complex,but CaSO4 is likely to be the main source of Ca2＋.The soluble heavy metals in MSWI fly ash are stabilized by phosphate.     

固化粉煤灰防渗铺盖材料的研制

为防止灰水下渗而造成的环境污染,贮灰场必须采取适当的防渗结构和措施,而铺盖防渗是一种适宜的防渗形式.针对不同质量等级的粉煤灰,通过试验确定了 HAS 固化剂、粉煤灰、减水剂和水的配合比,获得28 d 龄期抗压强度2.0 MPa 以上、90 d 龄期渗透系数不大于10~(-6)cm/s 数量级的铺盖材料.性能测试表明,固化粉煤灰铺盖材料能满足贮灰场防渗要求,价格经济,是一种新型环保防渗材料.     

浅议粉煤灰对混凝土性能的改善

从粉煤灰的性质、粉煤灰在混凝土中的掺量、粉煤灰的细度和混凝土中粉煤灰的掺加方式四个方面阐述了粉煤灰掺入到混凝土当中对混凝土性能的影响,为充分利用粉煤灰创造了条件。     

固化粉煤灰防渗铺盖材料的研制

为防止灰水下渗而造成的环境污染，贮灰场必须采取适当的防渗结构和措施，而铺盖防渗是一种适宜的防渗形式．针对不同质量等级的粉煤灰，通过试验确定了HAS固化剂、粉煤灰、减水剂和水的配合比，获得28d龄期抗压强度2．0MPa以上、90d龄期渗透系数不大于10^-6cm／s数量级的铺盖材料．性能测试表明，固化粉煤灰铺盖材料能满足贮灰场防渗要求，价格经济，是一种新型环保防渗材料．     

酸性条件下MSWI飞灰中Zn的浸出动力学

通过荧光光谱分析(XRF)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试方法并结合动力学模型理论研究了MSWI(垃圾焚烧)飞灰中典型重金属Zn在pH为4左右时的浸出过程, 并在定温下探讨了该浸出过程的动力学模型.结果表明:该条件下MSWI飞灰中Zn的浸出过程适用于球体内扩散模型;扫描电镜下观测显示, 大部分飞灰颗粒表面发生了不同程度的溶解, 但在整个反应过程中都维持球状或高度类似球状的微观形貌, 有力地支持了微观尺度的球体内扩散模型.重金属Zn的浸出率与时间的关系可描述为1-3(1-X)^2/3+2X=18.25exp(-2 385.25T)/t.实验所得其浸出表观活化能约为19.831 kJ/mol.     

石嘴山电厂粉煤灰的细磨加工效应

试验研究了粉煤灰的细磨加工效应和细磨灰的特性.揭示了粉煤灰细磨加工活化机理.