使用特殊复合距离的选播路由算法

选播成员都是等价的服务器,服务数据的服务质量比作为请求的选播数据报更为重要．使用特殊复合距离的选播路由算法(ASCD)使用跳数、逆向传输延迟、逆向可用带宽以及服务器负载合成的距离来选择路径．不同于其他算法,ASCD使用度量在路径逆向上的值,即从选播数据报目标节点(服务器)到选播数据报源节点(客户)方向,而不是常规从选播数据报的源节点到目的节点方向．ASCD定位的路径和选播成员使选播数据报请求的服务数据能够得到更多路径资源．ASCD还能够在一定程度上平衡服务器负载．     

IP anycast point-to-(any) point communication

The Internet supports three communication paradigms. The first, unicast, is the point-to-point flow of packets between a single source (client) and destination (server) host. Web browsing and file Me transfer are unicast applications. The next, multicast, is the point-to-multipoint flow of packets between a single source host and one or more destination hosts. Broadcast-style videoconferencing, for example, employs IP multicast. Anycast is the point-to-point flow of packets between a single client and the "nearest" destination server identified by an anycast address. The idea behind anycast is that a client wants to send packets to any one of several possible servers offering a particular service or application but does not really care which one. Any number of servers can be assigned a single anycast address within an anycast group. A client sends packets to an anycast server by placing the anycast address in the packet header. Routers then attempt to deliver the packet to a server with the matching anycast address     

Investigation on static routing and resource assignment of elastic all-optical switched intra-datacenter networks基于弹性全光交换技术的数据中心内网的静态路由和资源分配(RSIA)

In this paper, we explore the issue of static routing and spectrum/IT resource assignment (RSIA) of elastic all-optical switched intra-datacenter networks (intra-DCNs) by proposing anycast- and manycast-based integer linear programming (ILP) models. The objective is to jointly optimize the DCN resources, i.e., network transmission bandwidth and IT resources, under different situations. First, for given service-request matrices with unknown network transmission bandwidth and IT resources, we propose anycast and manycast ILP models to minimize the maximum numbers of required network and IT resources to accommodate all the service requests. For anycast RSIA issue, we proposed two different ILP models that are based on node-arc and link-path methods, respectively. Node-arc based manycast ILP model is also proposed for the first time to our knowledge. Second, for given network transmission bandwidth and IT resources and known service-request matrices, we propose node-arc based anycast ILP models to maximize the total number of successfully served service requests. To evaluate the efficiency of anycast and manycast models, all proposed ILP models are evaluated and compared with unicast ILP models. Simulation results show that anycast and manycast ILP models perform much better in efficiently using DCN resources and successfully accommodating more service requests when compared to unicast ILP models under the same network conditions.     

Traffic recovery time constrained shared sub-path protection algorithm in survivable WDM networks

With the development of real-time applications, the traffic recovery time, which is defined as the duration between the failure occurrence on the working path and the interruptive traffic has been successfully switched to the backup path, has become the basic Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirement in survivable WDM networks. In this paper, we address the problem of shared sub-path protection with considering the constraint of traffic recovery time and propose a new heuristic algorithm called Traffic recovery time Constrained Shared Sub-Path Protection (TC_SSPP) to compute the working path and the Shared-Risk-Link-Group (SRLG)-disjoint backup sub-paths. The main target of our work is to improve the resource utilization ratio and reduce the blocking probability for dynamic network environment. By properly setting the delay parameter for each link and running the Delay Constrained Shortest Path Algorithm (DCSPA) to compute the backup sub-paths, TC_SSPP can effectively guarantee the traffic recovery time. Simulation results show that the proposed TC_SSPP can outperform the traditional algorithms.     

基于MPLS网络的选播QoS路由算法

提出一种基于MPLS网络且保证QoS的选播路由算法。使用链路状态路由协议,找到一条从发出请求的客户到服务器方向上最小跳数的最优路径,该路径能满足选播服务带宽要求。使用度量为路径逆向(服务器到客户)上的链路带宽值,通过约束路由的标记分发协议,建立一条从服务器到客户方向的标记交换路径,并预留资源。仿真结果表明,在传输服务数据流时,该算法的时延及丢包率性能良好,能在一定程度上平衡服务器的负载。     

Cost Efficient Fault Tolerant Design in Mesh Optical Networks with the Load Aware Method

With increasing wavelength capacity, the fault tolerant policy of the mesh optical network becomes much more important. To meet the survivability requirement, a set of cost efficient fault tolerant mechanisms are designed in this paper. The main objective is the minimization of the total number of required wavelengths. Furthermore, based on the method of the Integer Linear Program (ILP), shared-path protection and shared-link protection strategies are achieved, respectively. Moreover, the objective of minimizing the load imbalance is used to ensure the network resources utilized efficiently, and then the wavelength contention can be mitigated by selecting the working path and backup path reasonably. The results show that the survivability of the optical network can be guaranteed in a cost efficient manner.     

Heuristic algorithms for designing self-repairing protection trees in mesh networks

Protection trees have been used in the past for restoring multicast and unicast traffic in networks in various failure scenarios. In this paper we focus on shared self-repairing trees for link protection in unicast mesh networks. Shared protection trees have been proposed as a relatively simple approach that is easy to reconfigure and could provide sub-second restoration times with sub-optimal redundancy requirement. The self-repairing nature of this class of protection trees may make them an attractive option for cases where dynamic changes in network topology or demand may occur. In this paper, we present heuristic algorithms to design a self-repairing protection tree for a given network. We study the restorability performance of shared trees and examine the limitations of such schemes in specific topologies, such as cases where long node chains exist. Using extensive simulations with thousands of randomly generated network graphs. We compare redundancy and average backup path length of shared protection trees with optimal tree designs and non-tree designs. We also apply our algorithms to the problem of designing the protection tree in a pre-designed fixed-capacity network, and study the performance of shared protection trees in this scenario under different network loads and link utilization levels.     

Models for optimal survivable routing with a minimum number of hops: comparing disaggregated with aggregated models

Given an undirected network with link capacities and a set of commodities with known demands, this paper addresses the problem of determining D (with D=2, 3, 4) hop‐constrained node disjoint paths for each commodity while minimizing the average or the maximum number of hops. These paths are defined according to two survivability mechanisms ? Path Diversity and Path Protection, the latter guaranteeing total demand protection in the event of n failures (with n<D). We study these problems in the context of a traffic engineering task over pre‐dimensioned networks where the real traffic demands are inevitably different from the estimated traffic demands that were assumed in the network dimensioning task. We present two classes of ILP models, disaggregated and aggregated, for both problems, study the relationship between their linear programming relaxations and compare their effectiveness through a set of computational experiments. The results show that, in practice, there is no gain in using the disaggregated models.     

Distributed admission control for anycast flows

Anycasting has recently become an important research topic, especially for replicated servers. With anycasting, applications can request the "nearest" server for provision of desired (multimedia) service. In this paper, we study efficient distributed admission control (DAC) for anycast flows. We focus on algorithms that perform destination selection and efficient path establishment. Taking advantage of anycasting, our distributed algorithms differ from each other in their dependence on system status information. Performance data obtained through mathematical analysis and simulations show that, in terms of admission probabilities, DAC systems that are based on local status information have performance levels close to those that utilize global and dynamic status information. This renders our DAC algorithms useful not only for the network layer, but also for the application layer admission control for anycast flows.     

A new approach for designing fault-tolerant WDM networks

In recent years, path protection has emerged as a widely accepted technique for designing survivable WDM networks. This approach is attractive, since it is able to provide bandwidth guarantees in the presence of link failures. However, it requires allocating resources for backup lightpaths, which remain idle under normal fault-free conditions. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for designing fault-tolerant WDM networks, based on the concept of survivable routing. Survivable routing of a logical topology ensures that the lightpaths are routed in such a way that a single link failure does not disconnect the network. When a topology is generated using our approach, it is guaranteed to have a survivable routing. We further ensure that the logical topology is able to handle the entire traffic demand after any single link failure. We first present an ILP that optimally designs a survivable logical topology, and then propose a heuristic for larger networks. Experimental results demonstrate that this new approach is able to provide guaranteed bandwidth, and is much more efficient in terms of resource utilization, compared to both dedicated and shared path protection.     

A novel recursive shared segment protection algorithm in survivable WDM networks

This paper investigates the problem of dynamic survivable routing for shared segment protection in mesh Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. We propose a heuristic algorithm, named Recursive Shared Segment Protection (RSSP), to introduce a more flexible way to partition the working path into segments and compute the corresponding backup segments. In RSSP, the working segments cannot be determined before the backup segments are found, we adopt a recursive process to compute the backup segments one by one and then choose an optimized way to partition the working path. The calculations of every neighbor working segment and its backup segment are connected with each other. We constrain the hop count for each backup segment to insure the short failure recovery time and control the bandwidth resource utilization. Compared with the Share Path Protection (SPP), RSSP can achieve much shorter failure recovery time with a little sacrifice in bandwidth resource utilization and RSSP can also perform better compromise between the failure recovery time and the bandwidth resource utilization than the Equal-Length Segment Protection (ELSP) algorithm. We evaluate the effectiveness of RSSP and the results are found to be promising.     

基于IPv6选播路由协议的负载平衡研究

为了提高网络服务的质量,在Internet上经常采用复制的方法产生一组镜像服务器。选播是在单个发送者与一组接收者中任意一个主机之间的数据通信,选播服务可以改善网络负载分布和简化网络应用;根据路径的距离,发往某选播地址的数据包被路由到拥有该地址且最近的镜像服务器;然而,最近的镜像服务器不一定是最佳的镜像服务器。负载平衡是一种通过充分利用所提供的冗余多链路进行业务量分配的模式。基于IPv6选播路由协议,文章提出了一个新的协议模型,通过TCP连接总数确定选播地址对应的最佳服务器,有效地解决由当前选播路由协议确定的最近服务器产生网络拥塞时如何改善路由策略问题,从而实现负载平衡并提高网络的传输性能。     

Energy saving and capacity improvement potential of power control in multi-hop wireless networks

This study investigates the potential of using transmission power control in wireless packet networks with differing number of hops between source and destination nodes. Here we exploit the benefits of power control in the context of multi-hop wireless ad hoc type networks with a distributed media access control. For our investigations we choose several general ad hoc network topologies and study the effects of power control with respect to energy consumption and network capacity. We show that power control largely improves the network capacity and energy savings in all investigated scenarios, and that utilizing a greater number of intermediate hops between source and destination nodes improves the energy savings though may cause a tradeoff in capacity, depending on the network topology considered.     

Ad Hoc网络中的anycast路由算法

anycast提供一种从一组具有相同anycast地址的服务中选取最佳服务的机制。讨论了网络层使用anycast技术的特点,分析了它在移动网络中的优势,提出了一种适用于Ad Hoc网络中的按需anycast路由算法。     

Tabu search algorithm for routing,modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical network with anycast and unicast traffic

The paper presents a novel method based on the standard tabu search (TS) approach, dedicated to solve the routing, modulation and spectrum allocation (RMSA) problem in elastic optical networks (EONs). The considered formulation of the RMSA problem covers simultaneously unicast (one-to-one) and anycast (one-to-one-of-many) traffic demands. This is a very important issue taking into account the fact that anycasting gains more and more importance in contemporary Internet due the growing popularity of services like cloud computing, content delivery networks, and video streaming. In this paper, we formulate RMSA as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem and we study four different objective functions, which are related to, respectively, cost, power consumption, maximum and average spectrum usage. We evaluate the performance of our TS method based on the comparison with both optimal results yielded by the CPLEX solver and the results obtained by reference heuristic algorithms proposed in the literature. Moreover, we evaluate benefits of the use of anycasting in EONs. The performed simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other reference methods. What is more, we show that the anycast transmission can provide significant savings compared to the typical unicast transmission.     

基于蚁群算法的Ad hoc多径路由协议

针对无线移动自组织网中网络拓扑结构变化迅速,节点间移动速率快的特点,提出一种采用备份路径修复断裂链路的基于蚁群算法的无线移动自组织网路由协议-antPro协议.和传统的路由协议相比,对同一目的节点,新路由协议在源节点建立多条路由,在路由的中间节点缓存有备份路径.协议具有较好的鲁棒性,在链路断裂时采用备份路径及时恢复数据分组的传送,能很好地适应Ad hoc网络环境.     

Analysis of an anycast based overlay system for scalable service discovery and execution

Support for anycast in the IP network layer allows one source node to contact a single member out of a group of destination nodes configured with the same IP address. Due to the stateless nature of the IP protocol, subsequent packets from the same source node targeted at the same anycast group may arrive at different group members. Consequently, native IP anycast cannot be applied directly to support distributed session-based services. For this reason, an anycast overlay architecture combining the transparency offered by native anycast with support for stateful communications has been proposed. In this paper, we investigate the operational impact of deploying this overlay architecture. Performance evaluation of a data plane prototype implementation for an anycast overlay node shows that high throughput and small latency can be achieved. Additionally, we show how threshold-based update triggering, in combination with an appropriate inter-proxy update strategy, delivers control plane accuracy with minimal network overhead.     

BA-BGP:一种基于备份AS通告的域间路由协议

BGP协议通过触发全局、反应式收敛应对网络拓扑和策略变化,然而由于其收敛时间过长、收敛过程中大量AS经历不可达、环路,造成大量转发中断,难以支持VoIP、远程医疗等关键业务的应用。本文提出了一种基于备份AS通告的新型域间路由协议BA-BGP,在不影响BGP协议动态性的基础上,通过在更新报文中增加备份AS属性,使AS节点可以获取到达目标的备份AS地址,当节点面临瞬时失效时可将报文封装转发到与备份AS关联的路径,从而降低了转发中断。大量模拟实验证明,通过采用具有互联网特征的拓扑以及广泛采用的BGP策略,BA-BGP有效降低了链路失效引起的瞬时失效率与转发中断时间,增强了网络可靠性。     

IPv6任播及其安全性分析

任播作为一种网络服务模式越来越受到关注,原因是它能够选择对于客户来说最优的一个（最好是一个）服务器。对任播技术的最初研究集中在网络层,在网络层路由器自动完成选路,而应用层任播通过客户的参与带来了更多的灵活性。本文分别对两种任播技术进行了论述,重点介绍如何在应用层找到最优服务器,并对任播的安全性问题进行了分析。     

Routing with adaptive path and limited flooding for mobile ad hoc networks

In MANET, each mobile host can freely move around and the network topology is dynamically changing. To send a datagram, a source host broadcasts a route discovery packet to the network. All neighboring nodes receiving this packet will rebroadcast this packet until it reaches the destination. It will have large flooding overhead, poor network performance and undesirable battery power consumption. To improve network performance, we design a novel routing protocol called RAPLF (Routing with Adaptive Path and Limited Flooding) for mobile ad hoc networks. Simulation results show that our protocol has better performance especially in packet delivery rate and flooding overhead when compared to similar protocols.