铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法研究

铅基快堆具有良好的自然循环能力，研究其自然循环特性对提高反应堆固有安全性具有重要价值，而比例分析方法是建立合理可行铅基快堆自然循环实验台架的理论基础。本文通过无量纲化典型自然循环铅基快堆一回路系统的流体控制方程，确定主要的无量纲相似准则群；基于所构建的无量纲相似准则数对小型自然循环铅基快堆SNCLFR-10开展比例分析，获得双环路单相自然循环实验台架的几何和热工水力设计参数；对比分析额定工况下SNCLFR-10和缩比实验台架的关键热工水力参数，开展铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法验证。研究结果表明，SNCLFR-10和缩比台架的关键热工参数模拟结果比值与理论推导比例关系吻合良好，建立的铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法合理可行。      

小型自然循环铅基快堆固有安全性分析研究

自然循环反应堆一回路运行不需要设置驱动泵,具有结构简单、经济性好、固有安全性高等特点,是开发高安全性反应堆的重要发展方向。铅基冷却剂(铅或铅铋合金)的密度是水10倍以上,在相同温差下,铅基冷却剂的密度差比水更大,具有更好的自然循环能力,是设计自然循环反应堆的理想冷却剂。目前,国内外学者关于小型自然循环铅基快堆的研究主要集中于概念设计研究,关于该堆型的固有安全性研究较少,相关事故演化机理尚未明晰。本文在系统介绍小型自然循环铅基快堆的技术特点和研究现状的基础上,开展100 MW_(th)级小型自然循环铅基快堆无保护事故分析,深入探讨在极端假设事故工况下小型自然循环铅基快堆的固有安全性,为相关设计研究提供参考。     

一回路腔室结构对自然循环铅基快堆堆芯流量分配特性影响研究

堆芯流量分配特性是自然循环铅基快堆热工水力设计的重要内容,一回路腔室几何结构是影响堆芯流量分配特性的重要因素之一。利用计算流体力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)模拟小型模块化自然循环铅冷快堆(Small Modular Natural Circulation Lead-cooled Fast Reactor-10 MW,SNCLFR-10)一回路流场,分别研究一回路上腔室提升筒高度、中心测量柱半径及长度,下腔室深度、纵横比以及导流结构高度对堆芯流量分配特性的影响特性。研究结果表明:改变提升筒高度、中心测量柱半径及长度对堆芯流量分配特性影响较大;改变反应堆下腔室深度和下腔室纵横比对堆芯整体流量和流量分配特性所造成的影响不显著;在反应堆下腔室加装角状凸起形导流结构可有效改善下腔室流场,但无法有效改变堆芯流量分配特性。     

小型自然循环铅基快堆内部始发事件选取研究

始发事件是铅基反应堆确定论安全分析和概率安全评价的起点和基础,对反应堆优化设计和安全运行具有重要指导作用。本文基于小型自然循环铅基快堆SNCLFR-100当前的设计方案,参考其他先进快堆始发事件选取经验,以广义“堆芯熔化”作为顶层目标事件,采用主逻辑图（MLD）方法推导其内部始发事件,最后得到一组较完整的内部始发事件清单。本文研究可为自然循环铅基快堆安全分析工作的开展提供理论依据。      

小型自然循环铅冷快堆超功率失热阱并发瞬态分析

基于100 MW级小型自然循环铅冷快堆(SNCLFR-100)建立一回路冷却系统模型,利用RELAP5程序进行初始稳态运行验证。对有/无保护超功率失热阱并发、有保护超功率失热阱并发事故进行瞬态安全分析。结果显示:在有保护超功率失热阱并发事故过程中,停堆保护作用使反应堆处于安全状态;而对于无保护情况,由于反应性负反馈作用,500 s内反应堆实现自动停堆,冷却剂、包壳及燃料芯块温度均低于安全限值。瞬态模拟验证了该新型反应堆良好的自然循环特性与固有安全性。     

自然循环铅铋冷却快堆失热阱瞬态研究

为考察自然循环铅铋冷却快堆的自然循环与固有安全特性,利用基于中子学与热工水力学耦合方法的安全分析程序NTC-2D,对10 MW自然循环铅铋冷却快堆的无保护失热阱(ULOHS)和有保护失热阱(PLOHS)工况分别进行了模拟与分析。结果表明,对于ULOHS,冷却剂、包壳及燃料芯块温度均远低于安全限值,并且由于反应性温度负反馈,反应堆自动停堆;对于PLOHS,事故后600s内,停堆保护系统的投入使反应堆处于安全状态。瞬态模拟表明该反应堆具有良好的自然循环与固有安全特性。     

铅铋快堆一回路充排系统可靠性分析

铅铋快堆属于第四代反应堆,其一回路采用液态铅铋合金冷却.铅铋快堆一回路充排系统可以调节反应堆主容器内液态金属液位,该系统充满含有放射性物质的液态金属,其可靠性水平对反应堆运行及安全有重要影响.本文以中国科学院核能安全技术研究所·FDS团队自主设计的铅铋快堆一回路充排系统为研究对象,运用故障树分析方法对该系统进行可靠性分...     

池式铅基堆热分层现象研究综述

铅基堆具有系统简单紧凑、安全性高等优点，已成为第四代核能系统的主要发展方向。铅基堆发生事故停堆时，堆芯功率骤降、驱动泵停闭，堆芯出口冷却剂温度急剧下降且流速降低，无法冲入热池顶部与高温流体进行混合换热，只能聚集在热池底部，导致热池中发生热分层现象。热分层现象会影响堆芯的余热排出能力，并会造成反应堆容器及内构件热疲劳。本文阐述了铅基堆热分层产生的机理与危害，调研并总结了铅基堆热分层现象国内外研究进展和存在的问题，最后从理论研究、实验研究和数值模拟研究方面提出热分层的未来研究方向。     

铅铋自然循环热工水力分析程序开发

铅铋堆内冷却剂的自然循环对于反应堆的正常运行以及事故工况下的堆芯热量导出均至关重要,相关热工水力分析工作对于支持设计及安审均有重要意义。通过对铅铋堆内一回路系统内主要部件,包括堆芯、热交换器、管道等建立热工水力物理模型,开发了适用于铅铋自然循环瞬态过程模拟的热工水力分析程序,并利用铅铋自然循环回路内开展的自然循环启动实验、功率台阶影响实验等的结果进行了程序的初步验证。结果表明,程序计算得到的结果与实验结果符合较好,能够较好模拟铅铋自然循环的瞬态过程。该程序可以为铅铋堆研发过程中自然循环热工水力分析工作提供支持。     

自然循环铅冷快堆蒸汽发生器泄漏事故下的气泡迁移

蒸汽发生器传热管泄漏/破裂事故是核电厂平稳运行的安全问题之一,对铅冷快堆而言,该事故发生后,二回路的高压水迅速进入一回路,会对蒸汽发生器传热管邻近的结构、一回路的流动、一回路换热乃至堆芯的反应性产生较大影响。本文针对SNCLFR-100小型自然循环铅冷快堆,对破裂后气泡的迁移以及在反应堆的积聚进行研究,基于ANSYS FLUENT,利用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对泄漏后气泡的位置和轨迹进行了追踪,并对事故下的堆芯安全进行了一定的评估。研究表明,破裂位置、气泡尺寸以及冷却剂纯净度均会对一回路气泡的迁移产生较大的影响,当一回路液态铅含有较多杂质时,蒸汽发生器较低位置发生的泄漏事故会产生相当大的系统气泡积聚和堆芯气泡累积,从而对反应堆的正常运行产生显著影响。     

铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法研究

Lead-based fast reactors have good natural circulation capabilities, and its natural circulation characteristics is of great value to improve the inherent safety of the reactor, and the scaling analysis method is the theoretical basis for establishing a reasonable and feasible lead-based fast reactor natural circulation test facility. In this paper, the main similarity groups could be determined by using dimensionless fluid governing equations of typical natural circulation lead-based fast reactor primary cooling system. Based on the constructed dimensionless similarity groups, the scaling analysis of small natural circulation lead-based fast reactor named SNCLFR-10 was carried out to obtain the geometric and thermal hydraulic design parameters of the dual-loop single-phase natural circulation experimental facility. The scaling method of the lead-based fast reactor natural circulation test facility was verified by comparing and analyzing the key thermal and hydraulic parameters of SNCLFR-10 and the scaled-down test facility under rated conditions. The research results show that the key thermal-hydraulic parameter ratios of SNCLFR-10 and the scaled-down facility are in good agreement with the theoretically deduced ratio, and the established lead-based fast reactor natural circulation experimental facility scaling analysis method is reasonable and feasible.     

Natural circulation characteristics of lead-based reactor under long-term decay heat removal

The natural circulation of primary coolant plays an important role in removing the decay heat in Station-Black-out (SBO) accident from reactor core to decay heat removal systems, such as RVACS and PHXS cooling, for lead-based reactor. In order to study the natural circulation characteristics of primary coolant under Reactor Vessel Air Cooling System (RVACS) and primary heat exchangers (PHXs) cooling, which are crucial to the safety of lead-based reactors. A three-dimensional CFD model for the China Lead-based Research Reactor (CLEAR-I) has been built to analyze the thermal-hydraulics characteristics of primary coolant system and the cooling capability of the two systems. The abilities of the two cooling systems with different decay heat powers were discussed as well. The results demonstrated that the decay heat could be removed effectively only relying on either of the two systems. However, RVACS appeared the obvious thermal stratification phenomenon in the cold pool. Besides, with the increase in decay heat power, the natural circulation capacity of primary coolant between the two systems had a significant difference. The PHXs cooling system was stronger than the RVACS, with respect to the mass flow of primary coolant and the average temperature difference between cold pool and hot pool.     

Startup scheme optimization and flow instability of natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor SNCLFR-100

Owing to the inherent instability of the natural circulation system,flow instability can easily occur during the operation of a natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor,especially during the startup phase.A compre-hensive startup scheme for SNCLFR-100,including pri-mary and secondary circuits,is proposed in this paper.It references existing more mature startup schemes in various reactor types.It additionally considers the restriction con-ditions on the power increase in other schemes and the characteristics of lead-based coolant.On this basis,the multi-scale coupling code ATHLET-OpenFOAM was used to study the flow instability in the startup phase under different power-step amplitudes and power duration times.The results showed that obvious flow instability phenom-ena were found in the different startup schemes,such as the short-term backflow phenomenon of the core at the initial time of the startup.Moreover,an obvious increase in the flow rate and temperature to the peak value at the later stage of a continuous power rise was observed,as well as continuous oscillations before reaching a steady state.It was determined that the scheme with smaller power-step amplitude and a longer power duration time requires more time to start the reactor.Nevertheless,it will be more conducive to the safe and stable startup of the reactor.     

一种低温堆核电站的动态数学模型

针对研发的采用一体化布置、全功率自然循环的低温核反应堆电站,建立了一个可用于大功率运行范围控制系统仿真的动态数学模型.模型采用了六组缓发中子动态方程(考虑了慢化剂温度和燃料温度反应性负反馈)、集中参数的堆芯传热模型以及自然循环流动模型,重点考虑了主回路自然循环对堆芯内冷却剂和燃料棒之间的传热系数、主换热器换热系数、主回路时间常数的影响.仿真结果表明,模型能够正确反映低温堆核电站的主要动态特性,可用于电站控制系统仿真.     

An experimental study on natural circulation decay heat removal system for a loop type fast reactor

A fully natural circulation-based system is adopted in the decay heat removal system (DHRS) of an advanced loop type fast reactor. Decay heat removal by natural circulation is a significant passive safety measure against station blackout. As a representative of the advanced loop type fast reactor, DHRS of the sodium fast reactor of 1500 MWe being designed in Japan comprises a direct reactor auxiliary cooling system (DRACS), which has a dipped heat exchanger in the reactor vessel, and two units of primary reactor auxiliary cooling system (PRACS), which has a heat exchanger in the primary-side inlet plenum of an intermediate heat exchanger in each loop. The thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the plant under natural circulation conditions need to be understood for establishing a reliable natural circulation driven DHRS. In this study, sodium experiments were conducted using a plant dynamic test loop to understand the thermal-hydraulic phenomena considering natural circulation in the plant under a broad range of plant operation conditions. The sodium experiments simulating the scram transient confirmed that PRACS started up smoothly under natural circulation, and the simulated core was stably cooled after the scram. Moreover, they were conducted by varying the pressure loss coefficients of the loop as the experimental parameters. These experiments confirmed robustness of the PRACS, which the increasing of pressure loss coefficient did not affect the heat removal capacity very much due to the feedback effect of natural circulation.     

基于CFD的池式快堆多物理耦合分析方法研究

基于临界/次临界点堆中子动力学模型、燃料棒传热模型、热交换器和多孔介质等辅助热工水力模型,采用显式迭代和动态链接库技术（DLL）,利用商用计算流体力学（CFD）程序FLUENT的用户自定义函数（UDF）实现中子动力学、燃料棒热传导等和快堆堆池冷却剂流动换热的耦合计算,开发池式快堆多物理耦合计算程序CFD/PF。采用CFD/PF开展小型自然循环铅铋快堆SNCLFR-10无保护超功率事故（UTOP）模拟,并与国际知名快堆多物理耦合分析程序SIMMR-III的计算结果开展Code-to-Code对比分析。研究结果表明:CFD/PF与SIMMER-III的分析结果吻合良好,耦合程序的开发取得了初步成功,可用于分析池式快堆堆池内的复杂三维流动和换热现象。      

基于CFD的池式快堆多物理耦合分析方法研究

Based on the critical/subcritical point kinetics model, the fuel pin heat transfer model, and the auxiliary thermal hydraulic models such as the heat exchanger model and the porous media model, a multi-physical coupling code CFD/PF was developed by means of the explicit iteration method, dynamic link library technique (DLL) and user-defined functions (UDF) of FLUENT. The CFD/PF was used to carry out the simulation of SNCLFR-100 unprotected transient of over power (UTOP) of a small natural circulation LBE cooled fast reactor, and the code-to-code comparison analysis was conducted with the renowned multi-physical coupling code SIMMER-III. The results indicated that the CFD/PF simulation results are in a good agreement with SIMMER-III calculation results, and the multi-physical analysis method and code development have been achieved initial success, which can be used to analyze the complex three-dimensional flow and heat transfer phenomena in pool-type fast reactors.     

超长寿命小型自然循环铅铋快堆堆芯概念设计研究

以提高铅铋快堆的经济性与固有安全性为目标,开展100 MWt超长寿命小型自然循环铅铋快堆SPALLER-100概念设计,在选用PuN-ThN燃料和²⁰⁸Pb-Bi冷却剂的基础上,提出了一种添加固体慢化剂BeO的燃料组件设计方案,开展了堆芯布置研究和控制棒系统设计,分析了堆芯物理特性与稳态自然循环特性。结果表明：在低燃料装载量和小堆芯体积条件下,SPALLER-100堆芯换料周期达32 a,平均卸料燃耗高达210.38 MW·d/kg(HM),整个寿期内的反应性系数均为负值。稳态运行工况下燃料包壳、芯块最大温度均小于安全限值,反应堆具备一回路自然循环能力和一定流量自动分配能力。     

200MW 核供热堆的非线性动态模型

本文为２００ＭＷ核供热堆建立了一个用于大功率运行范围控制系统仿真的非线性动态模型。模型除了采用点中子动态方程、集中参数的慢化剂温度和燃料温度负反馈等压水堆控制系统常用的建模方法之外，为了使模型适用于大功率运行范围，还重点考虑了主回路自然循环对堆芯内冷却剂和燃料棒之间的传热系数、主换热器换热系数、主回路时间常数的影响，以及二回路流量变化引入的非线性。仿真结果表明，模型具有较高的精度，可用于控制系统仿真。