三相流化床反应器流体流动的数值模拟

从最早的一维分散模型到目前普遍应用于气液固三相流流态化的二维双流体模型以及气液固三流体模型 ,该文对气液固三相流流动的模拟理论作了综述。对三相流化床反应器的设计和预测放大起着直接指导作用     

循环流化床研究进展

循环流化床作为反应器或接触器具有其它多相反应器不可比拟的优势,在社会生产中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了气固循环流化床的发展、主要应用工艺、反应器型式及人们对气固循环流化床反应器关键结构、流体力学、传热和传质方面的研究。简单介绍了液固及气液固三相循环流化床的研究和应用。     

气升式环流反应器数值模拟研究进展

气升式环流反应器是一种结构简单,传质、传热效率高的多相反应器,反应器性能受物性参数和结构参数的影响,由于两相和三相流的复杂性,使得其在工业化设计放大和应用过程中存在困难。论述了气升式环流反应器内相间作用力类别和计算模型,对应用于气升式环流反应器模拟计算的简化模型、两相流模型和k-ε湍流模型进行总结,在分析现阶段气液两相流理论的基础上,明确反应器内不同流动形态下相间作用力、气泡的分散机理、气泡对湍流的影响、流动模拟模型的选取标准,能有效提高气升式环流反应器模拟的准确性及模型的普适性,为反应器的设计放大及传质模拟计算提供更加可靠的理论依据。     

内置强化循环元件的多相反应器传质特性研究

提出了一种多级导流筒的强化循环元件,研究了强化循环元件对气液固三相搅拌槽反应器内气液传质特性的影响,同时提出了比气液体积传质速率的概念,综合评价了搅拌转速、固含量以及通气速率对多相反应器内传质特性的影响,自此基础上,建立了比气液体积传质速率的经验公式,为反应器的工业放大提供了理论依据。     

渣油加氢沸腾床的多相流流动特性模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉-欧拉三相流模型,对STRONG沸腾床渣油加氢反应器进行了二维冷模多相流动过程模拟。其中液-固相间作用力采用Syamlal-O’Brien模型,气-液相间作用力采用Schiller-naumann模型,忽略气固之间的作用力。由气含率、液含率、固含率云图随时间的变化,可以看出催化剂在气液两相的作用下,逐渐实现了流化;在三相分离器的作用下,气相、液相、固相实现了分离,气相富集在三相分离器上端,液相从侧出口流出,固相在流化床内实现了循环利用。同时模拟结果表明,三相分离器分离效果理想,但是在局部截面积较小和结构复杂地方会出现局部湍流,不利于分离的进行。     

多相搅拌槽内宏观混合研究进展

多相搅拌槽反应器广泛应用于化工、冶金等过程工业中,而多相混合状态对于多相搅拌槽反应器的设计、优化和放大具有重要意义.混合时间是表征其宏观混合过程的一个重要参数.文中从实验和数值模拟二方面对多相搅拌槽反应器的液相混合时间研究进行综述,对气液、液固、液液、气液固4种体系的多相搅拌槽进行了分类总结,讨论了分散相、桨型、转速、...     

三相流化床传热模型与计算式分析

为了增强对汽(气)-液-固三相流传热过程的基础理解,并为理论研究和工业应用提供有价值的信息,对三相流化床传热模型与计算式进行分析和比较。结果表明,在各种传热计算式和机理模型中,无因次准数关联式的预测精确度最高;建立反映传热机理的模型与计算式,开展多相流非线性研究和传热数值模拟是未来的研究方向。     

固体颗粒对三相气升式环流反应器流动特性的影响

将液相视为连续相,气相和固相视为分散相,同时考虑各相之间的相互作用,结合气液固三相流体的动力学理论,建立气液固三相环流反应器三流体湍流流动的Eulerian模型.采用计算模拟软件Fluent对三相环流反应器的流动状况进行模拟,考察表观气速、固含率、颗粒大小对反应器的气含率以及液体流动速度的影响.模拟结果较好地解释了气升式环流反应器内的三相流体行为,模型与实验结果较好地吻合,表明了模型的可行性.     

气(汽)-液-固三相流研究进展

纵观气 -液 -固三相流研究进展 ,大体上出现了三种趋势 :(1 )为实际应用而开发新型的三相循环流化床 ;(2 )对床内的汽泡行为和粒子行为进行基础研究 ;(3 )以计算流体力学和气液、气固以及固固相间流体力学理论为基础 ,依靠计算机模拟来进行设计优化和放大服务     

循环流态化（Ⅰ）

循环流态化是近年来化学工程中最活跃的研究领域之一,是既具有重大的工业应用背景,又具有重要学术理论价值的研究课题。为了有利于我国对这一技术的研究与应用,本文试图较全面地介绍:一、循环流态化技术的发展及工业应用二、循环流态化的存在区域三、循环流态化气、固流动规律四、循环流态化气、固流动模型五、循环流态化气、固混合及传递规律六、循环流化床反应器及其数学模型七、循环流化床反应器设计及放大文中将充分介绍我国在循环流态化基础研究与应用方面的成果,同时努力体现循环流态化技术研究的前沿。     

液固和气液固微型流态化研究进展

在百年流态化的研究过程中,涉及到直径不同的流化床。但是,多以流化床的大型化为研究目标,对微型流化床及其本身特性的研究很少。作为专门处理固体颗粒的流态化单元过程,其装置的微型化将兼具微通道反应器和宏观流化床各自的优点,是流态化研究的重要方向。鉴于气固微型流化床已有全面的国内外进展综述,本文仅对液固和气液固微型流化床的国内外研究进展进行分析。结论性内容包括：液固微型流化床床径减小,壁面效应增强,最小流化液速实验值大于Ergun公式计算值;需对描述液固均匀膨胀流化规律的Richardson-Zaki方程加以修正。气液固微型流化床内存在4种典型流型：半流化、弹状流、分散鼓泡流和液体输送流;由于床径减小,出现半流化状态,依据压降表观液速关系曲线等无法确定最小流化液速;气液固微型流化床的反应性能得以有效提升;最后给出了进一步研究的方向,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

流化床电化学反应器研究进展

流化床电化学反应器是一种三维颗粒电极反应器,以其比表面积大、传质速率高而备受关注。就流化床电化学反应器在导电机理、数学模型、结构放大以及应用领域的研究现状和进展进行了综述,阐明了该类反应器开发、设计和模型化方面存在的问题,并提出了研究方向。     

磁稳流化床研究与应用进展

磁稳流化床（MSFB）作为一种新型反应器,兼具固定床和流化床的众多优点,具有巨大的应用前景。本文综述了MSFB近年来在基础研究和应用上取得的进展。基础研究方面主要介绍了磁场强度和液相流速对床层结构的影响,以及床层空隙率、操作稳定性和传递特性等研究情况;应用方面介绍了MSFB在生物化工、能源和环境工程等领域的应用。最后分析了MSFB目前存在的不足,如对于一定的反应体系未找到相应合适的磁性催化剂、操作温度高于磁性载体的居里温度时,MSFB将无法操作、磁场发生装置释放出大量的热量对磁性载体和反应过程产生影响、难以确定稳定操作区域。并指出其今后的主要研究方向为磁性载体催化剂的研究与开发及对MSFB的稳定性判据、传热、传质、强化反应过程机理、反应器放大规律、工业化应用装置设计等方面的研究。     

流化床-化学气相沉积技术在先进核燃料制备中的应用进展

流化床-化学气相沉积（FB-CVD）技术是化工流化床技术和材料化学气相沉积制备技术的交叉耦合,兼有流化床处理量大、传热快、温度均匀以及化学气相沉积温度调节范围广、产物丰富多样等优点,其在先进核燃料制备中有着重要的应用,但随着先进核燃料“质”和“量”的不断发展要求,现有的FB-CVD技术有许多方面亟待完善。本文回顾了作者课题组利用流化床-化学气相沉积在高温气冷堆TRISO核燃料颗粒、先进核燃料包覆颗粒、核燃料示踪颗粒、基体SiC纳米颗粒、SiC@Al₂O₃复合纳米颗粒等方面的研究进展,阐述了基本方法、实验过程和典型研究结果,并分析了流化床-化学气相沉积过程中遇到的实际问题。指出了FB-CVD技术未来发展方向,主要涉及反应器规模化放大和连续性生产、孔口沉积消除及温区控制、粉体制备中的纳米颗粒连续收集、新型反应器及工艺设计等方面,具体包括高密度颗粒稳定流化放大准则、床层局部温区控制以及分区流化床结构设计等。     

(气)-液-固循环流化床的研究进展

液-固(L-s)和气-液-固(G-L-s)循环流化床与传统流化床相比具有许多优点。但对L-S和G-L-S循环流化床的研究报道与气一固循环流化床相比较少。由于新加工过程和生物技术的兴起．拓宽了L-S和G-L-S循环流化床的应用新领域。为了理解和掌握这两种液相循环流化床的流动特性,对其近期的研究进展进行了回顾,并对其在生物化工中的应用前景进行了展望。     

三相逆流化床的研究进展与展望

三相逆流化床(TPIFB)作为一种新型的流化床反应器,具有诸多优点及巨大的应用前景。本文首先介绍了TPIFB的结构、原理和特点,综述了TPIFB基础研究和应用研究。基础研究的阐述主要包括:流型、压力降、最小流化速度、相含率、停留时间分布、气泡行为、传质和传热等流体力学特性的重要性;操作条件和流体物性对这些流体力学特性的影响规律;一些重要流体力学特性参数的数学模型及数值模拟研究等。TPIFB应用研究主要介绍了其在装置优化、含油废水处理及其他工业废水处理等方面的研究进展和主要成果。最后指出TPIFB瞬态和微观研究较少、实验研究方法单一、实验结论缺少定量关系、实验模型和方法存在局限性、应用性研究少而分散等是目前阻碍TPIFB工业化应用的主要问题,并展望了其今后的主要研究方向,包括反应器装置设计和开发、数值模拟结合实验考察TPIFB瞬态和微观特征、过程优化机理模型与反应器模型的建立、反应器放大及应用性研究。     

化工流化床技术在铀燃料循环工业中的应用

阐述了化工流化床技术在铀燃料循环工业各个过程中的具体应用,包括铀矿石浸析、铀化学转化、铀同位素富集、水堆燃料元件制备、高温气冷堆燃料元件制造、乏燃料后处理、铀燃料工业三废处理以及新型流化床核反应堆概念设计等过程。概述了各种应用流化床的类型和构造,结合具体应用过程评价了各种流化床的设计特性和优缺点,展望了流化床技术在铀燃料循环工业中的未来发展方向和广阔应用前景。指出必须结合我国核电快速发展的新趋势和新要求,加大针对铀燃料工业中的流化床应用技术研究,特别是气固流化床的基础研究工作。     

Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.     

Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.     

Mathematische Modellierung von Wirbelschichtreaktoren

Mathematical modelling of fluidized bed reactors . Among the many fluidized bed models to be found in the literature, the two-phase model originally proposed by May has proved most suitable for accommodation of recent advances in flow mechanics: this model resolves the gas/solids fluidized bed into a bubble phase and a suspension phase surrounding the bubbles. Its limitation to slow reactions is a disadvantage. On the basis of the analogy between fluidized beds and gas/liquid systems, a general two-phase model that is valid for fast reactions has therefore been developed and its validity is confirmed by comparison with the experimental results obtained by other authors. The model describes mass transfer across the phase interface with the aid of the film theory known from gas/liquid reactor technology, and the reaction occurring in the suspension phase as a pseudo-homogeneous reaction. Since the dependence of the performance of fluidized bed reactors upon geometry is accounted for, the model can also be used for scale-up calculations. Its use is illustrated with the aid of design diagrams.