新型喹啉类Gemini表面活性剂的合成及界面吸附

以6-氨基喹啉、三光气、三乙胺为原料合成了对称的喹啉脲,其与3种溴代烷进行季铵化反应合成了3种喹啉双季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,其结构经FTIR、~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR和ESI-MS确证。对中间体喹啉脲及目标产物喹啉Gemini表面活性剂的合成条件进行了优化。合成中间体喹啉脲的最佳反应条件为:二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,n(6-氨基喹啉)∶n(三光气)=5∶1,反应时间为6 h,1,3-二-6-喹啉基脲的收率可达88%。合成喹啉类Gemini表面活性剂的最佳反应条件为:中间体喹啉脲(a)(3.2 g,10.2 mmol),DMF(15 mL)为溶剂,反应温度为110℃,n(1,3-二-6-喹啉基脲)∶n(溴代十二烷)=1∶14,反应时间为8 h,收率可达74%。对目标产物喹啉Gemini表面活性剂在三氯甲烷-水体系中的界面张力进行了测定,结果表明:喹啉Gemini表面活性剂在三氯甲烷溶液内扩散到三氯甲烷-水界面是由纯扩散吸附控制。     

一种新型吡啶Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以3-氨基吡啶和固体光气为原料,一锅法合成中间体1,3-二(3-吡啶基)脲,然后再与溴代十二烷进行季铵化反应,生成了新型的吡啶阳离子Gemini表面活性剂。通过单因素试验法优化了反应条件,得到较佳工艺条件为:n(3-氨基吡啶)∶n(固体光气)=5∶1,二氯甲烷作反应溶剂,反应5h,得到产率为78%的中间体;n(中间体)∶n(溴代十二烷)=1∶10,110℃反应5 h,得到产率为90%的吡啶Gemini表面活性剂。通过FT-IR,~1H NMR,13C NMR和ESI-MS对所得产物的结构进行了表征,并对其表面活性进行了研究。结果表明,该Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.67×10~(-4)mol/L,γcmc为30.7 m N/m。     

m-n-m型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以N,N-二甲基十四胺和1,8-二溴辛烷反应生成了14-8-14型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂,通过单因素试验优化了反应条件,确定较佳合成条件为:N,N-二甲基胺的用量为5 mmol,N,N-二甲基胺与二溴烷烃的摩尔比为2.2:1,溶剂乙腈用量为10 mL,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为24 h,在此条件下合成了24种m-n-m型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂,大部分反应的收率大于80%。采用吊环法对产物的表面张力进行了测定,分别研究了疏水烷基链、连接基对Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂表面活性的影响,研究发现,当连接基n相同时,随着疏水烷基链的增长(m10时),Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂的表面张力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,14-n-14型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂呈现出最好的表面活性;当疏水烷基链m=14时,随着连接基n的增大,Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂的表面张力呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

Gemini季铵盐粘土稳定剂的合成及其防膨性能评价

采用环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺为原料合成了粘土稳定剂Gemini季铵盐,探讨了合成条件并测试了其防膨性能.确定Gemini季铵盐的最佳合成条件如下:反应温度为96℃,反应时间为8 h,n(三甲胺):n(三甲胺盐酸盐):n(环氧氯丙烷)为1.2:1:1,反应溶剂选用醇-水混合溶剂,溶剂占反应体系总质量的35%.此时所得产物收率为86.5%.该Gemini阳离子表面活性剂防止粘土膨胀性能良好,防膨率达到88.7%.     

Bola型非对称阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以α,ω-二溴代烷、丁基咪唑和三丁基膦为原料经过二步反应合成了3种Bola型非对称阳离子表面活性剂。中间体1-(12-溴十二烷基)-3-丁基咪唑溴盐的较佳合成工艺条件为:n(丁基咪唑)∶n(1,12-二溴十二烷)∶n(四丁基碘化铵)=1∶1.5∶0.005,异丙醇作溶剂,反应温度65℃,反应时间6 h;Bola型表面活性剂的合成工艺条件为:n(1-(12-溴十二烷基)-3-丁基咪唑溴盐)∶n(三丁基膦)=1.05∶1,微波辅助反应,反应温度80℃,反应时间12 h。所合成的Bola型表面活性剂表现出了优良的表面活性,30℃时cmc在5.7×10-3~8.7×10-2mol·L-1之间、γcmc在30~36 m N·m-1之间;随着碳链长度的增长,其cmc,γcmc及分子最小横截面积(Amin)逐渐减小,饱和吸附量(Γmax)和吸附效率(pc20)逐渐增大。     

含酯基Gemini季铵盐柔软剂的合成工艺研究

以2-二甲氨基乙醇、硬脂酸为原料,合成了二甲基硬脂酸乙酯基叔胺,再与由十八烷基二甲基叔胺(DMA18)和环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为原料合成的中间体氯化铵反应,合成了一种含酯基的Gemini季铵盐柔软剂。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了反应的影响因素。确定二甲基硬脂酸乙酯基叔胺的优化工艺条件为:n(2-二甲氨基乙醇)∶n(硬脂酸)=1.15∶1,反应温度100～110℃,m(甲苯)∶m(2-二甲氨基乙醇)=1.3∶1,反应时间7h,w(次磷酸)=1.0%,收率达96.6%以上;中间体氯化铵的优化工艺条件为:n(ECH)∶n(DMA18)=0.95:1,w(异丙醇)=50%,反应温度40～50℃,反应时间60min,收率达90.9%以上;含酯基Gemini季铵盐柔软剂的优化工艺条件为:n(中间体氯化铵)∶n(二甲基硬脂酸乙酯基叔胺)=1∶1.1;反应温度100℃;反应时间10h,收率达95.3%以上。该合成工艺已在河南省道纯化工技术有限公司成功进行了500L中试。     

喹啉杂环类中间体6-溴-4-氯-3-硝基喹啉的合成研究

通过以6-溴-3-硝基-4-羟基喹啉、草酰氯为主要原料,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为催化剂,二氯甲烷为溶剂合成了6-溴-4-氯-3-硝基喹啉。主要考查了反应物配比、催化剂用量、反应时间和溶剂用量等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明,优化反应条件为:n(6-溴-3-硝基-4-羟基喹啉)∶n(草酰氯)∶n(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)=1.0∶1.5∶0.08,反应时间2 h时,收率为93.44%,质量分数达99.6%。该合成方法操作简单,环境污染少,有工业应用前景。     

2-氯-6-甲氧基-9-烷基嘌呤化合物的合成

以2-氨基-6-氯嘌呤为原料,通过烃基化反应、重氮化反应和烷氧基化反应,得到2-氯-6-甲氧基-9-烷基嘌呤化合物,其结构经MS、1HNMR和元素分析等方法确认。探讨了溶剂选择、原料配比、催化剂和反应温度等因素对N9-烃基化反应的影响,其最优反应条件为:以DMF为溶剂,碳酸钾为缚酸剂,苄基三乙基氯化铵为相转移催化剂,n(2-氨基-6-氯嘌呤)∶n(溴代烷)=1∶3,n(溴代烷)∶n(碳酸钾)=1∶1.5,与碳酸钾等物质的量的苄基三乙基氯化铵,反应温度为20℃,烃基化反应收率可达76%以上。     

生物质腰果酚基Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

采用生物质原料腰果酚与1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸反应合成了一种新型绿色腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂。并通过单因素实验对双醚反应进行条件优化,得到较优的反应条件:n(腰果酚)∶n(1,4-二溴丁烷)=2.10∶1,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为8 h,收率为85.16%。采用红外光谱和元素分析对双醚中间体和目标产物进行了结构表征。对合成的腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂进行了性能测定,并与传统的单基表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠进行了对比,其γcmc为35.06 m N/m,低于十二烷基苯磺酸钠(39.2 m N/m),CMC为0.05 mmol/L,比十二烷基苯磺酸钠(1.6 mmol/L)低2个数量级。同时,具有比十二烷基苯磺酸钠更好的起泡性和乳化性能,表现出良好的表面活性。     

新型两性Gemini表面活性剂的合成及工艺条件优化

利用两步法合成了双季铵盐一羧甲基钠盐新型两性Gemini表面活性剂,表征了结构,探讨了表面活性,优化了合成工艺条件。研究结果表明：合成产物结构与设计目标相符,表面活性优于双季铵盐阳离子Gemini表面活性剂及传统两性表面活性剂;两步最佳合成条件分别为：n叔胺：n盐酸盐：“环氧氯丙烷为2．2：1．1：1．0,反应时间16h,溶剂采用正丙醇;n双季铵盐：n氯乙酸为1．0：1．5,反应温度50℃,反应时间3．5h,NaOH浓度为20％,产物收率96．8％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。