稀土对L360管线钢低温冲击性能的影响

工业化生产L360RE管线钢,研究了微量稀土对L360钢中夹杂物变质以及热轧组织和低温冲击性能的影响。结果表明,L360管线钢中添加0.0062%的稀土,可使O、S含量显著降低,钢液的洁净度显著提高;夹杂物种类由MnS夹杂物和Al₂O₃-CaO复合夹杂物转变成含稀土的RE₂O₂S夹杂物,且大尺寸的长条状或不规则形状的夹杂物转变为小尺寸的球状夹杂物;晶粒尺寸减小,显微组织细化;室温至-60℃的横向冲击能量均增加。-60℃下,L360RE管线钢的横向冲击吸收能量较L360管线钢提高了19.2%。     

稀土对A572.Gr65钢夹杂物及低温冲击性能的影响

为了研究不同含量混合稀土(Ce/La)对A572.Gr65钢低温冲击性能的影响,对A572.Gr65钢在-40 ℃和-60 ℃下进行低温冲击试验,并使用OM观测显微组织,利用SEM结合EDS观测夹杂物及断口形貌并检测其化学成分。结果表明,稀土可以明显变质A572.Gr65钢中夹杂物,将不规则的Al₂O₃和Al₂O₃-CaO夹杂物变质为球状稀土夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸由5 μm减小至不足2 μm。加入稀土后钢的低温冲击性能有明显提升,当稀土含量达到0.0057%时,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量由未添加稀土的317.4 J升至343.6 J,提升了8.2%;-60 ℃冲击吸收能量由未添加稀土的288.0 J升至328.1 J,提升了13.9%。     

保温时间对U75V重轨钢中夹杂物的影响

通过真空感应炉冶炼U75V重轨钢,在箱式电阻炉中将试样加热到1100 ℃,分别保温30、60、90 min,使用扫描电镜对夹杂物进行分析。结果表明,未经热处理的试验钢中,夹杂物类型主要有3种,分别为MnS、Al₂O₃及MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物。长条状MnS夹杂物随保温时间的延长有分裂趋势,保温90 min时,MnS夹杂物平均圆形度为1.86,与未经热处理的试样相比,圆形度降低了1.52。Al₂O₃夹杂物在保温30、60 min时,形态、大小变化不大,但数量减少,保温90 min时,部分Al₂O₃夹杂物尖锐棱角发生钝化,圆形度略微减小。试样经1100 ℃均热处理后,复合夹杂物增多,随着保温时间的延长,MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物中MnS和Al₂O₃成分分布发生变化,外层的Al₂O₃有向内部运动的趋势,保温90 min时,夹杂物内部Al₂O₃富集,外包裹层中Al₂O₃含量极低,MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物逐渐形成以Al₂O₃为核心,MnS外层包裹的复合型夹杂物,从而减小了对钢基体的损伤。     

稀土处理HRB400E钢洁净度研究

为了研究稀土对HRB400E螺纹钢中夹杂物成分和形貌的影响,对稀土处理后螺纹钢中可能存在的夹杂物进行热力学计算,并通过扫描电镜及能谱仪对稀土处理前后 HRB400E钢中夹杂物进行了表征和分析。结果表明,稀土可在现场冶炼时加入到螺纹钢中并且质量分数达到0.003 2%;稀土有净化钢液的作用,使钢中S质量分数从0.018%降低到0.004%,降低了77.78%;热力学计算表明,稀土质量分数为0.003 2%时,夹杂物生成的可能性由高到低为REAlO₃、RE₂O₂S、Al₂O₃。稀土对HRB400E钢中硫、氧化夹杂物有良好的改质效果,将夹杂物变质为RE₂O₂S和REAlO₃,稀土元素与S结合使钢中MnS夹杂的析出减少,有利于钢材综合性能的提升。     

稀土Ce对非调质钢中硫化物特征及微观组织的影响

通过稀土Ce微合金化手段,采用SEM、EDS和ASPEX等手段对不同Ce含量的非调质钢中的夹杂物形貌、数量和尺寸以及实验用钢的显微组织进行了表征,结合Thermo-Calc热力学软件对含Ce硫化物夹杂的形成过程进行了分析,并通过三维原子探针（3DAP）对晶界和相界面处的元素分布进行表征。结果表明,Ce在1800℃与S结合形成Ce₃S₄夹杂,1480℃转变为Ce₂S₃夹杂,1480℃以下形成Ce₂S₃为内核,Ti₄C₂S₂和Mn S包覆生长的复合夹杂物;添加Ce元素的实验用钢中90%以上的夹杂物的长径比小于2.5;Ce含量为0.019%（质量分数）时,实验用钢的组织最细,平均晶粒尺寸为4.17μm。3DAP的结果证明了Ce在晶界和相界处存在明显偏聚,阻碍了C扩散,抑制晶粒长大,另外,高温区形成的细小弥散含Ce夹杂物提供了形核质点,2者共同作用细化了非调质钢的组织。     

10B21微合金钢生产工艺全流程洁净度分析

为了探究影响10B21钢生产稳定性的因素,提高钢材的质量,满足客户需求,对全流程洁净钢夹杂物进行取样分析。结果表明,全流程各工位的夹杂物的类型主要为7种类型,分别为CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-CaS-TiN、CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-CaS、Al₂O₃、MnS、MnS-Al₂O₃、Al₂O₃-TiN和MnS-TiN,除了转炉工位的样品夹杂物类型相对复杂,其余工位夹杂物主要是CaS-Al₂O₃-MgO-CaO-TiN,不同炉次氧氮含量波动较大,尤其是转炉终点氧含量控制不稳定,LF精炼过程中夹杂物变化幅度大,且软吹操作后生成尺寸为80~100 μm的大型球状夹杂物,其主要成分是CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-CaS-TiN,即以氧化钙氧化铝为形核中心外部伴生有氧化镁并被硫化钙以及氮化钛包裹的形式存在,该成分的夹杂物在LF精炼喂钙线后开始生成,由于精炼渣流动性低,对钢液覆盖效果差,易发生二次氧化,使得夹杂物在软吹阶段明显聚集长大。     

取向硅钢夹杂物控制

取向硅钢夹杂物的类型、含量和尺寸对磁性能有重要影响,针对在转炉出钢过程加入硅铁进行合金化的工艺,在转炉出钢、RH精炼全过程取样,对钢中的夹杂物进行了分析。转炉出钢脱氧合金化后形成的夹杂物主要是氧化铝和硅酸铝,尺寸约为20 μm。保持RH炉渣碱度为1.4~1.6,使炉渣处于低熔点区。RH处理后钢中全氧质量分数平均值降低到0.001 2%。取向硅钢热轧板中夹杂物主要为凝固过程中析出的MnS,MnS与Al₂O₃的球状或短棒状的复合夹杂物,尺寸为1~2 μm,对磁性能影响较小。     

稀土元素La对300M钢疲劳性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、疲劳断口形貌及裂纹源非金属夹杂物扫描电镜分析等方法,研究了稀土元素La对300M钢常规力学及高周疲劳性能的影响,以及稀土La对300M钢非金属夹杂物形态及尺寸的改性作用。结果表明:添加0.006%(质量分数)的稀土La对300M钢的常规力学性能影响较小,却显著提高300M钢的高周疲劳性能;300M钢加入稀土La后,其疲劳极限σ_-1由867 MPa提高至940 MPa;添加稀土La改性后的钢中夹杂物尺寸变大,并转变为含S、O的稀土夹杂物,其硬度、弹性模量、膨胀系数与钢基体更接近,有效减小了夹杂处的应力集中,有利于提高钢的高周疲劳性能。     

稀土氧化钇对高强度钢焊条熔敷金属组织和性能影响

基于Ni-Cr-Mo-V合金体系,研究了稀土氧化钇对800 MPa高强度钢焊条焊缝微观组织和性能的影响.结果表明,Y₂O₃含量在0~0.02%范围内变化时,随着Y₂O₃含量的增加,焊缝熔敷金属组织中先共析铁素体逐渐降低,针状铁素体含量逐渐增加,强度和低温冲击韧性均逐渐增加,且当Y₂O₃含量为0.02%时,焊缝熔敷金属低温冲击韧性达到最大值;当Y₂O₃含量超过0.02%时,焊缝熔敷金属组织中针状铁素体含量下降,低温冲击韧性降低.综合考虑上述因素,该高强度钢焊条中Y₂O₃最佳添加量为0.02%左右.     

镍基高温合金K417G与氧化物耐火材料的界面反应

研究了1600℃温度下Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、Y₂O₃稳定ZrO₂、CaO稳定ZrO₂和Y₂O₃共6种材料坩埚与镍基高温合金K417G熔体的界面反应。结果表明：熔体对Al₂O₃坩埚以物理侵蚀为主,但坩埚易剥落导致合金中含有Al₂O₃夹杂物;CaO坩埚与合金界面处生成了液相Ca₃Al₂O₆,促进熔体与CaO之间的润湿性,导致界面处粘连严重;MgO坩埚与熔体中Al反应生成Mg Al₂O₄并进入合金生成夹杂物;Y₂O₃稳定ZrO₂坩埚与合金界面处生成Al₂O₃反应层,但是Al₂O_3...     

铈-硫易切削钢平衡析出相热力学计算与分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对铈-硫易切削钢300~1500 ℃范围内的析出相进行了热力学计算,并得到了平衡凝固相变路径图。此外,还讨论了Ce、S含量对Ce₂O₂S平衡相的影响和S、Mn含量对MnS平衡相的影响。结果表明,铈-硫易切削钢中平衡析出相主要有Ferrite、Ce₂O₂S、Corundum、Austenite、M₂(C,N)、Liquid、M₂₃C₆、MnS、Sigma、Spinel与M(C,N);随着Ce含量增加,Ce₂O₂S的析出量逐渐增加,但是S含量变化对Ce₂O₂S相的析出几乎没有影响;随着S含量增加,MnS平衡相的析出量逐渐增加,析出温度也逐渐增高,Mn含量变化对MnS相的析出量几乎没有影响,但Mn含量增加会使MnS析出温度升高;铈-硫易切削不锈钢铸坯中的硫化物呈球形、椭球形、纺锤形或短棒状并以簇状沿晶界分布,属于第Ⅱ类硫化物;通过添加稀土Ce,铈-硫易切削钢中球形稀土复合夹杂物所占比例较高,长宽比≤3的硫化物占比达到84.86%,硫化物的形态控制取得了较好的效果。     

ICP-MS direct determination of trace amounts of rare earth impurities in various rare earth oxides with only one standard series

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method with just one standard series for direct determination of trace rare earth impurities in various rare earth oxides was developed. The spectral interference in ICP-MS analysis of high-purity neodymium (Nd₂O₃) was thoroughly estimated. For the investigation of matrix effect, high-purity Y₂O₃ was used as model sample and the experimental results showed that the maximal matrix tolerant amount obtained by stepwise dilution method is comparable to that obtained by conventional method with the use of higher purity Y₂O₃ as matrix. Under the selected conditions, no obvious matrix effect can be found with the matrix (Y) concentration of less than 500 μg mL⁻¹. For real sample analysis, 100 μg mL⁻¹ of matrix was chosen as the sample concentration. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of trace rare earth impurities in different high-purity rare earth oxides (Y₂O₃, Pr₆O₁₁, Nd₂O₃, Dy₂O₃, Er₂O₃), and the analytical results obtained were in good agreement with the recommended values. The detection limits of the method for rare earth elements were 1–21 ng L⁻¹ with the R.S.D varying between 2.9 and 7.8%, and the percentage recovery ranged from 93 to 115% for the spiked samples. This method was characterized with simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, small sample amount required, and no internal standard/matrix matching requirements.     

TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES CONTAINING THREE TYPES OF RARE EARTH OXIDES

Three types of tungsten electrodes containing three rare earth oxides, namely Y₂O₃, La₂O₃, and CeO₂ and one with Y₂O₃ and CeO₂ were prepared, in which the total contents of rare earth oxides are 2.2% in mass, and the characteristics of these electrode materials were studied. By TIG welding, the welding characteristics including arc starting, arc static properties and electrode consumption of these electrodes were also analyzed. The results suggest that the electrodes added three rare earth oxides are more favorable for processing than that added two rare earth oxides. All the electrodes activated with two or more rare earth oxides are more superior to W-ThO₂ in operating, and the electrode combined with Y₂O₃ and CeO₂ shows the best properties when it is used at a heavy current for a long time. The analyses of the results of electrode consumption indicates that the rim forming during arcing is one of the important reasons for electrode's heavy erosion, and the increased Y₂O₃ content in electrodes is beneficial to retard the formation of rim, and leads to the improvement of consumption resistance of the electrodes.     

淬回火对10Cr5MoVRE钢组织性能的影响及其第二相析出行为

以10Cr5MoVRE钢为研究对象,对轧态及淬回火(QT)态试样组织性能进行对比研究,利用TEM和能谱仪对QT态试样析出物进行观察分析。力学性能检测结果表明,QT态试样获得了较好的强韧性配比,相较于轧态试样,QT态试样伸长率提高了93.8%,0 ℃条件下的冲击吸收能量提高了6倍以上。借助SEM观察的轧态及QT态10Cr5MoVRE试验钢低温冲击断口形貌,轧态试样的低温冲击断口形貌为脆性解理断裂,QT态的为韧性韧窝断裂。借助OM观察分析,轧态试样组织为粒状贝氏体而QT态为回火索氏体。QT态10Cr5MoVRE钢第二相析出物的TEM观察分析结果表明,碳化物析出相主要是碳化钒、碳化钼及碳化铬形成的复合相,显微夹杂物析出相则是Al₂O₃、MnS、Ca₃(PO₄)₂及稀土化合物等组成的复合夹杂物。     

Q195热轧带钢凝固冷却过程非金属夹杂物生成热力学及工业实践

为了控制Q195钢中非金属夹杂物在凝固冷却过程的转变,采用ASPEX自动扫描电镜研究了实际生产凝固冷却过程夹杂物的转变,并用FactSage软件理论计算了这一过程夹杂物转变的热力学原理。研究结果表明:Si-Mn-Al复合脱氧Q195热轧带钢中间包内夹杂物主要成分为SiO2-MnO-Al2O3,连铸坯中硫化物夹杂质量分数急剧升高,氧化物夹杂中SiO2质量分数升高,MnO质量分数下降。钢中夹杂物成分与尺寸有明显对应关系,中间包内夹杂物尺寸越大,Al2O3质量分数越多,SiO2质量分数越低;铸坯中夹杂物尺寸越小,MnS质量分数越高,氧化物夹杂尺寸越小,SiO2质量分数越高。FactSage热力学计算表明,在钢凝固冷却过程,钢中会析出SiO2相、Mn2Al4Si5O18相和MnS相,析出相尺寸一般较小,使小尺寸夹杂物中SiO2和MnS质量分数升高,热力学理论计算可以较好地解释夹杂物成分在凝固冷却过程的转变。     

In situ technique for synthesizing multiple ceramic particulates reinforced titanium matrix composites (TiB + TiC + Y2O3)/Ti

In situ synthesized titanium matrix composites reinforced with multiple ceramic particulates including TiB, TiC and Y₂O₃ were fabricated by non-consumable arc-melting technique utilizing the chemical reaction among Ti, B₂O₃, B₄C and Y. The thermodynamic feasibility of the in situ reactions has been considered. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases in the composites. Microstructures of the composites were observed by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe. It is concluded that multiple reinforcements are synthesized and they show different shapes: TiB grows in needle shape; TiC grows in near-equiaxed and rod-like shapes; Y₂O₃ grows in near-equiaxed shapes when the content of Y is 0.6 wt.% and grows in dendritic shapes when the content of Y increases to 1.8 wt.%. Reinforcements TiB, TiC and Y₂O₃ are distributed uniformly in the titanium matrix.     

稀土Ce对含Cu低温取向硅钢铸态析出物的影响

采用激光共聚焦显微镜和透射电镜探究了稀土元素Ce对含Cu取向硅钢铸态组织和析出物的影响。结果表明,稀土元素Ce对含Cu取向硅钢铸态的组织能起到细化晶粒的作用;未加Ce的铸锭中存在粗大的(Cu,Mn)S+AlN粗大复合析出物,以及少量MnS和Cu₂S单独析出物;稀土Ce的加入不改变析出物的类型,但使析出物数量明显减少、尺寸有所增大。