Plastic shrinkage of mortars with shrinkage reducing admixture and lightweight aggregates studied by neutron tomography

Water transport in fresh, highly permeable concrete and rapid water evaporation from the concrete surface during the first few hours after placement are the key parameters influencing plastic shrinkage cracking. In this work, neutron tomography was used to determine both the water loss from the concrete surface due to evaporation and the redistribution of fluid that occurs in fresh mortars exposed to external drying. In addition to the reference mortar with a water to cement ratio (w/c) of 0.30, a mortar with the addition of pre-wetted lightweight aggregates (LWA) and a mortar with a shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) were tested. The addition of SRA reduced the evaporation rate from the mortar at the initial stages of drying and reduced the total water loss. The pre-wetted LWA released a large part of the absorbed water as a consequence of capillary pressure developing in the fresh mortar due to evaporation.     

硫铝酸钙膨胀剂与氧化镁膨胀剂对丁苯乳液改性砂浆性能的影响

本文研究了温度为20 ℃,相对湿度为90%(RH90%)和60%(RH60%)时,硫铝酸钙膨胀剂(CSA)与氧化镁膨胀剂(MEA)对丁苯乳液改性砂浆的工作性能、力学性能与收缩性能的影响。结果表明,丁苯乳液改性砂浆的流动度随着2种膨胀剂掺量的增加均先增大后降低。在RH90%与RH60%下,CSA掺量分别为水泥质量的6%与10%时,砂浆的抗折与抗压强度最高。2种相对湿度下,CSA都可有效降低砂浆干燥收缩;RH90%下掺8%MEA可提升砂浆抗折与抗压强度,亦可有效补偿砂浆后期干燥收缩;RH60%下掺8%MEA会降低砂浆抗折与抗压强度,且无法有效补偿砂浆的干燥收缩。     

Combined effect of expansive and shrinkage reducing admixtures to obtain stable and durable mortars

In order to improve the dimensional stability of cement based mortars, the effects produced on cement hydration of a shrinkage reducer (propyleneglycol ether based—SRA) and an expansive admixture (calcium oxide based—EXP) were investigated. Mortar samples (prepared without admixtures or with SRA or EXP or SRA and EXP) were compared through compressive strength measurements, water evaporation, restrained shrinkage and restrained expansion measurements. Setting time and free expansion were also detected on cement paste specimens.

A synergistic effect on the shrinkage reduction was observed when the shrinkage reducing admixture and the expansive agent were used together. In order to clarify this phenomenon, the hydration of cement pastes containing these kinds of admixtures was followed by ESEM-FEG (environmental scanning electron microscopy–field emission gun), TG (thermogravimetry), specific surface area measurements (by BET—Brunauer–Emmet–Teller-method) and XRDS (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy).     

减缩剂外涂对混凝土性能的影响及作用机理

内掺减缩剂可有效降低混凝土收缩,但存在掺量大和影响混凝士强度发展等诸多问题.研究了减缩剂外涂对混凝土力学性能、收缩抗裂性能、孔结构和水化产物的影响.结果表明:减缩剂外涂混凝士的减缩效果明显;减缩剂外涂对混凝土和胶砂强度有一定的提高作用;与基准混凝土相比,减缩剂外涂可明显降低水泥石总孔隙率和孔径小于100nm毛细孔的数量;外涂减缩剂作用区域中的水泥水化产物更趋于丰富.     

外加剂对混凝土收缩与开裂性能影响的试验研究

针对传统混凝土中加入矿物外加剂会导致混凝土开裂的问题,提出在传统方法上加入粉煤灰和硅灰。为验证方法的可行性,采用不同实验配方比,并结合单掺和复掺方式,对上述方法进行验证。实验表明:复掺30%~40%的粉煤灰和矿粉可有效降低混凝土的开裂面积;硅灰与粉煤灰和矿粉在二元或三元复合下可降低砂浆自收缩和干燥收缩,且混凝土强度不会降低。由此得出混凝土收缩与开裂和砂浆收缩存在显著相关性,砂浆的自收缩和干燥收缩是影响开裂的主要因素。     

不同生产工艺的水泥配制混凝土的性能研究

对比研究了不同工艺条件生产的P·II42.5R水泥与外加剂的相容性、不同水灰比条件下的胶砂强度、标准砂浆在不同养护条件下的干缩性能,以及配制相同工作性能与强度等级的混凝土时配合比与干缩性能的差异。结果表明,水泥与外加剂的相容性越好,胶砂强度越高,则配制相同工作性能与强度等级的混凝土时水泥与外加剂用量可以越少。本试验条件下,配制相同工作性能与强度等级的混凝土时,立窑水泥的总胶凝材料用量最大,从而导致立窑水泥配制的混凝土干缩最大。     

Effect of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the properties of alkali-activated slag mortars and pastes

The effect of a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) based on polypropylenglycol on the dimensional stability of waterglass-activated slag mortars was studied. The analysis also showed the effect of the admixture on pore structure of the mortars as well as on the mineralogical composition and microstructure of the alkali-activated slag pastes.The SRA reduced the shrinkage by up to 85 and 50% when the alkali-activated slag mortar specimens were cured at relative humidities of 99 and 50%, respectively. The mechanism primarily involved in shrinkage reduction is the decrease in the surface tension of pore water prompted by the admixture. The SRA also modified the pore structure - under both curing conditions - increasing the percentage of pores with diameters ranging from 1.0 to 0.1 μm. Capillary stress is much lower in these pores than in the smaller capillaries prevailing in mortars prepared without admixtures.Microstructurally, the SRA occasioned a slight increase in the proportion of Si units Q² in the CSH gel and a decrease in the percentage of Al replacing the Si in the gel structure. The admixture did not, however, modify the mineralogical composition of the pastes.Finally, the SRA admixture retarded the alkaline activation of the slag, more intensely at higher admixture dosages. While the admixture did not significantly alter the degree of reaction in pastes cured for 7 days at RH = 99%, the value of this parameter dropped by 7% in the presence of the admixture in pastes cured at 50% relative humidity.     

纳米颗粒对粉煤灰水泥基材料干缩变形的影响及机理

为探讨纳米颗粒对掺粉煤灰的水泥基材料干缩变形的影响,选取了纳米SiO2和纳米SiC两种纳米颗粒,分别制备了纳米改性粉煤灰水泥砂浆和混凝土试件,通过试验研究了纳米颗粒掺量对不同龄期粉煤灰水泥砂浆和混凝土干缩性能的影响,并分析了其作用机理.结果表明,掺纳米颗粒的水泥砂浆干缩率明显增大,掺量为2％的纳米SiO2水泥砂浆和纳米SiC水泥砂浆的28 d干缩率较普通水泥砂浆分别增大了90％和120％;掺量为2％的纳米SiO2混凝土和纳米SiC混凝土28 d干缩率较基准混凝土增大了124.8％和85.8％;纳米颗粒对粉煤灰水泥砂浆和粉煤灰混凝土干缩性能的影响很明显,而混掺与单掺纳米颗粒对混凝土的干缩率影响不大.分析认为,纳米颗粒比表面积大,吸附水分增多,造成内部自由水被大量消耗,同时由于纳米颗粒填充了混凝土内部结构中的微小孔隙,使得外部水分难以进入内部而被蒸发,造成内外变形不一致,最终增大了混凝土的干缩率.     

焦宝石、磷石膏制备混凝土膨胀剂的试验研究

对焦宝石进行低温煅烧的方法活化,利用工业废弃物磷石膏煅烧脱水制得硬石膏,将煅烧焦宝石和磷石膏按一定的质量比制备水泥混凝土膨胀剂.试验结果表明,膨胀剂符合<混凝土膨胀剂>JC476-2001的各项要求.从掺膨胀剂水泥浆体90 d的SEM图可以看出,烧焦宝石和磷石膏研制的膨胀砂浆或混凝土的膨胀主要因钙矾石和高硫铝C-S-H凝胶的形成和吸水膨胀而产生.     

Autogenous and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortars

Shrinkage of alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement is a critical issue for its industrial application. This study investigated the mechanisms and effectiveness of shrinkage-reducing agent (SRA) and magnesia expansive agent on reducing autogenous and drying shrinkage of AAS mortars that were activated by liquid sodium silicate (LSS) solution with modulus (SiO₂/Na₂O molar ratio) of 0-1.5. The results showed that the autogenous shrinkage of AAS mortars increased with the increase of LSS modulus from 0 to 0.5, then decreased as modulus increased up to 1.5. The drying shrinkage consistently increased with the increase in the modulus of LSS. The oxyalkylene alcohol-based SRA could significantly reduce the autogenous and drying shrinkage of AAS mortars while the magnesia expensive agent was comparatively less effective. The autogenous shrinkage of AAS mortars was inversely proportional to the internal relative humidity, while the drying shrinkage was more related to the mass loss of samples. Mathematical models were established to describe the autogenous and drying shrinkage behavior of AAS mortars.     

减缩剂对水泥基材料水化和孔结构的影响(英文)

通过对水泥净浆水化放热量、Ca(OH)2的含量和化学结合水量及水泥砂浆的孔结构的测定,研究减缩剂对水泥基材料水化和孔结构的影响.结果表明:减缩剂会延缓水泥的水化,且随着龄期的发展,延缓作用渐弱.具体表现为减缩剂会降低水泥水化放热的峰值,延迟峰值出现的时间,减小水化放热量;减缩剂能够减小水泥净浆的化学结合水量;龄期为3d时,掺减缩剂的净浆中Ca(OH)2的含量明显低于空白样的,28d时与空白样的相当;减缩剂能够减小水泥砂浆中多害孔和有害孔的孔体积,增加无害孔的孔体积.另外还对减缩剂在水泥基材料中存在的形态提出设想.     

减缩剂对碱激发煤矸石-矿渣胶凝材料性能的影响

本文探讨了减缩剂(SRA)对碱激发煤矸石-矿渣(AACGS)胶凝材料力学性能和干燥收缩的影响,进一步分析掺入SRA后水化热、水化产物及微观结构的变化规律。结果表明:掺入3%(质量分数)SRA明显降低了AACGS胶凝材料的力学性能,但随着水化的进行,降低幅度逐渐减小;随着SRA掺量的增加,干燥收缩显著减小。微观分析表明,SRA的掺入没有导致新的水化产物生成,但延缓了水化反应,抑制了碱激发材料早期的聚合反应,增加了碱激发胶凝材料的孔隙率,这也是SRA使AACGS胶凝材料力学性能降低的原因。SRA并没有明显改变孔隙溶液中碱金属离子的浓度,水化进程的延缓和固相结构的形成是其降低AACGS砂浆干燥收缩的主要原因。     

减缩型聚羧酸减水剂提高混凝土早期抗裂性的作用研究

减缩型聚羧酸减水剂(SRPC)是一类兼具减缩与减水双重作用的新型混凝土外加剂,它对混凝土早期抗裂性的作用将影响其在工程中的应用。本文利用平板抗裂试验对比测试了掺SRPC、聚羧酸减水剂(PCE)及小分子减缩剂(SRA)的混凝土早期抗裂性,并通过对表面张力、收缩率、孔结构、水化热等参数的分析,讨论了SRPC影响混凝土抗裂性的作用机理。试验结果表明,尽管SRPC在掺量0.15%(质量分数)下的减缩效果弱于掺量1.5%(质量分数)的SRA,但SRPC表现出更佳的早期抗裂性能。机理分析表明,SRPC除了与SRA都是通过降低孔溶液表面张力及改变毛细孔结构从而减少混凝土的收缩外,还通过延缓水泥水化速率、降低早期水化放热量、抑制混凝土中水分蒸发等作用,改善混凝土的早期抗裂性。     

减缩剂外涂对水泥基材料性能的影响

对比研究了减缩剂内掺和外涂对砂浆收缩、抗裂及力学性能的影响.结果表明:减缩剂外涂对砂浆试件有比较明显的减缩效果;减缩剂外涂的溶液浓度越高,减缩效果越好,适宜浓度为50%:相比内掺,减缩剂外涂可提高砂浆的抗折强度和抗压强度,提高砂浆抗裂性能,开裂面积下降了35%;减缩剂外涂增加水泥石中C-S-H凝胶及钙矾石的生成量,减少了水泥石中20～50nm毛细孔的数量.     

不同养护条件下内养护补偿收缩砂浆性能研究

研究了28 d干燥、保湿7d后干燥、密封三种干燥条件下复掺高倍吸水树脂(SAP)与MgO膨胀剂对砂浆性能的影响.研究结果表明:在以上三种条件下,复掺均能降低砂浆的收缩变形、提高砂浆7d和28 d的抗折强度、抗压强度和抗冻性.复掺在每种干燥条件下对砂浆性能影响不同,密封条件的收缩变形最小,保湿7d后干燥的抗折强度与抗压强度最大、抗冻性最好.复掺氧化镁膨胀剂掺量为8％时减缩效果最好,强度与抗冻性较单掺SAP砂浆有所提高.     

废弃阴极射线管玻璃砂对砂浆性能的影响

废弃阴极射线管（cathoderaytubes,CRT）玻璃因其含有有害物质铅而导致严重环境问题,为此,使用粉煤灰、磨细矿渣作为矿物掺合料,研究了磨细阴极射线管玻璃（groundcathoderaytubeglass,MG）取代0、30％、60％、100％（质量分数,下同）河砂细骨料时砂浆新拌性能、力学性能、干缩性能、碱骨料反应（alkali-silicareaction,ASR）膨胀性能、金属铅浸出值。结果表明：随着MG取代比例从0变化到100％,砂浆初始流动度与容重不段增加,硬化砂浆抗压强度、抗折强度和静弹性模量、干缩性能先增加后逐渐减小;MG取代比例为60％时,砂浆具有较高力学性能和较大干缩值;砂浆ASR膨胀值和硬化砂浆金属铅浸出值随MG取代比例增加而增加,但仍在安全范围内;掺加矿物掺合料的MG砂浆作为循环材料可用于干燥环境下的建筑砂浆。     

硅灰和减缩剂对混凝土自收缩和孔隙的影响

硅灰和低水胶比会降低混凝土总孔隙率,但增加了混凝土自收缩,使其产生微裂纹。本文研究了掺入硅灰和减缩剂(SRA)对不同水胶比的混凝土自收缩和微观、宏观尺度孔径分布的影响。结果表明：掺入10%(体积分数)的硅灰会使混凝土自收缩增加27.3%～28.8%;而加入减缩剂使混凝土自收缩降低68.0%～85.1%,且对含有硅灰的混凝土样品降幅更大。此外,掺入硅灰和减缩剂可以使混凝土总孔隙率分别降低5.1%～6.0%和35.9%～39.7%,但硅灰会增大混凝土100 nm以下孔隙和100μm以上孔隙的体积占比,而减缩剂对这两类孔隙的体积则会起相反作用。同时,自收缩与100μm以上孔隙体积分数呈明显正相关关系。     

Strength and shrinkage properties of mortar containing a nonstandard high-calcium fly ash

A laboratory study was undertaken to assess the compressive and flexural tensile strength and drying shrinkage properties of mortar mixtures containing high-calcium nonstandard Afsin-Elbistan fly ash (FA). Possibility of using Afsin-Elbistan FA in cement-based materials as shrinkage-reducing or compensation agent was also discussed. Five mortar mixtures including control Portland cement (PC) and FA mortar mixtures were prepared. FA replaced the cement on mass basis at the replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Water-cementitious materials ratio was 0.4 for all mixtures. The mixtures were cured at 65% relative humidity and 20±2 °C. The compressive and flexural tensile strength and drying shrinkage values of the mortar mixtures were measured. The results show that Afsin-Elbistan FA reduced drying shrinkage of the mortar by 40%. Therefore, it was concluded that Afsin-Elbistan FA can be used as a shrinkage-reducing agent. The mortar containing 40% FA expanded. This indicates that Afsin-Elbistan FA may be utilized to compensate drying shrinkage of cement-based materials.     

Performance of Softwood Soda-Anthraquinone Lignin–Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives as Water-Reducing Admixture for Concrete

We have developed a high-performance lignin-based water-reducing admixture. In this study, softwood soda-anthraquinone lignin was modified with mono-epoxide polyethylene glycols having chain lengths of 10, 25, and 50 mol (the number of repeating units of ethylene oxide). The mortar flow and concrete slump flow tests were used to investigate the performance of the lignin derivatives as a water-reducing admixture. All tested lignin-PEG derivatives performed considerably better than a commercial lignosulfonate water-reducing admixture in the mortar flow test. In particular, the derivative with a PEG chain length of 50 mol performed excellently in both tests. The optimum PEG content for mortar dispersion was approximately 40% for lignin derivatives with a PEG chain length of 50 mol; this content exhibited a dispersing effect that was four times higher than that of the lignosulfonate water-reducing admixture. The strength of concrete containing the lignin derivatives was almost the same strength as that of concrete containing the commercial lignosulfonate water-reducing admixture.     

Characteristics of a thermally activated alumino-silicate pozzolanic material and its use in concrete

This paper presents the results of the physical and chemical properties of a thermally activated alumino-silicate material (MK), and deals with the properties of fresh and hardened concrete incorporating this material. The properties of fresh concrete investigated included workability, bleeding, setting time, and autogenous temperature rise. The properties of the hardened concrete investigated included compressive, splitting-tensile and flexural strengths, Young's modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, resistance to chloride-ion penetration, freezing and thawing, and saltscaling resistance. The properties of the MK concrete were also compared with those of the control portland cement concrete and the silica fume concrete.

The test results indicate that the MK material is highly pozzolanic and can be used as a supplementary cementing material to produce high-performance concrete. Although it requires a higher dosage of the superplasticizer and air-entraining admixture compared with that of the control concrete, the MK concrete can be produced with satisfactory slump, air content, and setting time. The concrete incorporating 10% MK had higher strength at all ages up to 180 days compared with the control concrete; in comparison with the silica fume concrete the MK concrete showed a faster strength development at early ages, but had lower strength after 28 days. At 28 days, the MK concrete had somewhat higher splitting-tensile and flexural strengths, Young's modulus of elasticity, and lower drying shrinkage compared with that of the control and the silica fume concretes. The resistance of the MK concrete to the chloride-ion penetration was significantly higher than that of the control concrete, but similar to that of the silica fume concrete. The MK concrete showed excellent performance in the freezing and thawing test. The performance of the MK concrete subjected to the de-icing salt scaling test was similar to that of the silica fume concrete, but marginally inferior to the control concrete.