铝土矿选尾矿制备硅铝聚合材料的反应产物及抗化学侵蚀性能(英文)

以煅烧铝土矿选尾矿为硅铝质原料,以矿渣微粉为促硬剂,以水玻璃为激发剂,制备得到了硅铝聚合材料。运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、热分析研究了硬化浆体的反应产物及其微观形貌、热性质。通过观察3%硫酸钠溶液、3%硫酸镁溶液、5%硫酸溶液、5%盐酸溶液对砂浆试样外观、质量、强度的影响,研究了其抗化学侵蚀性能,并比较了其与铝酸盐水泥、快硬早强硫铝酸盐水泥、中抗硫酸盐硅酸盐水泥及矿渣硅酸盐水泥的区别。结果表明:反应并不生成晶体物质,而是无定形态的铝硅酸盐;硬化体中呈现片层状显微形貌的物质能够吸附水分,从而在灼烧过程中表现为脱水吸热及质量损失;该片层状物质随着龄期的延长而变得愈发细小和复杂,进而在宏观上表现为强度增长及脱水温度升高;硅铝聚合砂浆分别经3%硫酸钠溶液、3%硫酸镁溶液浸泡28d后,与各水泥砂浆试样比较,其不仅外观完整,而且强度并没有下降,反而具有几乎相同的强度增长,即说明其具有更优异的抗硫酸侵蚀性能;硅铝聚合砂浆与各水泥砂浆经稀酸溶液浸泡28d后,前者不仅能保持原始外观,而且表现为更低的质量及强度损失。     

The effect of SCMs and curing time on resistance of mortars subjected to organic acids

Agricultural effluents such as liquid manure and ensilage effluents contain organic acids that constitute a severe chemical threat toward the concrete of agricultural structures. In contact with an acidic solution, the chemical equilibrium of the hydrates in cement paste is destabilized, causing negative effects on porosity, reinforcement corrosion, mechanical strength, and, in the long term, may result in the collapse of the structure. More durable concrete in this environment is needed. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the nature of the supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) as well as the curing time on the chemical and the physical modifications of cement pastes and on the compressive strength, mass loss, altered depth and microstructure of mortars immersed in acetic acid at a pH of 4.This study concentrated on three types of hardened cement pastes or mortars made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slag and metakaolin cements, cured for period varying from 28 days to 1 year. The results show the beneficial effect of the curing time before the acid immersion, the better durability of metakaolin cement and the good chemical resistance of the slag cement against acid attack. The latter develops low compressive strength and is more sensitive to the curing time but the drop of its resistance due to the acid immersion is minimal due to its strong chemical resistance.     

Several properties of mineral admixtured lightweight mortars at elevated temperatures

The improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of mortars including expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) containing either clinoptilolite, a type of natural zeolite (NZ), waste glass powder (GP) or blast furnace slag (BFS) cured at elevated temperature was analyzed using thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexure strength and dry unit weight. EPA mortar specimens were prepared by replacing a varying part of the portland cement with the above minerals. All mortar samples were prepared and cured at 23±1°C lime saturated water for 28 days. The maximum thermal conductivity of 1.3511W/mK was determined with the control samples containing plain cement. GP has shown 1 and 4% decrease for both 10, 20% GP and 25% EPA, respectively. Both BFS and NZ have a decreasing effect on thermal conductivity. The experiments were carried out, in which the samples were subjected to temperature of 300, 500 and 800°C for 2 h, then cooled in air. The results indicated that all the mortars exposed to temperature of 500 and 800°C shown a significant decrease in thermal conductivity, compressive strength and flexure strength. However, compared with the mortars including 25% EPA, adding the other admixtures at all level replacement decreased thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexure strength and dry unit weight as a function of replacement percent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碳化对镁渣砂浆强度和微观结构的影响

采用CO2养护加速碳化镁渣砂浆,制备了低碳胶凝材料。研究了水灰比和碳化龄期对碳化镁渣砂浆的力学性能及微观结构的影响。结果表明：在CO2浓度为99．9％、压力为0．1 MPa、温度为23℃的碳化养护条件下,水灰比为0．4的镁渣砂浆碳化14 d后,抗压强度是其碳化前强度值的9．9倍,延长碳化时间有利于强度的提高。水灰比对碳化砂浆强度影响显著,低水灰比试件碳化后强度提高更多。通过微观分析发现,碳化养护提高镁渣砂浆强度的原因是,碳化后生成大量的CaCO3,使试件更加致密,孔隙率降低。     

石膏矿渣水泥混凝土抗硫酸钠侵蚀性能研究

石膏矿渣水泥具有低水化热、良好抗化学侵蚀性能等优点,是一种低碳绿色胶凝材料。为了明确原材料对石膏矿渣水泥混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,对比研究了不同化学组成及活性矿粉制备的石膏矿渣水泥混凝土的强度发展及抗硫酸钠侵蚀性能。结果表明:提高矿粉中Al₂O₃含量可以有效提高石膏矿渣水泥混凝土早期3 d强度;石膏矿渣水泥混凝土在硫酸钠环境下表现出强度软化型劣化;提高水泥用量、降低水灰比可以有效提高低活性矿粉制备的石膏矿渣水泥混凝土的抗硫酸钠侵蚀性能,但不利于高活性矿粉制备的石膏矿渣水泥混凝土的抗硫酸钠侵蚀性能。研究为低活性矿粉制备石膏矿渣水泥混凝土及其寿命预测提供试验数据支撑。     

The alkali-silica reaction in alkali-activated granulated slag mortars with reactive aggregate

The expansion of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag (AAS) cement mortars with reactive aggregate due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was investigated. The alkaline activator used was NaOH solution with 4% Na₂O (by mass of slag). These results were compared to those of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars. The ASTM C1260-94 Standard Test Method based on the NBRI Accelerated Test Method was followed. The nature of the ASR products was also studied by SEM/EDX. The results obtained show that the AAS cement mortars experienced expansion due to the ASR, but expansion occurs at slower rate than with OPC mortars under similar conditions. The cause of the expansion in AAS cement mortars is the formation of sodium and calcium silicate hydrate reaction products with rosette-type morphology. Finally, in order to determine potential expansion due to ASR, the Accelerated Test Method is not suitable for AAS mortars because the reaction rate is initially slow and a longer period of testing is required.     

Compatibility between ecocement produced from incinerator ash and reactive aggregates in ASR expansion of mortars

Recently, in Japan, two new-type hydraulic cements, high early strength type ecocement (HEC) and normal type ecocement (NEC), have been developed using incinerator ashes up to 50% of the raw materials. In this study, the compatibility of these ecocements with various types of reactive aggregates with respect to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was studied. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) were also used for a comparative study. Two types of the accelerated mortar bar expansion test, the JIS A1146 and the Danish methods, were used to clarify the expansion behavior of mortars made with the above cements. The influence of a combination of the chemical and mineralogical compositions of cement and the reactive components of aggregate on both the amount of ASR gel and the expansion rate of the mortar was also investigated. From the results, it was found that the expansion behaviors of mortars due to ASR varied significantly depending on a combination of both the mineralogical composition of cement and the reactive component of aggregate.     

Early hydration of clinker–slag–metakaolin combination in steam curing conditions, relation with mechanical properties

High strength can be obtained at early ages for precast concrete elements by the use of CEMI 52.5R cement (OPC) and thermal treatment (steam curing). To compensate for the announced withdrawal of CEM I cements because of high CO₂ emissions during their production and the ecotax that this will imply, one attractive alternative is the use of composed cements resulting from the combination of clinker with mineral admixtures. In steam curing conditions, previous studies have shown an increase in the compressive strength at one day of age for mortars incorporating an OPC/blast furnace slag (GGBS)/metakaolin (MK) combination, in comparison with mortars incorporating OPC only. The present study investigates the connection between the compressive strength, at one day of age, of steam cured mortars made with various binders and the hydration of these binders. The progress of the hydration was characterised by means of XRD, thermal and microprobe analyses. The results indicate that the increase in compressive strength when MK is incorporated (OPC/MK or OPC/MK/GGBS) can be explained by an increase in the amount of C-S-H, C-A-H, C-A-S-H phases, a decrease in the amount of CH and a change in the chemical nature of the matrix (decrease in C/S ratio). The decrease in compressive strength of OPC/slag-based material can be explained by a reduction in the amount of hydrated phases (particularly C-S-H) and compactness.These are promising results for precast concrete manufacturers who are concerned about preserving the environment.     

Strength development of some blended-cement mortars

Development of compressive strength of mortars made from blends of slag, fly ash and portland cement was examined. No apparent interactions were found between granulated slag and fly ash used together. An examination of the effects of supplementary cementing materials on entrapped air showed that one of the fly ash samples caused significant air reduction in the non-air-entrained, fresh mortars. A modification of Feret's equation was applied to estimate the contribution made by this fly ash to cementing activity at early ages.     

Innovative approach to simulating the biodeterioration of industrial cementitious products in sewer environment. Part II: Validation on CAC and BFSC linings

The development of a new test method for evaluating the resistance of manufactured cementitious products to biogenic acid attack, labeled BAC-Test for Biogenic Acid Concrete Test, was reported in Part I of this paper. The performance of the test in terms of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria selection and acid and sulfate production has been validated previously. In this second part, the representativeness of the degradation mechanisms of the cementitious materials is explored. Two segments of industrial pipes – ductile cast iron coated with cementitious linings (blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) mortars) – were exposed to the test for 107 days. Then linings were analyzed by SEM coupled with EDS, EPMA, and XRD. Significant differences between BFSC and CAC linings were highlighted. Abundant cracking of the BFSC lining was observed, caused by precipitation of secondary ettringite, while no cracking was observed in the CAC lining. The CAC outer layer was composed mainly of AH₃ gel. The decalcification front was deeper in the BFSC matrix than in the CAC one.     

Limitations of Köch-Steinegger test to evaluate the durability of cement pastes in acid medium

The durability of ordinary Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag pastes in buffered acetic/acetate medium (pH 4.5) was studied by means of the Köch-Steinegger test. Results show that flexural strength measurement is not a good parameter to evaluate the degradation degree of cement paste in acid medium because two effects take place with opposite consequences on flexural strength as a result of acid attack: a densification of the cement paste in the specimen core and a degradation of the outer surface with loss of resistance.     

Magnesium sulfate attack on hardened blended cement pastes under different circumstances

This paper describes the sulfate resistance of some hardened blended Portland cement pastes. The blending materials used were silica fume (SF), slag, and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃, CC?). The blended cement pastes were prepared by using W/S ratio of 0.3. The effects of immersion in 10% MgSO₄ solution under different conditions (room temperature, 60 °C, and drying-immersion cycles at 60 °C) on the compressive strength of the various hardened blended cement pastes were studied. Slag and CC? improve the sulfate resistance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste. Mass change of the different mixes immersed in sulfate solution at 60 °C with drying-immersion cycles was determined. The drying-immersion cyclic process at 60 °C accelerates sulfate attacks. This process can be considered an accelerated method to evaluate sulfate resistance of hardened cement pastes, mortars, and concretes.     

Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies

The strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs) and portland cement was investigated. Variables were the level of ggbs in the binder, water-binder ratio and curing temperature. All mortars gain strength more rapidly at higher temperatures and have a lower calculated ultimate strength. The early age strength is much more sensitive to temperature for higher levels of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. The calculated ultimate strength is affected to a similar degree for all ggbs levels and water-binder ratios, with only the curing temperature having a significant effect. Apparent activation energies were determined according to ASTM C1074 and were found to vary approximately linearly with ggbs level from 34 kJ/mol for portland cement mortars to around 60 kJ/mol for mortars containing 70% ggbs. The water-binder ratio appears to have little or no effect on the apparent activation energy.     

Corex矿渣和高炉矿渣配制水泥的性能对比

Corex矿渣和高炉矿渣是不同原材料，不同工艺制度下获得的矿渣，具有不同的特性。与高炉矿渣相比，Corex矿渣具有更高的碱度，更高的非晶态含量，在同样粉磨细度时，配制水泥的强度较高。     

钢渣作为铁质校正原料对水泥熟料性能的影响(英文)

探讨了钢渣作为一种铁质校正原料在水泥生料配料中的应用,通过掺加不同含量的钢渣,对其易烧性进行了研究,并对不同钢渣掺量的熟料进行了力学性能研究。用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜等对水泥水化进程和水化产物进行了分析。结果表明:钢渣作为一种铁质校正原料,在水泥熟料中的掺量可以达到6%～10%,3组不同钢渣掺量、不同率值的水泥生料在1450℃烧成30min后,熟料抗折强度和抗压强度分别达到9.0MPa和58MPa以上。     

The effect of MgSO4 and HCL solutions on the strength and durability of pozzolan cement mortars

Pozzolan cements are produced by adding pozzolans such as silica fume, rice husk ash, blast furnace slag, fly ash, trass in 20% replacement for Portland cement. On the 28th day of production, the produced specimens are stored in water, in MgSO₄·7H₂O (5%) solution and in HCl (pH = 2) solution. The strengths and weights were determined after the mortars are stored in solutions for 56 days. Compressive strengths of the mortars stored in water for 28 days are silica fume, rice husk ash, and control, 43.3, 40.1, and 31.0 MPa, respectively. The highest loss of compressive strength is 20% and the highest gain of weight is 4.2%, occurring in blast furnace slag mortar in MgSO₄.     

利用电炉氧化钢渣制备混凝土矿物掺合料的研究

研究了磨细电炉氧化钢渣对水泥标准稠度需水量、水泥净浆流动度以及混凝土抗压强度、抗渗性、抗冻性、抗碳化等性能指标的影响.研究结果表明,磨细钢渣具有令人满意的减水效果且与混凝土减水剂有较好的适应性;适量磨细钢渣掺入混凝土中对混凝土抗压强度以及耐久性能影响不大;将磨细钢渣与磨细粉煤灰或矿渣混掺可以发挥复合效应,提高掺合料的活性,改善混凝土的性能.     

机械活化和不锈钢渣掺量对矿渣胶凝材料性能的影响

为了促进不锈钢厂废渣的资源化利用,以红土镍矿酸性高炉渣和不锈钢渣为主要原料制备胶凝材料,研究机械活化和不锈钢渣质量掺量对矿渣胶凝材料性能的影响,并利用XRD、SEM对胶凝材料的水化产物及微观结构进行分析。结果表明,机械活化主要通过改变原料的比表面积和颗粒级配来影响胶凝材料性能,且矿渣中细颗粒占比是影响其胶凝活性的关键因素,适宜的球磨时间为45 min,此时矿渣比表面积达到524.66 m²/kg。不锈钢渣与酸性矿渣之间存在协同作用,当不锈钢渣质量掺量为20%时,胶砂试块3 d、7 d、28 d抗压强度分别为17.8 MPa、24.3 MPa 和34.8 MPa,抗折强度分别为4.5 MPa、6.2 MPa和6.8 MPa,达到P·S 32.5R矿渣硅酸盐水泥强度标准。不锈钢渣的掺入在水化早期和后期都促进钙矾石及C-S-H凝胶的生成,对胶砂试块各龄期强度都有促进作用,而未水化的钢渣细颗粒也起着微集料填充作用,有利于胶凝材料早期强度的提高。     

Hydration and durability of sulphate-resisting and slag cement blends in Caron's Lake water

The problem of aggressive attack of sulphate and chloride ions has been of considerable scientific and technological interest because this attack is one of the factors responsible for damage to concrete. The corrosive action of chlorides is due to the formation of chloroaluminate hydrates, which causes softening of concrete. Sulphate ions can enter into chemical reactions with certain constituents of concrete, producing sulphoaluminate hydrates and gypsum, which cause the expansion of concrete. The aim of the present work is to study the hydration and the durability of mixed cement (sulphate-resisting and slag cement blends) pastes and mortars in Caron's Lake water. Different mixes of sulphate-resisting cement (SRC) with various proportions of slag cement were prepared and immersed in tap water for 3, 7, 28 and 90 days. The durability of the cement mortars was followed by curing the samples in tap water for 28 days (zero time) then immersed in Caron's Lake water for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The hydration behavior was measured by the determination of the compressive strength, free lime, evaporable and nonevaporable water, total chloride and total sulphate contents at each curing time. The increase of substitution of SRC with blast-furnace slag cement (BFSC) up to 30% increases slightly the total pore volume. The free lime contents decrease sharply in the first months of immersion then slightly up to 1 year. The blended cement pastes made of SRC with BFSC up to 30 mass% have lower values of total chloride and total sulphate, while the mortars containing only SRC have lower values of compressive strength than those of all blended cement mortars at all curing ages of immersion under Caron's Lake water. Useful conclusions and recommendations concerning the use of 70 mass% of SRC with 30 mass% slag cement produces a highly durable mixed cement.     

含钛高炉渣的碳化产物对水泥砂浆强度及电阻率的影响

以攀枝花钢铁公司生产的高钛型高炉渣的碳化产物(碳化渣)取代标准砂为集料制备了水泥砂浆。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对高钛型碳化渣进行了成分、物相和形貌表征;测试了不同碳化渣含量下水泥砂浆的抗压强度和电阻率,探讨了不同碳化渣取代量对水泥砂浆电阻率的影响机制。研究结果表明,含有碳化渣的水泥砂浆的强度满足建筑水泥砂浆的要求;在潮湿状态下,碳化渣的引入无法降低28 d龄期水泥砂浆的电阻率;在干燥状态下,当碳化渣的取代量达到60%以上时,水泥砂浆的电阻率可低于标准水泥砂浆,且最低可下降87.5%。高钛型碳化渣可作为导电集料的候选材料用于制备面向建筑加热采暖用的水泥基复合导电材料。