Optimality criteria: A basis for multidisciplinary design optimization

This paper presents a generalization of what is frequently referred to in the literature as the optimality criteria approach in structural optimization. This generalization includes a unified presentation of the optimality conditions, the Lagrangian multipliers, and the resizing and scaling algorithms in terms of the sensitivity derivatives of the constraint and objective functions. The by-product of this generalization is the derivation of a set of simple nondimensional parameters which provides significant insight into the behavior of the structure as well as the optimization algorithm. A number of important issues, such as, active and passive variables, constraints and three types of linking are discussed in the context of the present derivation of the optimality criteria approach. The formulation as presented in this paper brings multidisciplinary optimization within the purview of this extremely efficient optimality criteria approach.     

Parallel reconfigurable decoder architectures for rotation LDPC codes

This study presents a partial-parallel decoder architecture for π-rotation low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which have regular rotation structure and linear time encoding architecture. One improved construction method, which deletes one parity-check bit corresponding to the actually redundant weight-1 column, is proposed, and then an effective encoding algorithm, which utilises only the index of one permutation sub-matrix, is presented. Based on the group-structured and permutation characteristics, twodimensional arrays are used to store the check/variable node information during iterations, and then a cycle reuse mapping architecture is proposed for messages passing among memories, bit functional units (BFUs) and check function units (CFUs). Partial-parallel decoder with this mapping architecture is reconfigurable by only changing four mapping patterns, and needs no address generators which exist in some architectureaware (AA) LDPC decoders, such as quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) decoders. Simulation results show that the proposed methods are feasible and effective.     

Applying simulated annealing to the open shop scheduling problem

This paper addresses the problem of scheduling a nonpreemptive open shop with the objective of minimizing makespan. A neighborhood search algorithm based on the simulated annealing technique is proposed. The algorithm is tested on randomly generated problems, benchmark problems in the literature, and new hard problems generated in this paper. Computational results show that the algorithm performs well on all of the test problems. In many cases, an optimum solution is found, and in others the distance from the optimum or lower bound is quite small. Moreover, some of the benchmark problems in the literature are solved to optimality for the first time.     

New ‘ηpl'' and ‘γ'' functions to evaluate J–R curve from cracked pipes and elbows. Part I: theoretical derivation

Experimental evaluation of J–R curve in a crack growth situation requires ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions that are specific to a cracked geometry and loading condition. All derivations of existing ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions are for specific cracked geometry and loading. In this paper, direct limit load based general equations of ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions have been derived. Subsequently, new ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions, which are not available in the literature, for pipe and elbow geometry with various crack configurations under different loading conditions have been derived. The derivations of ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions for throughwall circumferentially cracked elbow under in-plane bending moment uses the very recently proposed new limit load formulas.     

Tree network 1-median location with interval data: a parameter space-based approach

We consider a family of 1-median location problems on a tree network where the vertex weights are ranges rather than point values. We define a new framework for making sound decisions under uncertainty which is primarily based on the interplay between the points in the tree and the data that induce the family of problems. An important feature of this framework is that it provides a novel understanding of the problem under uncertainty by collectively handling all possible realizations of the weights. The key element is the notion of a region of a optimality. Based on the regions of optimality, we define three optimality criteria and give low-order polynomial methods to compute the associated solution sets.     

Experimental Design for a Granulation Process with “Priori” Criterias

Optimization techniques representr analytical tools available for the best solution to a particular problem.

Pharmaceutical product and process design problems were structured as constrained optimization problems and subsequently solved by the “a priori” optimality approach using an exchange algorithm.

The effect of the amount of added water plus granulation time and impeller speed on two properties of the granulates were investigated.

Experimental results obtained for the optimal formulation agreed well with the predictions.     

Electron swarming in nanostructures

Some applications of the quantum field chemistry concept for computer simulations of the condensed state nanostructural processes are proposed and discussed. New concept of strong-correlated electron subsystem confined inside closed compact basin of physical space – an electron “swarm” – is used for extension of the quantum topology definitions. The approach gives some new treatments not only for atoms and an electron environment of bonds, but also for a new quantum topology of lodges, which play a significant role in nano-sized processes of matter. Every lodge is closed in 3D-space with a special zero-gradient density boundary and has N-quantized electric charge. The N-electron lodge can be vacant or occupied by strong-correlated N-electron swarm. Occupied N-lodges can represent not only nanocrystals, but also molecules and “corpuscular” electrons. A simple model of g-dimensional electron swarming wells arranged through interatomic regions inside nanosystem interfaces and channels in materials is calculated and discussed.     

UNSTRUCTURED GRID GENERATION AND A SIMPLE TRIANGULATION ALGORITHM FOR ARBITRARY 2-D GEOMETRIES USING OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

This paper describes the logic of a dynamic algorithm for a general 2D Delaunay triangulation of arbitrarily prescribed interior and boundary nodes. The complexity of the geometry is completely arbitrary. The scheme is free of specific restrictions on the input of the geometrical data. The scheme generates triangles whose associated circumcircles contain no nodal points except their vertices. There is no predefined limit for the number of points and the boundaries. The direction of generation of the triangles cannot be determined a priori as opposed to the moving front techniques. An automatic node placement scheme reflecting the initial boundary point spacings is used. The successive refinement scheme results in such a point distribution that the triangulation algorithm need not perform any geometric intersection check for overlapped triangles and penetrated boundaries. Further computational saving is provided by using a special binary tree (ADT) in which the points are ordered such that contiguous points in the list are neighbours in physical space. The method consists of a set of simple rules to understand. The dynamic nature of the Object Oriented Programming (OOP) of the algorithms provides efficient memory management on the insertion, deletion and searching processes. The computational effort bears a linear relation-ship between the CPU time and the total number of nodes. Some of the existing methods in the literature regarding triangular mesh generation are discussed in context. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Small γ Precipitates on the Two-way Shape Memory Effect in a Cu–Zn–Al Alloy

After the treatment for the Stabilization of Stress-Induced Martensite (SSIM) in Cu–Zn–Al alloys, it was found that the small γ precipitates in the β austenite are ellipsoidal with a large strain field oriented in the same direction, while in the martensite, the γ precipitates changed their shape from ellipsoidal to spheroidal, which relaxed the strain field. To check whether the strain field of the γ precipitates is available to produce thermoelastic martensitic transformation, in situ observations with a heating sample holder in TME were performed. It was found that after heating above the A_s temperature, the spherical γ precipitates in the martensite recovered their strain field and elliptical shape. During cooling, the strain field of the γ precipitates disappeared again. This means that the strain fields of the γ precipitates trained by the SSIM method play an important part in the thermoelastic martensitic transformation that presents the two-way shape memory effect.     

CHICSi—a compact ultra-high vacuum compatible detector system for nuclear reaction experiments at storage rings. II. Detectors

We describe the detectors for identification of charged particles and fragments in CHICSi, a large solid angle multi-telescope system mounted inside an ultra-high vacuum (UHV), cluster-jet target chamber. CHICSi performs nuclear reaction experiments at storage rings. The telescopes consist of a first very thin, 10–14 μm Si detector, a second 300 μm (or possibly 500 μm) ion implanted Si detector supplemented by a 6 mm GSO(Ce) scintillator read out by a photodiode (PD) or by a third 300 μm Si detector. The telescopes provide full charge separation up to Z=17 and mass resolution up to A=9 in the energy range 0.7–60A MeV. The thin p-i-n diode detector, etched out from a 280 μm Si wafer, and the GSO/PD detector, both exclusively developed for CHICSi, provide an energy resolution 8%, while the standard 300 μm detectors have 2% energy resolution. Radiation stability of the Si detectors is confirmed up to an integrated flux of 10¹⁰ alpha particles. The GSO detector has 70% light collection efficiency with the optical coupling to the PD a simple open, 0.2 mm, gap. A new method, developed to perform absolute energy calibration for the GSO/PD detector is presented.     

Optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates using finite element methods

The optimality conditions for the optimal shape remodelling of linearly elastic plates are obtained by introducing the total variation of a function defined on a variable domain, although the variation of a function has been taken on a fixed domain in most literature on calculus of variations. Using these optimality conditions, a solution scheme involving an iterative algorithm is proposed, together with several numerical examples.     

Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data

Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to evaluate similarities in the trace element chemistry of groundwaters. Many of the trace elements, however, occur at concentrations below the detection limits (DL), which presents problems for statistical analyses. Since the optimal methods for dealing with the ‘

In this study, a new approach was developed to determine the best substitution methods when dealing with the ‘DL’ values for a given data set. Monte Carlo simulation experiments, using a mixture multivariate model, were performed to test the effects of substitution of the ‘

When ‘相似文献   

代价敏感不确定决策树的不确定单批测试算法研究

不确定数据(uncertain data)广泛存在于现实世界的各个领域.研究界开始逐渐重视不确定数据的研究.目前,针对不确定数据的代价敏感决策树(CSDTU)的研究中只能进行简单测试,其过多的测试造成很大的代价浪费.本文扩展确定数据上代价敏感决策树的单批测试算法,将其应用到代价敏感不确定决策树(CSDTU).通过不确定数据模型中属性值的概率势(ProbabilityCardinality)计算树属性选择过程中的代价,实现了不确定单批测试算法.在UCI数据集上的实验表明,不确定单批测试优于简单测试,可以有效的降低测试的总代价,提升分类器效果,具有很好的合理性和实用性.     

New ‘ηpl'' and ‘γ'' functions to evaluate J–R curve from cracked pipes and elbows. Part II: experimental and numerical validation

Experimental evaluation of J–R curve in a crack growth situation requires ‘η_pl' and ‘γ' functions that are specific to a cracked geometry and loading condition. In Part I [Engng. Fract. Mech., in press] of this paper, new η_pl and γ functions, which are not available in the literature, for pipe and elbow geometry with various crack configurations under different loading conditions have been derived. In this paper, some of these newly proposed η_pl and γ functions have been validated experimentally through comparison of crack initiation load and J–R curve. In few cases, numerical validation has also been provided by comparing the J-integral values calculated through η factor approach and finite element method.     

An algorithm to build convex hulls for 3‐D objects

Abstract

In this paper, a new algorithm based on the Quickhull algorithm is proposed to find convex hulls for 3‐D objects using neighbor trees. The neighbor tree is the data structure by which all visible facets to the selected furthest outer point can be found. The neighboring sequence of ridges on the outer boundary of all visible facets also can be found directly from the neighbor tree. This new algorithm is twice as efficient as Barber's algorithm.     

A Fourier-based algorithm for modelling aberrations in HETE-2''s imaging system

The High-Energy Transient Explorer, launched in October 2000, is a satellite experiment dedicated to the study of γ-ray bursts in a very wide energy range from soft X-ray to γ-ray wavelengths. The intermediate X-ray range (2–30 keV) is covered by the Wide-field X-ray Monitor (WXM), a coded aperture imager. In this article, an algorithm for reconstructing the positions of γ-ray bursts is described, which is capable of correcting systematic aberrations to approximately 1′ throughout the field of view. Functionality and performance of this algorithm have been validated using data from Monte-Carlo simulations as well as from astrometric observations of the X-ray source Scorpius X-1.     

Incorporating Runs Rules into Hotelling's χ2 Control Charts

This paper illustrates a simple and effective method of incorporating runs rules into Hotelling χ² control charts. A Markov chain will be used to obtain a desired in-control average run length (ARL). Comparisons between the basic multivariate χ² control chart and the multivariate χ² control chart, which incorporates the various runs rules, are based on their respective ARL performances. All multivariate χ² control charts that incorporate the various runs rules have shown better ARL performance compared to the basic multivariate χ² control chart for small shifts in distance λ from the in-control mean vector μ₀ to the out-of-control mean vector μ_s. An example of the application, based on the proposed method, is also given.     

Effect of small γ-precipitates on the two-way shape memory effect in Cu–Zn–Al alloys

The γ-precipitates in Cu–Zn–Al alloys, trained by the stabilization of the stress induced martensite (SSIM) method, have been studied. After the SSIM treatment, it was found that small γ-precipitates in the β-austenite are ellipsoidal, with a large strain field oriented in the same direction; while in the martensite the γ-precipitates changed their shape from ellipsoid to spheroid, and relaxed their strain fields. In order to check whether the strain field of the γ-precipitates is capable of producing a thermoelastic martensitic transformation, an in-situ observation, by heating a sample holder in TEM, was performed. It was found that during heating over a temperature A_s, the γ-precipitates with a spherical shape in the martensite recovered their strain field and elliptical shape. During cooling, the strain field of the γ-precipitates disappeared again. It was proposed that the strain field of the γ-precipitates, trained by the SSIM method, plays an important part in the thermoelastic martensitic transformation, and presents two-way shape memory effects.     

铜膜碘化法制备p型CuI薄膜及其用作空穴传输层的反型钙钛矿电池性能

γ相碘化亚铜(γ-CuI)是一种带隙为3.1 eV的p型半导体材料, 适合应用于发光二极管和太阳能电池等光电子器件。本研究利用简单的铜膜碘化法制备了CuI薄膜, 探究了碘化时间、温度及铜/碘比等生长条件对其透明导电性能的影响。在最优碘化时间(30 min)和碘化温度(120℃)下, 制备出了高透过率(可见光范围>75%)、导电性能好(电阻率4.4×10^-2 Ω·cm)的CuI薄膜。利用CuI薄膜作为空穴传输层, 组装了CuI/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/PCBM反型平面钙钛矿电池, 获得的最高光电转换效率为8.35%, 讨论了CuI薄膜透明导电性能对钙钛矿电池光电转换效率的影响机理。