简捷法确定提纯回用氢网络目标值

与只考虑直接回用的氢网络相比,具有提纯单元的氢网络能显著减少新鲜氢气的消耗量,但其设计及求解提纯目标值过程均更为复杂。对于单杂质、提纯单元采用固定浓度模型的提纯回用氢网络,结合此类网络的特点,提出了一种简捷法确定网络目标值。首先假设提纯后氢物流量足够大,由此得出初始提纯夹点。当初始夹点估算正确时,由夹点之下的需求物流和源物流的流量与杂质质量衡算即可得出提纯回用氢网络的目标值;当初始夹点估算不正确时,可以第一次计算结果为基础判断得出正确夹点,再增加一步简单计算,也可得到提纯回用目标值。计算实例表明本文方法计算简单且有效。     

氢系统关键氢阱最优氢浓度的确定

氢气网络优化时一般将氢阱氢浓度降低至最低限制浓度,以获取最大可能的节氢效果,然而这会降低系统操作弹性。分析了在氢阱氢浓度降低的过程中,有可能出现夹点位置的改变,从而导致节氢量-氢阱氢浓度曲线斜率的减小以及氢气网络中要考虑的其他经济因素,提出了在氢阱氢浓度降低过程中找出最优浓度并在此浓度下进行系统优化的方法,使得氢阱氢浓度降低幅度不大但系统的节氢效果较为显著。以某炼厂为例,通过选择关键氢阱,分析该关键氢阱氢浓度与系统节氢量的关系,确定最优浓度,系统优化后节氢量为42.81 mol·s^-1,占现行系统新氢用量的21.58%。结果表明,该方法可在氢阱氢浓度降低较小的情况下实现较好的节氢目的。     

具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法

提出一种具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法。首先假设净化后源物流的量足够大,将之看作系统的新增源物流即可构成具有净化单元的初始氢网络。运用多氢源匹配方法来设计氢网络,从而得到净化后源物流的用量F_reg和所有未回用的内部源物流合并计算出的净化后源物流的量F_reg^total。比较F_reg和F_reg^total的大小,当F_reg^totalreg时,将F_reg^total作为下一次迭代净化后源物流的量的初值,只需几次迭代即可得到最终设计;当F_reg^total≥F_reg时,将F_reg的值作为最终设计的净化后源物流的用量,按照由F_reg值确定出的净化前源物流的量选取杂质浓度较低的未回用的内部源物流用于净化,对此种情况,不需后续迭代即可得到最终设计。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,该方法设计步骤简单可行,不仅能得到氢消耗目标值,而且还能得到氢网络的具体设计。     

氢网络的夹点分析与优化

通过分析炼厂不同氢源、氢阱、氢气净化提浓单元等氢气网络的组成特点,采用夹点分析法对某企业的氢源、氢阱进行分析与计算,以氢气纯度、流量为约束条件,同时考虑压力、杂质的影响。通过耦合、调整氢源-氢阱网络等措施,优化后的氢气网络PSA负荷降低39.14%,制氢单元负荷降低27.11%,氢气压缩机减少2台,实现了增加氢气来源,降低氢气成本的目的。     

考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化方法及其应用

在氢网络中,氢源氢阱通常连接于同一个耗氢反应器,为耦合源阱;反应器操作参数的改变影响该耦合源阱参数。在同一个氢网络中可能存在多对耦合源阱,考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化能够进一步为炼厂降低氢耗,提高经济效益。通过分析氢网络的公用工程与多对耦合源阱的关系,推导确定了公用工程迁量与反应器耗氢以及耦合源阱之间的方程。据此建立了耗氢反应器参数和氢网络图像集成优化方法。案例研究表明,该方法简单、容易理解,能够直观给出公用工程迁量与反应器进口温度之间的关系。     

运用合理的过程执行顺序优化具有净化单元的多杂质氢网络

运用综合设计方法设计多杂质氢网络,满足过程的执行顺序不同,所得设计的外部源物流用量不同。需求物流的极限杂质浓度越小,外部源物流用量和净化后源物流用量一般越大。因此,按照需求物流的极限杂质浓度由小到大的顺序满足执行及按照外部源物流用量和净化后源物流用量由大到小的顺序满足执行都是合理的,而后者满足需求物流的排序方法目前还没有报道。为此,对于多杂质氢网络,为了降低外部源物流用量,提出该种确定合理的过程执行顺序的方法。满足一过程时,提出了浓度差率的概念,由互补源物流来满足,并由杂质负荷平衡和流量平衡计算出源物流的用量。首先运用该分配方法将当前源物流分别来满足各个未执行过程,依次优先按外部源物流用量和净化后源物流用量最大的过程首先执行的原则来确定过程的执行顺序。将之与设计给定杂质移除率模型(模型1)和固定净化后氢浓度模型(模型2)氢网络的迭代法分别设计2种模型的多杂质氢网络。对某一氢网络实例进行研究,该种方法的设计与文献相比,对于模型1,在净化后源物流杂质浓度略低的情况下,外部源物流用量、净化后源物流用量和燃料气排放量分别降低了4.05%、0.43%和4.94%;对于模型2,分别降低了1.60%、3.71%和2.00%。说明提出的方法是有效的和可行的。     

考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化方法及其应用

在氢网络中,氢源氢阱通常连接于同一个耗氢反应器,为耦合源阱;反应器操作参数的改变影响该耦合源阱参数。在同一个氢网络中可能存在多对耦合源阱,考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化能够进一步为炼厂降低氢耗,提高经济效益。通过分析氢网络的公用工程与多对耦合源阱的关系,推导确定了公用工程迁量与反应器耗氢以及耦合源阱之间的方程。据此建立了耗氢反应器参数和氢网络图像集成优化方法。案例研究表明,该方法简单、容易理解,能够直观给出公用工程迁量与反应器进口温度之间的关系。     

具有最小压缩功的氢网络优化设计

炼油厂用氢装置多在高压下操作,为此配置有很多新氢和循环氢压缩机用于提升氢气流股的压力,从而消耗大量的压缩功,同时大量地增加了炼油厂的操作费用。因此,氢网络的优化,除了需要优化氢气公用工程的用量,减少整个网络的压缩功也十分重要。本文借鉴邻近算法的思想,进一步考虑压力约束,提出了改进邻近算法以及压力-浓度图,能够设计具有最小压缩功的氢网络。案例分析所求得的最小压缩功为16.435 MJ,压缩机数目为9个,比文献优化结果减少两个。     

炼厂多杂质氢网络的集成

利用演化法对某炼厂多杂质氢网络进行优化。在考虑源阱之间的各种匹配可能和氢源之间的互补可能基础上,依次求取最大匹配流量矩阵（M矩阵）、潜在匹配流量矩阵（P矩阵）和最优匹配流量矩阵（O矩阵）,确定系统的最小公用工程消耗量为1495.83 m³·h^-1,其节约量为1004.17m³·h^-1,占现行新氢消耗量的40.2%。此外,根据O矩阵确定了相应的最优氢分配网络。     

选择性氧化脱除富氢氢源中CO的研究进展

介绍了将富氢氢源中CO脱除到质子交换膜燃料电池PtRu电极可以承受的CO浓度范围(<1×10-4)最经济和最可行的方法,综述了选择性氧化脱除富氢氢源中CO在催化剂、动力学和反应器优化设计等方面的研究进展,评述了Pt催化剂、Au和Ag催化剂及Cu金属催化剂。     

Optimization of hydrogen networks with constraints on hydrogen concentration and pure hydrogen load considered

The mathematical model of hydrogen network is developed to minimize the total exergy consumption of the hydrogen utility and compressor work. The constraint on the hydrogen to oil ratio of hydrogen consuming reactor is represented by that on pure hydrogen load of each sink. Instead of reducing the hydrogen concentration and pure hydrogen load to the minimum directly, all the possible combinations of them are considered. Furthermore, the optimal flow rate of each sink is taken as a variable in the model and the matching flow rate constraint is introduced to remove the source-sink match with small flow rate. This method can be applied to target the minimum utility consumption of systems with any number of impurities. In addition, both the hydrogen to oil ratio and hydrogen concentration can be guaranteed not be less than their lower limitations. The proposed method is applied to the hydrogen network of a real installation, and the results show the hydrogen utility saving potential accounts for 16.52% of the current hydrogen utility consumption.     

A mathematical model for optimal compression costs in the hydrogen networks for the petroleum refineries

Hydrogen network design is an important step in hydrogen management of a petroleum refinery that manages the hydrogen distribution and consumption in a cost‐effective manner. While most works in this area have primarily focused on minimization of fresh hydrogen requirement and hydrogen purification aspects, very few works have dealt the issue of compression costs in hydrogen network designs. This work proposes a new mathematical model for synthesizing a hydrogen network with minimum compression costs. In contrast to the existing literature, this model uses stream‐dependent properties and realistic compressor cost correlations to determine the compression duty and costs, respectively. Tests on literature examples show that our model is flexible and gives reasonably favorable solutions than the previous models. Furthermore, the usefulness of understanding the trade‐offs between the number of compressors and compression duty and the importance of using stream‐dependent conditions in estimating compression costs are also highlighted in this work. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3925–3943, 2017     

Analysis of the Relation between Coupled Sink and Purification Based on Hydrogen Network Integration

In a hydrogen network, sinks and sources are generally connected to reactors or purifiers, which affect their compositions and flow rates. The relationship between these streams is studied based on the integration of the hydrogen network to identify the feasible and optimal operating conditions of reactors and purifiers. Equations are deduced to describe the quantitative relationship between hydrogen consumption, hydrogen concentration, flow rates of coupled sink and source, purification feed, and purified product. The purification and hydrogen‐consuming reactor parameters can be optimized in the design and operation stage of a hydrogen network. The case study proves that the proposed method is simple, easy to understand, and can be applied to identify the variation trend line and feasible region accurately without tedious calculation.     

Novel method for targeting the optimal purification feed flow rate of hydrogen network with purification reuse/recycle

The purification reuse/recycle is one effective resource conservation strategy. In this article, a novel conceptual method is proposed to identify the optimal purification feed flow rate (PFFR) and the corresponding maximum hydrogen utility savings (HUS) of the hydrogen network with purification reuse/recycle. In this method, the sources and sink‐tie‐lines are divided into three regions according to the purified product and purification feed. The quantitative relationship between the HUS and the PFFR is analyzed for the sink‐tie‐lines and sources of each region. With the quantitative relationship line between the HUS and the PFFR of each source plotted, the quantitative relationship diagram can be obtained and can be used to identify the pinch point and the HUS for a given PFFR. Furthermore, the optimal PFFR and the maximum HUS can be identified easily. Three cases are studied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1964–1980, 2013     

Integration strategies of hydrogen network in a refinery based on operational optimization of hydrotreating units

Inferior crude oil and fuel oil upgrading lead to escalating increase of hydrogen consumption in refineries. It is imperative to reduce the hydrogen consumption for energy-saving operations of refineries. An integration strategy of hydrogen network and an operational optimization model of hydrotreating (HDT) units are proposed based on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of HDT units. By solving the proposed model, the operating conditions of HDT units are optimized, and the parameters of hydrogen sinks are determined by coupling hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrification (HDN) and aromatic hydrogenation (HDA) kinetics. An example case of a refinery with annual processing capacity of eight million tons is adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optimization strategies and the model. Results show that HDS, HDN and HDA reactions are the major source of hydrogen consumption in the refinery. The total hydrogen consumption can be reduced by 18.9% by applying conventional hydrogen network optimization model. When the hydrogen network is optimized after the operational optimization of HDT units is performed, the hydrogen consumption is reduced by 28.2%. When the benefit of the fuel gas recovery is further considered, the total annual cost of hydrogen network can be reduced by 3.21×10₇ CNY·a_-1, decreased by 11.9%. Therefore, the operational optimization of the HDT units in refineries should be imposed to determine the parameters of hydrogen sinks base on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of the hydrogenation processes before the optimization of the hydrogen network is performed through the source-sink matching methods.     

具有多个不同质量资源网络的设计与目标值确定

This paper presents a new design procedure for the networks with multiple resources, such as hydrogen and water, of different qualities. The minimum consumption targets of the resources and pinch-causing sources can be identified as well during design. The objective of this work is to reduce the consumption of the resources with higher quality due to their higher cost. A few examples are investigated to show the proposed method. For a net-work of single resource with single contaminant, there is often only one pinch point for the resource. On the other hand, for a network of multiple resources with single contaminant, there might be a few different pinch points. Each resource might have its own pinch point, if its amount is sufficient. The contaminant concentration of the pinch-causing source for a resource with lower concentration will be below that of the higher-concentration resource(s).     

Mixing potential: A new concept for optimal design of hydrogen and water networks with higher disturbance resistance

During the last decade, the design methods of hydrogen and water networks have been improved greatly. Since the resulting network structure featuring minimum utility consumption is not unique, other properties such as disturbance resistance have drawn more and more attention. In this article, a novel concept, Mixing Potential, is proposed to improve the disturbance resistance ability of the networks in the design stage. This concept originates from measuring the concentration fluctuation of a single sink, and could be calculated by its graphical and algorithmic definition, respectively. In addition, a sufficient condition for minimizing the Mixing Potential of a single sink has been proved. Based on this sufficient condition, a graphical and its corresponding algorithmic method are proposed to design the hydrogen and water networks with minimum utility consumption. Literature examples illustrate that the disturbance resistance ability of the network can be improved by adjusting the satisfying order of sinks. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3762–3772, 2014