基于蚁群算法优化的再热汽温系统变参数预测PID控制

研究预测控制和PID控制在再热汽温系统控制中的应用.通过将神经网络作为预测模型,并用蚁群算法在线优化PID控制器参数.计算机仿真结果表明,基于蚁群算法的预测PID控制能够适应控制对象模型参数的时变,具有较好的鲁棒性,相对传统PID控制策略还表现出了良好的动态性能.     

二阶加纯滞后对象模型辨识方法及其应用

针对二阶加纯滞后对象的传递函数模型实现了一种辨识方法,该方法由系统的阶跃响应采样数据构造非线性方程组,再通过最小二乘法估计系统参数,利用该方法分别对换热器和加热炉出口温度进行模型辨识,具备较高的辨识精度,验证了该方法的有效性;同时将该方法辨识得到的换热器出口温度模型应用在内模控制方案中,取得了较好的控制效果,为其工业应用提供了可行性方案。     

基于RBF神经网络陶瓷窑炉温度动态矩阵控制

陶瓷窑炉普遍具有纯滞后、大惯性、非线性、时变复杂等特点,其精确数学模型往往很难获取。针对这类系统,本文采用RBF神经网络建立被控对象模型,避免了常规控制算法建立对象精确数学模型的困难。应用动态矩阵预测算法实现对被控系统的预测控制。该控制方法具有很好的动、静态性能和强鲁棒性。以陶瓷窑炉温度为对象,与PID控制进行了比较;仿真结果证明了所提控制方法的有效性。     

一种新型线性约束系统预测控制算法

通过对无约束预测控制算式的修正,应用线性规划求解技术,提出了一种基于脉冲响应模型的线性约束系统的预测控制算法。理论特性分析表明,该方法在一般情况下具有与无约束预测控制算法相同的稳定性和鲁棒性。以蒸馏塔质量控制为例进行了控制仿真,结果表明,这种新的预测控制算法不仅能满足系统存在的线性约束条件,而且有着比无约束预测控制和最优状态反馈控制更好的控制响应;与二次规划等优化算法比较,这种新的预测控制算法计算效率更高,能更好地满足生产过程实时控制需要。     

基于动态RBF网络的预测控制在中速磨煤机优化控制的应用

针对大型火电厂直吹式制粉系统的时滞和非线性特点,将基于动态RBF网络模型的预测控制应用于MPS中速磨煤机的优化控制中。通过对M-RAN算法的改进,加快了对非线性系统的辨识速度。建模仿真证明了改进M-RAN算法的有效性和实时性,并结合预测控制解决了系统的时滞问题;应用结果也表明该方法具有良好的动态响应和较强的鲁棒性。     

基于Kalman滤波的换热器非线性状态参数校正

炼化工艺系统中换热网络数据的准确提取将直接影响到集成优化方案和优化控制的性能。针对换热器非线性状态参数的数据校正,构建了换热器分段线性集总参数传热过程模型,有效地解决了换热器流股物性非线性变化所引起的非线性状态空间方程求解的问题;提出了分段线性的Kalman滤波状态空间方程建立和换热器状态参数校正方法,并通过蜡油加氢装置反应流出物高压换热器工业实例阐述了所提出方法的实现过程和效果。研究表明：换热器分段线性集总参数模型中分段数对Kalman滤波的计算收敛性具有重要影响,随着分段数的增大,换热器状态参数收敛于固定值,分段数需根据计算精度通过试差确定。本文方法可对换热器非线性状态参数实施有效的数据校正,对流股物性进行分段线性化处理具有较高的计算精度,可用于大温差或物性变化较剧烈情况下换热器非线性状态参数的数据校正。     

液化天然气绕管式换热器壳侧混合工质流动及传热特性

绕管式换热器壳侧的流动及传热特性对大型液化天然气/浮式液化天然气装备设计和优化具有重要意义。本文建立了两相流动沸腾数值模型以预测壳侧流型、压降及其传热效果。通过耦合VOF模型、相变传质模型和表面张力模型,探究了不同质流密度、干度等因素对壳侧流动传热特性的影响,并通过绕管式换热器流动换热实验平台进行了实验验证,证明了模拟所得规律与实验结果有良好的吻合性。结果表明：压降随干度的增加而增加;传热系数随干度的增加有所减小;壳侧制冷剂在不同干度下主要呈现柱状流、滴状流、气状流等流型。本研究为设计和优化绕管式换热器提供了理论基础。     

火电厂烟气脱硝控制系统中的喷氨量优化建模与仿真

针对传统PID控制方法不能精确控制喷氨量的问题,利用Langmuir和Eley-Rideal搭建SCR机理模型,然后构建基于混沌粒子群算法(CPSO)的氨氮浓度预测控制模型,以优化SCR系统的喷氨量,最后利用MATLAB比较传统PID和CPSO两种喷氨量控制优化的优劣。结果表明:CPSO预测控制模型对喷氨量具备更高的精确度、较好的鲁棒性,可在很大程度上减少氨气的逃逸率。     

加热炉炉温的模糊广义预测控制仿真研究

针对加热炉炉温的大惯性、大滞后及非线性等特点,提出一种基于T-S模糊模型的模糊广义预测控制策略。T-S模糊模型的前件和后件参数分别采用粒子群优化的模糊C-均值算法和递推最小二乘法辨识,根据输入变量更新模型隶属度并将T-S模糊模型等价转换为线性模型,以此作为预测模型应用于广义预测控制。仿真结果表明:该方法在不同工况下均具有较短的调节时间,在扰动作用下有很强的鲁棒性。     

连续搅拌釜的非线性模型稳定性判据及算法

针对具有强非线性、时变、有纯滞后等复杂特性的连续搅拌釜(CSTR)反应过程,提出了一种非线性鲁棒模型预测控制方法。先根据搅拌釜中物料反应和温度波动机理,强鲁棒性的系统参数假设在凸多面体中,然后,在温度工作稳定平衡点离散线性化具有高度非线性特点的系统方程。合理建立系统预报方程,提出可保成本性能指标函数并计算李雅普诺夫函数的差分。采用双线性和线性矩阵不等式(BMI和LMI)技术处理鲁棒模型预测控制系统,给出了保持较优性能条件下的闭环系统稳定性判定标准。其次,考虑稳定标准的条件中存在双线性矩阵不等式,设计相应的凸优化算法,便于利用matlab中LMI TOOLBOX求解。最后,通过系统仿真实验,与已有数值结果对比,说明了所提理论的正确性和算法的有效性、优越性。     

Bypass control of heat exchanger network under uncertainty

The dynamic control of the heat exchanger network is important for developing energy-efficient and safe industrial processes. In such a system, the control is achieved through the bypass stream around the heat exchanger. This work aims to track the setpoint temperature of the mixed stream by manipulating the bypass fraction of the cold stream around the heat exchanger. The implemented control is in a non-linear model predictive control (NMPC) framework. The first-principles model of a shell and a tube heat exchanger is used. The orthogonal collocation technique is used to discretize the first-principles model into the system of algebraic equations. In this work, uncertainty is also considered in the inlet temperature of the hot stream. The uncertain optimal control problem is dealt with by using a scenario tree-based approximation along with the affine policy-based method. The results show that, under different scenarios of uncertainty, the controlled variable efficiently tracks the setpoint. In comparison, considering the same scenarios of uncertainty used, the deterministic optimization approach shows significant deviation in the controlled variable from the setpoint as time passes.     

细小槽道换热器内相变微胶囊悬浮液对流传热DPM模拟

基于离散相模型,采用颗粒比热容随温度变化分段函数描述颗粒的相变过程,模拟了相变微胶囊悬浮液在细小槽道换热器内的对流传热特性,考察了不同入口流量时换热器进出口压差及温差的变化规律,并与纯水进行比较,分析了换热器内部及加热面温度分布,研究了换热器典型通道修正的局部努赛尔数Nux*沿流动方向的变化规律. 结果表明,相变微胶囊悬浮液在换热器内的压损随流量变化规律与纯水一致,较纯水有所增大;引入相变微胶囊颗粒减缓了加热面和流体温度升高的速率,使换热器出口及加热面的温度比纯水低;受进出口位置影响,换热器内温度呈现中间通道低、向两侧逐渐升高的分布规律. 不同通道的Nux*沿流动方向的变化规律存在一定差异,部分通道内相变材料完全融化,而部分通道内相变材料尚未完全融化就流出换热器. 需改进换热器进出口位置或对换热器内部结构进行优化设计以获得较好的流量分配特性,从而改善换热效果.     

NONLINEAR HEAT EXCHANGER CONTROL THROUGH THE USE OF PARTIALLY LINEARIZED CONTROL VARIABLES

The use of partial linearization by nonlinear state variable feedback has been proposed as a means of reducing the detrimental effects of system nonlinearities upon the performance of linear control schemes used with nonlinear systems. In this paper a set of generalized transformed variables are derived for a single pass shell and tube heat exchanger using this technique. The implementation of these generalized transformed variables, which reduce the apparent nonlinear behavior of single pass heat exchangers, eliminates the need to rederive a nonlinear transformation for each heat exchanger controller design. As shown by open loop transient behavior of the system, the transformed variables reduce the nonlinear characteristics of the system response. The closed loop performance of the heat exchanger system has been evaluated for both servo and regulator control, and the effect of model error upon the robustness of the closed loop controller performance has been investigated.     

A flexible and robust modelling framework for multi-stream heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are important units in most industrial processes. They involve physical phenomena such as condensation and evaporation including several boiling regimes. Different types of heat exchangers constructed for different applications may differ much in geometrical design. This work explains and demonstrates a modelling framework which is capable of handling a multitude of geometries and relevant physical phenomena affecting the performance of the heat exchangers. The data structure and governing equations are explained, before the framework is demonstrated for a particular challenging test case with a heat exchanger operating similar to the main heat exchanger in a single mixed refrigerant cycle. In the test case, both evaporation and condensation may happen simultaneously along the length of the heat exchanger. 1000 cases with random changes within predefined intervals in inlet temperatures, mass flows and pressures were used to test the robustness of the model framework. The solution scheme converged in 98.7% of the cases, and in the non-converging cases, the operating conditions exceeded the physical limits of the heat exchanger. The framework demonstrated may thus be used to create flexible and robust heat exchanger models for use in process simulations, optimization, or as a stand-alone model.     

Actuator Fault Tolerant Control Based on a MIMO-MPC: Application in a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger

In this work, an experimental fault tolerant control (FTC) implementation is presented. The FTC is based on a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) model predictive control (MPC). The aim of the FTC is to keep on operating a double-pipe counter-current heat exchanger even if the main actuator of the heat exchanger is stuck open. To develop the FTC, an adaptive observer was implemented in order to design a fault detection and isolation (FDI) system. In the FDI system, the cold and hot water flow rate estimations by the adaptive observer are compared to the control signals provided by the MPC. The results of the implementation of the FTC using a MIMO model predictive control were compared to the results obtained in a previous work which was developed using model-following control.     

Generalized delta rule (GDR) algorithm with generalized predictive control (GPC) for optimum temperature tracking of batch polymerization

The generalized delta rule (GDR) algorithm with generalized predictive control (GPC) control was implemented experimentally to track the temperature on a set point in a batch, jacketed polymerization reactor. An equation for optimal temperature was obtained by using co-state Hamiltonian and model equations. To track the calculated optimal temperature profiles, controller used should act smoothly and precisely as much as possible. Experimental application was achieved to obtain the desired comparison. In the design of this control system, the reactor filled with styrene-toluene mixture is considered as a heat exchanger. When the reactor is heated by means of an immersed heater, cooling water is passed through the reactor-cooling jacket. So the cooling water absorbs the heat given out by the heater. If this is taken into consideration, this reactor can be considered to be continuous in terms of energy. When such a mixing chamber was used as a polymer reactor with defined values of heat input and cooling flow rate, system can reach the steady-state condition. The heat released during the reaction was accepted as a disturbance for the heat exchanger. Heat input from the immersed heater is chosen as a manipulated variable. The neural network model based on the relation between the reactor temperature and heat input to the reactor is used. The performance results of GDR with GPC were compared with the results obtained by using nonlinear GPC with NARMAX model.The reactor temperature closely follows the optimal trajectory. And then molecular weight, experimental conversion and chain lengths are obtained for GDR with GPC.     

换热器因应结垢慢时变的控制系统重构分析

换热器作为化工过程中重要的热量传递设备,一般需要持续运行较长时间,期间由于结垢热阻的不断累积,换热器的换热效率将随时间逐渐下降,直至无法满足工艺要求。在实际的工业换热过程中,工艺人员通常会对换热器进行裕量设计,然而,当换热器需要运行的时间增长或者裕量设计不足时,面对不可避免的结垢增长,常用的流量控制策略在换热器运行末期的调节效果逐渐变差,旁路控制的方案无法实现全周期的持续控制。因此,本文首先在渐近增长模型的基础上建立了换热器结垢累积的积分渐近模型,该模型考虑了过程参数对结垢速率的影响;其次,以一个用于水循环的小面积换热器为例,分析了考虑结垢增长的条件下流量控制和旁路控制的调节效果;最后,针对结垢过程的慢时变和持续性等特点,设计了基于流量与旁路开度的控制系统重构方案。示例的运行结果表明,对于同样面积裕量有限的换热器,这一控制方案能延长其使用寿命,实现其全周期持续可控的目标。     

有旁路换热网络全周期节能的动态优化控制实现方法

为了实现换热网络的全周期持续节能,在网络上设置旁路从而增加其控制自由度,同时设计一定的裕量来提供优化控制的操作空间。为了较好地利用旁路调节和裕量空间,提出一种基于换热网络动态模型的在线优化控制方法,巧妙地结合原有常规控制回路,不但扩大了优化控制的可行域,并且满足原常规控制回路的精度要求。该方法以换热网络一定周期内的累积费用最小为目标函数,同时考虑扰动对换热网络的影响,在满足工艺条件的基础上,求解最佳旁路开度,以实现换热网络的持续节能。由于采用闭环校正、迭代计算和滚动优化的实施方法,始终把优化建立在实际的基础上,尽管它每次不一定能得到全局最优解,然而使得实际控制结果达到最优。最后,以某炼油厂的常减压脱盐前换热网络为具体的研究对象,说明所提方法的有效性和使用前景。     

刚性换热网络的弹性化

针对给定的换热流程(刚性网络),以对换热面积作最小调整为目标,使重要物流达到工艺要求的目标温度以及消耗最少公用能为约束,建立1个NLP模型.该模型的解,将给出为使网络具有一定的操作弹性而必须对其中各物流间换热器的传热面积做出的调整值.具体应用例证明,此法简单可靠.由于合成刚性网络远比直接合成弹性网络简单,故本法与刚性网络的合成软件结合,可以更方便地做出弹性网络设计;在对现有换热流程进行改造时,由于该法以既成网络为基础,将做出工程量与投资最少的改造方案.     

约束冗余参数模型预测控制及其在热交换过程中的应用

在系统阶跃响应的基础上,根据最小绝对误差准则,用一个具有少量冗余参数的模型逼近实际系统的阶跃响应,提出了一种有约束冗余参数模型预测控制算法.由于冗余参数模型的参数比非参数模型少得多,多步预测和滚动优化的计算量大为减小.为了校正模型逼近带来的误差,引入了PID反馈校正环节,从而有效地克服了模型误差的不利影响.最后利用热交换过程的阶跃响应数据进行了计算机仿真研究,使算法的有效性得到验证.