水冷壁气化炉熔渣表面形态的几何特性

在小型气流床气化炉中进行了水冷壁结渣实验,研究了不同温度下炉内熔渣的表面形态,并进行了定量分析。本文提出了当量温度T的概念,T等于熔渣温度与灰熔点的比值。利用图像分析软件ImageJ测得熔渣表面粗糙度,当量温度小于1时,粗糙度较高;当量温度大于1时,粗糙度较低。用“小岛法”求得了熔渣表面的分形维数,并得到了当量温度与分维数之间的关系。     

气流床气化炉水冷壁结渣特性的实验研究

搭建了小型气流床水冷壁气化炉实验平台,进行水冷壁结渣实验,验证了“以渣抗渣”的思想,为气化炉水冷壁衬里的工业应用提供理论依据．研究了炉内火焰温度、壁温、循环水量等因素对渣的分布及形态的影响,以及渣层对水冷壁的保护作用．结果表明,熔渣对炉壁保护作用明显;循环水影响着水冷壁的正常运行;炉内温度及壁温是影响渣形态和渣分布的主要因素．     

气化炉辐射废锅上部空间熔渣的流动特征

国内气化炉在长周期运行中曾数次出现大块熔渣堵塞渣池出口的现象,严重制约了工业化装置的经济、安全、稳定运行。为了探讨大渣块形成的原因,文中搭建了气化炉及下部辐射废锅冷模装置,以糖浆作为介质模拟熔渣,对熔渣离开气化炉渣口后,在辐射废锅上部空间的流动特征进行了实验研究,考察了模拟介质黏度和渣口气速对熔渣流动特征的影响。研究发现:熔渣离开渣口落入废锅并非自由沉降过程,而是在入口处气流射流作用下发生破裂,由液膜形成液丝。当渣口气速较高时,部分熔渣在回流区气流卷吸作用下开始沉积到废锅壁面。熔渣在废锅壁面上的沉积率随着渣口气速的增大而增大,随着模拟介质黏度的增大而减小。而熔渣沉积区域离渣口的距离随着渣口气速的增大而减小,随着模拟介质黏度的增大而增大。     

水冷壁气化炉内熔渣流动特性模型

通过将3D气化炉模型、熔渣一维流动传热模型和颗粒壁面捕捉模型耦合,对工业水煤浆水冷壁气化炉内的熔渣流动特性进行模型研究。重点分析了颗粒壁面行为对气化炉结渣的影响以及氧煤比变化对于渣层厚度的影响,并简要分析了水冷壁气化炉和耐火砖气化炉的差异。研究结果表明:大粒径颗粒易于被壁面捕捉,利于穹顶和直筒段渣层的形成,但不利于碳转化率的提高;小粒径颗粒具有高碳转化率,是下游细灰的主要来源,容易加剧下游受热面和灰黑水系统的负担;水冷壁气化炉内形成的固态渣层是气化炉热阻的主要组成部分,能够起到\"以渣抗渣\"的作用。     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型

国内Shell粉煤气化炉在长周期运行中曾多次出现大块熔渣堵塞渣池出口的现象,严重制约着工业化装置的安全、经济、稳定运行。为了探讨大块熔渣形成的原因,以Shell粉煤气化炉为研究对象,建立了其渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型。该模型可以预测固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和渣层表面温度等。结果表明:气化炉运行时,由于熔渣的沉积,在渣裙表面将形成一定厚度的固态渣层。开车初期,熔渣全部被冷凝成固态渣,当渣层表面温度超过渣的临界温度,液态渣层开始出现,此后随着时间的增加,固态和液态渣层都继续增厚直至达到稳定状态。离气化炉渣口处越远,渣层厚度和表面温度就越大。气化炉渣口温度和沉积率越低,固态渣层厚度就越大,所需要的特征时间也越长。     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣池内熔渣流动特性

搭建Shell气化炉及其下部渣池的冷模装置,采用糖浆模拟熔渣,研究熔渣离开渣口后,在渣池上部空间的流动特征.研究发现:模拟熔渣离开渣口落入渣池并非自由沉降过程,而是在气化炉内旋流场作用下发生旋转,并最终由液膜变成液丝.当装置负荷大于75%时,部分模拟熔渣会在旋转气流作用下开始沉积到渣裙壁面.模拟熔渣在渣裙壁面上的沉积率...     

气化炉内熔渣流动特性预测模型的研究进展

双碳战略目标下,煤气化技术将会是我国未来煤炭领域的重要发展路线。在煤气化技术推广应用中,熔渣的流动行为严重影响气化炉的平稳运行时长,间接影响合成气的质量和炉壁的热量损失,有效求解流动参数的熔渣流动特性预测模型备受关注。本研究论述了现有的气化炉内熔渣流动特性的预测模型,并展望了预测模型的未来研究方向。综述当下,预测模型根据熔渣流动维数可分为一维预测模型和二维预测模型;一维稳态和非稳态预测模型均经历了构建和完善阶段;二维预测模型因无相关的数学公式描述和流动理念假设尚处于构建阶段;通过对液态熔渣的温度分布、附加应力的取舍,临界黏度的选取和熔渣黏度的处理方式等方面可以提高模型的计算精度。展望未来,一维预测模型的应用场景需更完善的规定,针对稳态和非稳态预测模型求解的参数需要更细致的辨析;二维预测模型的构建理论需更详细的突破,明确非稳态工况下熔渣在轴向和周向上流动的优先级;流动预测模型的计算精度需更全面的提升,熔渣性质的非恒定性、熔化的不均匀性、烟气流速的波动性等因素需要侧重考虑。     

气化炉水冷壁衬里传热数值模拟研究

水冷壁衬里是气化炉安全稳定运行的关键部件.以高温高压气流床气化炉内水冷壁耐火衬里为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对水冷壁衬里附近的流动与传热进行研究,分析了渣层厚度对壁面导热系数、热通量、各层材料表面的影响.结果表明,气化炉原始开车工况下,壁面平均传热系数高达241W/(m2·K),渣钉表面温度约为1517K,此时渣钉容易...     

水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的工艺特点及运行情况

介绍了水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的工艺特点和技术优势,并用实际的生产运行情况和工艺数据验证了水冷壁水煤浆气化炉的先进性、实用性和稳定性。     

碎煤熔渣气化炉结构特点及制造关键

通过分析碎煤熔渣气化炉的结构特点、制作工艺过程,对碎煤熔渣气化炉制作过程中的封头成型、壳体制作、焊接、总装、耐压试验等关键制造技术和制造过程中的重点、难点控制进行了阐述。     

Numerical modeling for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer in a membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier

Membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier (MWEFG) generally has a long service life for the protection of the solid slag layer adhered to the metal wall during operation. However, cracking will generate in the slag layer when the temperature changes greatly in the gasifier, which results from the thermal stress exceeding the strength of slag deposit. In this study, the gasification experiment was performed in a bench-scale MWEFG and a three-dimensional model was developed for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer. Based on experimental data, the thermal stresses of cooling process were numerically simulated using transient thermal analysis. The results indicate that the thermal stresses of the slag layer are tensile during the cooling and the Von Mises stresses (SEQVs) increase with the reduction of temperature. Comparing the results of the selected nodes, it is found that the SEQV always increases from the slag surface to the slag-SiC interface. The contributions of slag porosity and thickness were also investigated. We draw a conclusion that the maximum SEQV decreases with the increasing porosity, while it increases with the increasing slag thickness.     

分级供氧气流床气化炉冷态流场的数值模拟与实验研究

采用标准k-ε湍流模型,运用SIMPLE算法对分级供氧气流床气化炉炉内的流场进行了数值模拟,并对实验测量结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,得到两者吻合的结果。通过对模拟结果进行分析,发现炉膛内存在回流区,并不是一个简单的平推流;二次喷嘴的开启对喷嘴所在面的流场有较大影响;同时二次喷嘴的高度对炉内流场分布也有影响。     

Experimental measurement of gas concentration distribution in an impinging entrained-flow gasifier

On a laboratory-scale testing platform of impinging entrained-flow gasifier with two opposed burners, the detailed measurements of gas concentration distribution have been performed for carbonaceous compound (diesel oil) at atmospheric pressure. Under the condition of 1.48–2.36 O/C ratios (kg/kg), radial gas samples are collected at three axial positions and the syngas exit position with stainless steel water-cooled probes, the concentration distribution of the major gases (H₂, CO, CO₂, CH₄ and O₂) under stable operating state was determined with a mass spectrometry. These data are used to clarify mixing and reaction characteristics within the reactor, to give insight into the combustion process and provide a database for evaluating predictive mathematical models.     

原子吸收光谱法测定气化炉炉渣中的铬含量

气化炉炉渣采用碱(NaOH或Na2O2)熔,用H2SO4或HC l浸洗,加入Na2SO4掩蔽剂,进行原子吸收光谱的测定。结果表明,用该方法测定气化炉炉渣中的铬含量,结果准确,方法简便,数据重复性好,加标回收率高。     

The gasification reactivity of unburned carbon present in gasification slag from entrained-flow gasifier

CO₂-gasification reactivity of unburned carbon in both coarse and fine slags was studied in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and compared with a char obtained from a drop tube furnace (DTF) at 1400 °C from the same original coal. Results show that the reactivity of the unburned carbon in the coarse slag is always higher than that in the fine slag, around 1.11 to 1.88 times. The DTF char is less reactive than the unburned carbon in both fine and coarse slags. In order to understand the effects of minerals on the CO₂-gasification of unburned carbon, reactivity of the unburned carbon in demineralized slag was also investigated. Results show that the minerals in the coarse slag catalyze the CO₂-gasification of unburned carbon, but that in the fine slag inhibit the CO₂-gasification. An elemental analyzer was adopted to analyze C, H, N and S in the original coal, the DTF char and the slags. The main reasons for the differences in the gasification reactivity of unburned carbon in the slags are the morphology of slags, the degree of graphitization of unburned carbon and the components of crystalline phase, which have been investigated by SEM/EDX and XRD. It is found that a higher ordering of carbon layers and a lower content of catalytic components are the main reasons for the lower reactivity of the unburned carbon in the fine slag compared to that in the coarse slag.     

撞击式气流床气化炉压力波动的周期性分析

在双喷嘴对置气流床气化炉热模平台上,对炉内压力波动特性进行了试验研究。把小波变换和FFT相结合,验证了R/S分析方法是测量气化炉压力波动周期性的有力工具。采用R/S分析计算出Hurst指数,说明气流床气化炉内的压力波动具有分形特征,同时发现压力波动存在周期成分,从统计意义上计算出压力波动频率为0.067 Hz。用小波变换进行滤波后,再对低频信号进行FFT,得出主频约为0.053 Hz,二种方法结果吻合得比较好。用高速摄像仪对气化火焰拍照,并用“乘法串级过程”思想,解释了压力波动产生机理。     

多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化炉的数值模拟

采用k-ε湍流模型对多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化中试装置进行了三维数值模拟研究。引入了多反应进程变量MSPV方法分别模拟了煤的脱挥发分、焦炭与氧气、焦炭与二氧化碳和焦炭与水蒸气的4个过程;用截断高斯分布的PDF函数表示湍流对化学反应的影响。模拟结果显示:常压下,火焰主体温度约2 500 K;除喷嘴区域外,煤中释放的气体在气化炉内分布均匀;焦炭与二氧化碳、焦炭与水蒸气的气化反应主要集中在折返流区。喷嘴高度上移0.2 m,撞击流股速度增加约50%,拱顶附近温度上升108 K。氧煤比/水蒸气煤比增大,撞击流对炉顶的冲刷力显著增加。     

Modeling and comparison of different syngas cooling types for entrained-flow gasifier

A three-dimensional numerical model has been developed for studying the multiphase flow and heat transfer process in the syngas cooler. The realizable k−ε turbulent model and discrete random walk (DRW) model were adopted to simulate the gas phase and particle phase flow fields, respectively. The discrete ordinate model (DOM) was applied to solve the radiative heat transfer equation, and the gas radiative properties were calculated by weight-sum-of-gray-gases model (WSGGM). The ash particle radiative properties were also considered in the radiative heat transfer calculation. The convection heat-transfer between the gas phase and discrete phase is also considered. The flow field and temperature distribution results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Firstly, the results indicate that the RSC should be the better choice for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. For cooling-syngas quenching cooler, the outlet region has higher risk of fouling and slagging because the outlet gas and particle temperature are about 940 °C, and exceed the criteria temperature 760 °C (suggested in the literature). Secondly, when the inlet velocity and flow rate of the quenching gas are fixed, the more the quenching gas inlets are, the better the flow field and temperature field are. A recirculation region with the diameter about 1.5–2.0 m is formed in the center of the cooler under the quenching gas profile, and the intensity of the reflux flow increases with the number of quenching gas inlets. The particles are rapidly quenched when the particle flow through the quenching gas profile. Furthermore, the temperature of the quenching gas, and the temperature of the water in the tubes of membrane wall also have important effect on the temperature field in the RSC.     

旋流在气流床气化炉中的应用

在气流床气化炉内高温高压的环境下,气固混合是影响气化炉效率的重要因素,而旋流在强化气固混合方面已在燃烧中得到广泛使用,文中综述了旋流在气流床气化炉中的应用。首先介绍了旋流的数学描述,包括旋流的概念,旋流N-S方程的表示方法以及其解析解,旋流的解析解均是在一定假设前提下得到的,具有一定的局限性;其次,介绍了旋流的特性和生成方式,主要通过切向入口、旋流叶片和机械旋转引入旋流;然后介绍了旋流在气化炉中的应用,包括喷嘴旋流和炉膛旋流2种,并结合具体结构展示了旋流的作用,主要有增强混合和便于排渣;最后对旋流在气化炉中的应用进行了总结和展望。