除草剂２,６—二氟苯胺的合成

以２,６-二氟苯酰胺,氯气和氢氧化钠为原料,采用苯甲醇为反应介质,经Ｈofmann酰胺降级反应,制得２,６-二氟苯胺,其最佳工艺条件为:n(酰胺):n(氢氧化钠):n(氯气):n(苯甲醇)=１:８.５６:１.２３:２.１９产品收率可达９２%, 纯度可达９０%.     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酸的合成及副产物研究

以4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮为起始原料,经Willgerodt-Kindler反应后,碱解、酸化得到质量分数99%以上的液晶中间体4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酸,对目标化合物进行了1HNMR、IR和GC-MS表征。结果表明,当n(4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮)∶n(硫)∶n(吗啉)=1∶2∶4,反应温度为105～115℃,反应时间为2 h时,Willgerodt-Kindler反应效果最佳,主产物的质量分数为71.54%,4-乙氧基-2-吗啉-3-氟-苯硫代吗啉酰胺或者4-乙氧基-2-氟-3-吗啉-苯硫代吗啉酰胺副产物的质量分数为14.60%。根据1HNMR和GC-MS数据,对Willgerodt-Kindler反应过程中副产物的可能结构进行了推测。     

1-(2-氟苯基)-1-(4-氟苯基)环氧乙烷的合成研究

以2,4’-二氟二苯酮和锍盐(CH3)3SHSO4为原料,在碱性条件下反应生成1-(2-氟苯基)-1-(4-氟苯基)环氧乙烷。通过正交实验确定最佳工艺条件为:氢氧化钾、甲醇和2,4’-二氟二苯酮的物质的量比为6∶1.25∶1,反应温度45℃。以2,4’-二氟二苯酮计,产品收率为91.23%,含量为97.45%。     

2-溴-6-氟甲苯衍生物的合成

以2-溴-6-氟甲苯为原料,经溴化反应和氧化反应分别合成了2-溴-6-氟溴苄和2-溴-6-氟苯甲酸。再以2-溴-6-氟溴苄为原料,经水解和Sommlet反应分别合成了2-溴-6-氟苯甲醇和2-溴-6-氟苯甲醛,并对各工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,以HBr/H2O2为溴化试剂,2-溴-6-氟溴苄收率为90.3%;以乙醇为溶剂,2-溴-6-氟苯甲醇收率为92.8%;以KMnO4作为氧化剂,2-溴-6-氟苯甲酸收率为58.2%;当n(2-溴-6-氟溴苄)∶n(六亚甲基四胺)=1∶1.3时,2-溴-6-氟苯甲醛收率为79.0%。各产物结构经红外、核磁共振等技术得到了确证。     

4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮的合成与表征

以2,3-二氟苯乙醚和乙酰氯为起始原料,经傅克反应合成了质量分数99%以上的液晶中间体4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮,对目标化合物进行了1HNMR、IR和GC-MS表征。以二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,当n(2,3-二氟苯乙醚)∶n(三氯化铝)∶n(乙酰氯)=1∶1.14∶1.3,反应温度为-10～-5℃,反应时间为1 h时,反应效果最佳,产物质量分数为89.2%,2,3-二氟苯乙醚质量分数为4.83%,副产物4-乙酰基-2,3-二氟苯酚醋酸酯质量分数为0.12%,产物异构体未检出。根据实验结果对傅克反应副产物产生的原因进行了推测。     

2-乙氧基-4,6-二氟嘧啶的合成

以2-乙氧基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶为起始原料,经过氯化、氟化合成农药中间体2-乙氧基-4,6-二氟嘧啶。详细考察了原材料配比、反应时间、反应温度对反应的影响,获得了反应优化条件:n(三氯氧磷)∶n(2-乙氧基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶)为2.2∶1,n(氟化钾)∶n(2-乙氧基-4,6-二氯嘧啶)为2.5∶1,氯化反应温度75℃～85℃,氯化反应时间3h,氟化反应温度(160±5)℃,氟化反应时间2.5h。产品总收率75%,产品含量98%。     

对三氟甲氧基-N-羟乙基苯胺的合成

由对三氟甲氧基苯胺(Ⅰ)为原料通过与氯甲酸-2-氯乙酯进行酰胺化反应后,在氢氧化钠水溶液中水解重排,选择性地合成了单-N-羟乙基化反应产物对三氟甲氧基-N-羟乙基苯胺(Ⅲ),产物结构经1HNMR1、3CNMR、MS和IR表征.考察各因素对产物收率的影响,得到最佳反应条件为:酰胺化反应溶剂为二氧六环,反应温度50℃,n(NaOH)n∶(酰胺化物)=5∶1,反应时间7 h,Ⅲ的总收率可达93.7%.     

2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二甲基苯酚、氯乙酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在碘化钾催化下,经Williamson成醚反应合成了2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸。考察了原料摩尔比、氢氧化钠用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对收率影响。结果表明:n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)∶n(氯乙酸)∶(氢氧化钠)=1∶1.5∶2.86;n(碘化钾)∶n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)=0.1;反应温度70℃;反应时间4 h条件下产率达54.7%。     

98%甲基嘧啶磷合成新工艺研究

在水解抑制剂及氢氧化钠的作用下,2-二乙基氨基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶与O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯反应制备甲基嘧啶磷,优化工艺条件为:原料配比n(嘧啶醇)∶n(甲基氯化物)∶n(氢氧化钠)∶n(水解抑制剂)=1∶1.05∶1.2∶0.263,反应温度20~40℃,反应时间3h。此条件下产品收率94%,产品含量99%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。