热反应牛肉粉、牛肉膏及其在西式肉制品中的应用

介绍热反应牛肉粉、牛肉青的生产工艺技术和特点,以及他们的调味增香机理,从西式肉制品的产品风味、成本及创新等方面阐述了应用肉味调味料的必要性,利用其天然、营养,耐高温等优势,通过牛肉火腿肠生产工艺配方应用举例,确定热反应牛肉粉、牛肉膏在西式肉制品中广泛的应用前景.     

卤牛肉与牛肉高汤联合生产技术

主要阐述卤牛肉与牛肉高汤联合生产工艺,分析了产生的经济效益。     

Combined heat transfer and kinetic models to predict cooking loss during heat treatment of beef meat

A heat transfer model was used to simulate the temperature in 3 dimensions inside the meat. This model was combined with a first-order kinetic models to predict cooking losses. Identification of the parameters of the kinetic models and first validations were performed in a water bath. Afterwards, the performance of the combined model was determined in a fan-assisted oven under different air/steam conditions. Accurate knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient values and consideration of the retraction of the meat pieces are needed for the prediction of meat temperature. This is important since the temperature at the center of the product is often used to determine the cooking time. The combined model was also able to predict cooking losses from meat pieces of different sizes and subjected to different air/steam conditions. It was found that under the studied conditions, most of the water loss comes from the juice expelled by protein denaturation and contraction and not from evaporation.     

肉制品中牛源性成分多重实时荧光PCR检测 方法的建立及初步应用

目的建立肉制品中牛源性成分的荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据牛特异性线粒体DNA片段,设计合成两对引物,以生、熟牛肉及超市牛肉加工品为材料,建立肉制品中牛源性成分的多重实时荧光PCR检测方法,并用该法与国标法同时对市售的25份肉制品同时进行检测,通过对其他种类的肉源DNA进行扩增验证方法的特异性;对含有不同比例牛肉成分的DNA样本进行检测确定检出限。结果该方法可成功检测出肉制品中的牛源性成分。在25份肉制品检测中,与国标法检测结果一致。该法的特异性为100%,灵敏度检测线为1%。结论本研究成功建立牛源性肉制品的检测方法,该方法快速简便,且具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,可用于市售肉制品中牛源性成分的鉴定。     

Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality

Consumers are becoming more aware of the relationships between diet and health and this has increased consumer interest in the nutritional value of foods. This is impacting on the demand for foods which contain functional components that play important roles in health maintenance and disease prevention. For beef, much attention has been given to lipids. This paper reviews strategies for increasing the content of beneficial omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and reducing saturated fatty acids (SFA) in beef. Particular attention is given to intramuscular fat (IMF) and the relationships between fatty acid composition and key meat quality parameters including colour shelf life and sensory attributes. Despite the high levels of ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA, nutrition is the major route for increasing the content of beneficial fatty acids in beef. Feeding grass or concentrates containing linseed (rich in α-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3) in the diet increases the content of 18:3n-3 and its longer chain derivative eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in beef muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in a lower n-6:n-3 ratio. Grass feeding also increases docasahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Feeding PUFA rich lipids which are protected from ruminal biohydrogenation result in further enhancement of the PUFA in meat with concomitant beneficial improvements in the ratio of polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acids (P:S ratio) and n-6:n-3 ratio. The main CLA isomer in beef is CLA cis-9, trans-11 and it is mainly associated with the triacylglycerol lipid fraction and therefore is positively correlated with level of fatness. The level of CLA cis-9, trans-11 in beef is related to (1) the amount of this isomer produced in the rumen and (2) synthesis in the tissue, by delta-9 desaturase, from ruminally produced trans vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11; TVA). Feeding PUFA-rich diets increases the content of CLA cis-9, trans-11 in beef. Trans-fatty acids in foods are of rising importance and knowledge of the differential effects of the individual trans isomers is increasing. TVA is the major trans 18:1 isomer in beef and as the precursor for tissue CLA in both animals and man should be considered as a neutral or beneficial trans-isomer. Increasing the content of n-3 PUFA in beef can influence colour shelf life and sensory attributes of the meat. As the content of n-3 PUFA increases then sensory attributes such as "greasy" and "fishy" score higher and colour shelf life may be reduced. Under these situations, high levels of vitamin E are necessary to help stabilise the effects of incorporating high levels of long chain PUFA into meat. However, grass feeding not only increases n-3 PUFA and CLA but, due to its high content of vitamin E, colour shelf life is improved. It is evident that opportunities exist to enhance the content of health promoting fatty acids in beef and beef products offering opportunities to add value and contribute to market differentiation. However, it is imperative that these approaches to deliver "functional" attributes do not compromise on the health value (lipoperoxidation) or the taste of beef products.     

Comparative study of buffalo meat and beef

The aim of the experiment described in this paper was to compare buffalo and cattle breeds for meat production. Bulls and steers of both species were compared. Buffaloes and cattle were of comparable conformation on a weight to length ratio basis when slaughtered at the same liveweight. Apart from sex and weight effects, species did affect the conformation and growth of live animals, the largest differences between species being evident in the younger animals. As regards slaughter characteristics, although differences in carcass yield were slight between species, systematic differences appeared, with a higher head and skin weight for buffaloes. A higher proportion of fat was noted in the 11th rib joint of buffaloes than of cattle at the lighter weights but the difference between species lessened with slaughter weight. As far as meat quality is concerned, two major effects of species on muscle pH (24 h post slaughter) and the shear strength of raw muscle were noted. Buffaloes, which had a lower muscle pH than cattle, displayed a significantly smaller amount of collagen in the muscles studied, but the species did not differ significantly in the degree of intramuscular collagen crosslinking.     

Pressure-heat treatment of meat: A comparison of beef and buffalo meat

A pressure-heat treatment, which disrupts the myofibrillar structure of meat but leaves the connective tissues essentially intact, was used to compare the connective tissue component of toughness in the Semimembranosus and Longissimus dorsi muscles from nine Brahman cross and nine buffalo steers, 24 to 29 months of age. For assessment of samples, peak force, initial yield force and peak force minus initial yield force values were determined from Warner-Bratzler shear force-deformation curves.

In the control, non-pressure-heat treated samples, the only breed difference detected was in peak minus initial yield force value, which was significantly lower for the beef Semimembranosus muscles. However, for the pressure-heat treated samples of both muscles, peak force and peak minus initial yield force values were significantly lower for beef than for buffalo. The pressure-heat treatment could thus be used to detect differences in the contribution of connective tissue to toughness which would otherwise be obscured by the differences in the myofibrillar toughness.     

鸡肉中弯曲菌定量检测方法的建立与初步应用

目的参照国标方法,建立鸡肉中弯曲菌定量检测的CCDA平板计数法。方法通过对选择性CCDA培养基中添加不同浓度组合的抗生素和生长促进剂,确定最佳添加浓度组合,并与普通CCDA平板计数法进行比较,建立鸡肉中弯曲菌定量检测方法,同时评价该方法的特异性和检测限。结果添加一定浓度抗生素和生长促进剂的选择性CCDA培养基和普通CCDA培养基对弯曲菌标准菌株定量计数的吻合度为(100±5)%;除弯曲菌外,其他5种肠道细菌在该CCDA培养基中均不能生长;该方法对弯曲菌菌悬液可检测至10 CFU/mL。运用该方法对50份鸡肉样品进行调查研究,共检测出22份阳性样品,弯曲菌检出率为44%,平均检测值为20CFU/100 cm~2,检测结果与国标方法阳性符合率为100%。结论该方法简便、特异性好、准确度高,为定量检测鸡肉中弯曲菌提供了新技术。     

脂肪替代品的研究进展及其在肉制品中的应用

脂肪替代品广泛应用在各种食品中,它能提供脂肪部分或全部的功能特性,同时．代替脂肪使用时,可提供更低的热能。概述了脂肪替代品的几种基本类型、研究进展,它们各自的特点及在食品工业中的应用,并展望了脂肪替代品的发展趋势和前景。     

Colour of beef heated to different temperatures as related to meat ageing

The effects of ageing (10-12 days at +5°C), thermal treatment (internal temperature, T(i): 45, 60, 75°C) and oxygenation on the colour and some colour related physical and biochemical parameters of beef longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were studied. The colour components (L(?), a(?) and b(?) values) for the raw and heated LD, both before and after ageing and oxygenation, were instrumentally and sensorily evaluated. Ageing influenced colour components (except b(?) value), specific activity of cytochrome c oxidase (SACCO) and amount of oxygen consumed (AOC). An increase in internal temperature was usually accompanied by a lower SACCO, AOC and total native muscle pigment concentration, as well as a change in all colour parameters. Oxygenation of the raw and heated slices (except T(i)=75°C) led to a less of black colour and a higher of red colour, a(?) and b(?) values.     

Salmonella in raw meat and by-products from pork and beef

After campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis is the second main cause of human bacterial enteritis in Germany. Salmonella is known to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals without producing any clinical signs. Therefore, carcasses can become contaminated with Salmonella at the time of slaughter. During an 11-month period, a total of 4,170 raw meat samples and by-products from beef and pork, obtained from seven different slaughterhouses in Southern Germany, were screened by the VIDAS system for Salmonella in this study. Positive results were confirmed by isolation of the pathogen on selective agars. The overall percentage of Salmonella-positive samples was 1.4% by the VIDAS system and 0.7% by culture confirmation. Salmonella was detected in 1.8% of pork samples by the VIDAS system and in 1.1% of samples by culture. In beef samples the presence of Salmonella was verified in 0.6% of samples by the VIDAS system and in 0.1% by culture on selective agars. The highest contamination rates were found in porcine and bovine tongue samples. Salmonella was detected in porcine samples throughout the year, except in samples collected in July, and a slight increase was observed in the colder months. The VIDAS system was shown to be an efficient screening method for the detection of Salmonella, with the advantage of a reduced analysis time.     

Natural and simulated meat flavors (with particular reference to beef)

Current information relating to the chemical composition of both natural and simulated meat flavors is presented, with particular reference to beef flavor. The origin of natural meat flavor is described in terms of the nature of the precursors and the formation pathways of volatile components contributing to meat flavor. A table listing the aroma components of natural beef is included and their relative contributions to the overall flavor is considered. The historical development of commercial meat flavorings is traced from the early spice blends and meat extracts to the thermally produced imitation meat flavors (processed meat flavorings) including “reaction products” and flavorings derived from natural meat. Some G.B. and U.S. “reaction products” patents and meat flavor contributing compounds patented since 1960 are summarized in tabular form.     

Extractability and functionality of rice proteins and their application as meat extenders

Two protein isolates were produced from broken rice—protein isoelectric precipitate (PIP) and partially hydrolyzed protein preparation (PHP). Isolates and rice flour (RF) were compared with regard to proximate chemical composition and functional properties. Also, PIP was compared with RF as a meat extender of sausage at the 20%, 30% and 40% levels. The PIP was found to be preferable to RF at all substitution levels.     

Drying dynamics of meat highlighting areas of relevance to dry-aging of beef

Drying of foods is a processing step, which has a variety of outcomes from improving shelf life and product stability, to reducing weight, or to achieving a targeted product eating quality. Drying is key step in the manufacturing of some dried meat products, such as jerky. It is also a major event that occurs when beef is dry-aged, where beef is exposed to air under defined conditions for an extended aging period. Although the conditions typically used to produce dried meat products are significantly different from those that prevail during dry-aging, both involve a gradual removal of water from muscle. As there is a paucity of research on the kinetics of the dehydration process occurring during dry-aging of beef, this paper comprehensively reviews models used to describe drying kinetics in other beef products, in order to gain insights regarding the key factors that impact water removal from meat. Consideration is given as to how the specific conditions during dry-aging such as air flows used (approximately 2 m/s), high air relative humidity, low temperature, and meat geometry will influence the kinetics of the drying. With regard to modeling, equations derived from Fick's second law of diffusion (e.g., thin-layer models) have been used to describe the drying kinetics of small-sized meat products. However, to apply Fick's law to dry-aging, some different considerations may need to be evaluated such as: tridimensional geometry (i.e., whole muscle); uniform initial moisture content; isotropic diffusion; negligible shrinkage;and a combination of internal and external resistances.     

猪五花肉炖煮肉汤香气物质的分析鉴定

普通白猪五花肉炖煮1.5 h,所得肉汤挥发性风味物质采用溶剂辅助蒸发提取。在弱极性（HP-5）、极性（DB-WAX）两根色谱柱上气-质联机分析,并采用HP-5柱稀释法气相色谱-嗅闻分析。基于质谱、保留指数、标准品,气-质联机分析鉴定出102种化合物,包括含硫化合物、含氧杂环、醛类、酮类、醇类、酸类、酯类、烃类等。稀释法气相色谱-嗅闻分析,检测出39个气味保留区,基于气-质分析结果、保留指数、气味特征、标准品比对,鉴定出33个气味活性物质,稀释因子较高的（log₂FD≥9）为3-甲硫基丙醛、二甲基三硫醚、糠硫醇、2-噻吩硫醇、己醛、庚醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛、（E,Z）-2,4-癸二烯醛、（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛、（E,E）-2,4-壬二烯醛、麦芽酚、1-辛烯-3-醇、乙偶姻。研究结果可为肉香味化学的发展、肉类香精研制及中式菜肴的工业化提供参考。      

不同溶解性膳食纤维的功能特性差异浅析 及其在肉制品中应用

膳食纤维是一种植物成分,在消化过程中胃中的酶不能将其分解,是人类所需的第七大营养素。膳食纤维按其溶解性可分为可溶性和不溶性膳食纤维两大类,而且不同溶解性膳食纤维功能特性方面有很大差异,一般可溶性膳食纤维形成溶胶或凝胶,有很强的吸附性和清除能力,一般研究水溶性膳食纤维的对胆酸、胆固醇及有害物质的吸附性能,以及清除自由基的能力。不溶性膳食纤维主要研究粒径、温度等因素,对膳食纤维的膨胀力、持水力、吸油力和结合水力的影响。可溶性与不溶性膳食纤维的制备工艺方法存在差异,得率因品种不同有较大差异,持水力、溶胀率等理化特性也差异很大。本文还介绍了国内外将多种不同类型和来源的膳食纤维添加在肉制品(香肠、火腿、重组肉制品、凝胶肉制品、汉堡等)中的应用研究进展。目前对于不同溶解性膳食纤维的性质还没有确切科学的结论。如果能将不同膳食纤维本身的性质研究透彻,确定什么理化特性或结构特征赋予了膳食纤维在不同功能食品中的各种功能特性,将使商业与研究如何选择和制备合适品种的膳食纤维提供科学依据。