基于Kano-AHP-QFD的适老化换鞋座椅设计研究

目的 对老年用户换鞋行为进行分析,设计满足半自理能力老年用户需求的适老化换鞋座椅产品,提高老年人群居家养老的生活质量。方法 通过行为观察、入户观察和访谈的方式获取初步需求;利用Kano模型确定用户需求属性;采用AHP层次分析法对用户需求进行分析,获取用户需求权重排序;基于QFD质量功能配置理论建立(HOQ)质量屋模型,将用户需求转化为质量特性并计算相对重要度;采用参与式设计完成适老化换鞋座椅设计实践。结果 依据设计要素得到满足半自理能力老年人换鞋行为需求的座椅设计方案。结论 将Kano-AHP-QFD模型进行集成应用,可获取准确的用户需求,并转化为质量特征及重要度排序,以此指导适老化家具产品设计;从老年用户行为意图角度出发,细分家具应用场景,为未来适老化家具开发提供新的研究思路。     

基于TAME-EDKT模型的适老化家电产品设计评价

目的 为解决适老化家电产品设计评价过程中指标集确定的非适老性、指标间相互作用关系的干扰性和权重值确定过程中忽略用户需求的片面性等问题,基于老年技术接受模型,提出一种综合评价模型方法。方法 首先,基于老年技术接受模型确定设计方案评价指标;其次,基于熵权法确定评价指标的初始权重,运用DEMATEL法确定指标之间的相互作用权重,以KANO模型进行权重调整,确定最终的指标权重,并基于TOPSIS法进行方案排序优选;最后,运用该方法进行适老化吸尘器设计方案优选,并进行对比验证。结论 该方法可有效确定适老化家电产品设计评价指标集的适老性,较好地考虑了指标间的相互作用关系及用户需求对指标权重的影响,并进一步完善适老化家电产品设计领域的理论研究。     

基于AHP、QFD与AD的居家适老座椅设计研究

目的 在老年人的居家养老生活中,“坐”是他们日常最主要的行为之一,运用AHP、QFD及AD等方法,最终实现居家型适老化座椅的创新设计研究。方法 综合分析了适老化家具市场现状,明确了设计缺口,实地调研挖掘用户需求,运用AHP确定目标用户需求权重,QFD确定设计需求权重,最后使用AD对QFD进行修正,以补充设计方案策略评价中的不足;通过构建相关产品功能概念矩阵,设计一款满足老年人生理及心理需求的居家适老化座椅。结论 明确了用户需求,分析了适老化座椅的设计特征,设计出一款座椅产品;借助适老化功能座椅实际模型,验证AHP、QFD、AD方法的可靠性与安全性,为适老化座椅系列产品设计研究提供了一定的参考依据,为未来开发适老化家具提供了研究思路。     

航空行李自动贴标机的设计与实现

目的 为定量评价包装设计方案的可持续性,提供一种基于AHP和TOPSIS的最优方案筛选方法。方法 充分考虑包装产品设计中的材料、生产、运输、销售、处理及回收等环节,构建可持续包装设计方案的三级评价体系。将AHP与TOPSIS有机结合,建立可持续包装设计方案的评价模型,采用AHP法构建判断矩阵,确定包装设计方案指标的权重,采用TOPSIS法计算评价指标最优集和最劣集,得到不同设计方案的优劣排序。结果 实例分析了同一茶叶产品的3种可持续包装设计方案,得出3种设计方案的优越度分别为0.7182, 0.7503, 0.2673,牛皮纸和加厚卡纸设计的泡袋礼盒的设计方案为最优方案。结论 实验表明,AHP和TOPSIS构建的评价模型,能够合理、高效地对可持续包装设计方案的优劣进行排序,为可持续包装设计方案的优化提供了有益参考。     

车载人机交互界面的适老化设计研究

目的 研究车载界面的适老化设计方案,提升老年用户车载人机交互界面的使用体验与安全性。方法 通过对老年用户群体的研究,总结出影响老年人使用车载界面的主要因素与使用障碍;通过用户访谈、问卷通过访谈调研获取老年用户对车载界面的设计需求,然后利用Kano模型对需求进行分类,并对设计需求的用户满意度进行计算,从而获得关键设计需求;根据计算结果,从视觉设计、交互设计两个方面提出车载人机交互界面的适老化设计方案,并采用HMI动态评价法对实践成果进行可用性测试。结论 对设计方案的可用性测试结果表明,通过研究老年人身体机能退化与社会认知障碍而进行的车载界面适老化设计,可以有效提升老年用户驾驶时使用车载界面的安全性与使用体验。     

基于AHP-CRITIC-TOPSIS的智能养老辅助产品设计研究

目的 针对目前智能养老辅助产品研究优选过程中,权重计算时主观权重信息占比过大的问题,将主客观权重与逼近理想解的排序方法相结合,运用于产品评价和优选体系,进行科学有效性排序。方法 首先,运用德尔菲法、调查问卷等方法,整理出老年人对智能辅助产品的需求,提出设计评价指标;其次,运用层次分析法(AHP)计算出主观权重,运用客观赋权法(CRITIC)计算出客观权重。进一步用公式将主、客观权重进行组合,计算出各指标的组合权重;最后,结合逼近理想解的排序方法(TOPSIS)对设计方案进行优选。以三种老年智能助行器设计方案为例,详解框架及流程。结果 实践证明,智能养老辅助产品评价体系准则层中功能需求最重要,在要素层中操作简易、群体互动和多样附属功能是评价智能辅助产品的重要指标。根据指标计算出三种方案相对贴近度,贴近度最高的方案二为最佳方案。结论 所分析的产品评价体系、提出的设计策略和方案比选方法可以为智能养老辅助产品设计提供参考。事实证明,综合运用AHP、CRITIC、TOPSIS方法的老年助行器设计方法优选模型更科学,多维数据下结合主客观权重方法得到的综合权重值更加合理,更能证明设计的针对性和有效性。     

基于QFD和AHP法的适老浴室柜设计研究

目的 设计出符合老年人实际使用需求的浴室柜产品,更好地帮助他们完成日常起居的生活。方法 以质量功能展开(QFD)理论和层次分析法(AHP)作为理论支撑,构建适老浴室柜质量屋(HOQ)设计理论模型,并以此为依据对适老浴室柜进行设计实践。首先通过实地访谈和观察法等方式,获取老年人的行为状况和需求信息,利用KJ法对需求进行聚类和精炼,得到用户需求层次化结构;然后运用AHP法计算出各层需求的权重值;最后利用HOQ理论将用户各项需求转化为适老浴室柜设计特征。结果 依据设计特征得到一款最为符合老年人需求的适老浴室柜设计方案。结论 该方法能够挖掘出用户最为迫切的需求,使设计出的产品更为科学与合理,更好地帮助老年人应对衰老所带来的困扰,同时对同类产品的设计研究也具有重要的参考意义。     

用户需求下的安溪铁观音包装设计路径研究

目的 为解决安溪铁观音茶叶包装设计过程中的问题,本研究提出一种集成Kano-AHP-TOPSIS的茶叶包装设计路径。方法 首先,以安溪铁观音为研究对象,根据安溪铁观音消费需求,明确包装开发中视觉、功能、情感及文化等设计属性,从中总结归纳出二十二项设计中的用户需求因素,并基于Kano模型对其进行属性划分;其次,应用层次分析法(AHP)求解安溪铁观音包装设计中各需求因素权重,依据权重排序情况构思安溪铁观音包装设计方案;最后,运用AHP-TOPSIS法进行安溪铁观音包装设计方案的客观评价,以此验证所提出的路径在安溪铁观音包装设计中的可行性。结果 基于Kano-AHP-TOPSIS的安溪铁观音包装设计方案均优于现有包装设计。结论 基于用户需求集成的Kano-AHP-TOPSIS的茶叶包装设计路径可科学分析用户需求、合理聚焦设计因素、客观评价设计方案,可见该设计路径可为同类茶叶包装设计提供参考借鉴的思路。     

基于层次分析法的老年人功能性食品包装设计研究

目的 通过分析老年人对功能性食品包装的认知特点,运用层次分析法进行综合分析评价,从而设计出满足老年人实际需求的功能性食品包装。方法 从老年人对功能性食品包装设计的需求出发,获取老年人对功能性食品包装设计的感性意象词汇库,从而构建包装设计综合评价指标体系,通过层次分析法计算各指标间的权重大小,生成关键设计要素的重要程度排序,明确功能性食品包装的适老化设计方向。结果 通过构建基于层次分析法的设计流程,完成了一套老年人功能性食品包装设计方案,并进行设计验证,结果反馈该方案用户满意度较高。结论 基于层次分析法可以有效分析出用户需求的重要度和不同需求的情感倾向,按照设计流程分析得到老年人对功能性食品包装的特殊需求,为老年人功能性食品包装的设计提供理论依据和实践参考。     

老旧小区公共空间设施适老化评价研究

目的 为强化老旧小区公共空间设施适老化需求要素与产品设计之间的联系,优化老年人的使用体验,提出一种基于KJ法、AHP-熵权法和SD法的综合评价体系。方法 首先,运用KJ法收集、整合、筛选老旧小区公共空间设施产品的适老化需求要素;其次,运用层次分析法构建评价指标体系,通过AHP-熵权法计算各需求指标的综合权重并进行优先级排序,针对徐州市某老旧小区的公共空间设施产品,运用SD法进行适老化满意度评价;最后,结合指标权重与满意度评价结果得出该小区公共空间设施适老化评价得分。结果通过实际案例验证了评价体系的科学性和实用性,根据综合评价结果提出公共空间设施产品适老化设计优化方向。结论 评价模型结合了老年群体的实际需求和行业专家的专业判断,为老旧小区公共空间设施产品适老化设计优化提供了理论依据和量化指标,对提升老年群体的使用满意度具有重要作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...