孕晚期膳食摄入量对新生儿出生体重及胎盘系数的影响

目的:探讨孕妇孕晚期膳食摄入量对新生儿出生体重及胎盘系数的影响。方法:纳入241例在2017年10月—2018年1月于上海市新华医院产科分娩的健康产妇,在分娩后72h内进行回顾性孕晚期食物频率问卷调查,并收集孕妇身高、孕前体重、年龄、分娩方式,和新生儿性别、出生体重、胎龄、胎盘重量,计算胎盘系数(胎盘系数=胎盘重量/出生体重)。根据2013Fenton生长曲线新生儿胎龄别体重将新生儿分为小于胎龄儿组、适于胎龄儿组和大于胎龄儿组。结果:经多因素Logistic回归分析显示,对于体重大于胎龄儿,增加孕晚期能量(OR=0. 998,95%CI:0. 996～1. 000)和碳水化合物(OR=0. 027,95%CI:0. 975～0. 998)摄入量能够降低其发生率;对于新生儿体重小于胎龄,增加蛋白质摄入(OR=0. 977,95%CI:0. 956～1. 000)能够降低其发生率,而碳水化合物供能比增加(OR=1. 074,95%CI:1. 010～1. 142)则会增加其发生率。线性回归分析显示,增加孕晚期脂肪摄入量(β=0. 020,95%CI:0. 000～0. 039)和脂肪供能比(β=0. 059,95%CI:0. 001～0. 118)会增大胎盘系数,增加碳水化合物供能比(β=-0. 049,95%CI:-0. 097～-0. 001)会降低胎盘系数。结论:孕晚期膳食摄入量影响新生儿出生体重及胎盘系数。     

橘之缘代餐粉对小鼠体脂的影响研究

目的:研究橘之缘代餐粉对小鼠体脂的影响,为橘子纤维的开发利用提供依据。方法:取50只小鼠随机分为5组,灌胃不同样品,空白组灌胃生理盐水。检测小鼠的体重、体能、血糖血脂、脂肪系数及肠蠕动等情况。结果:橘之缘代餐粉能显著降低血脂、降低脂肪系数,控制小鼠体重。并具有抗疲劳作用。结论:橘之缘代餐粉能降血脂,调节脂肪分布,具有控制体重、塑身作用。     

CLA对体脂和癌症的影响及作用机理

CLA具有多种生物学功能,其中对体脂和癌症的影响尤为显著.CLA主要通过影响脂肪转运、代谢和储存的关键酶来降低体脂和改变体脂中脂肪酸的组成;通过抑制血管的生长、诱导癌细胞凋亡、影响细胞间隙连接通讯、抑制蛋白质和核酸的生物合成、降低DNA加合物的形成、增强机体免疫力和抗氧化能力以抵抗癌症的发生.     

茶与乳制品中关键成分的相互作用及对健康的影响

饮茶有诸多益处,乳制品也是人民生活中必不可少的食物,二者结合,形成了当下独特的“新茶饮”文化。本文分别从茶与乳制品关键成分的健康意义出发,重点讨论两者之间的相互作用及其对于人体健康起到的积极影响。     

苹果渣多酚对高脂大鼠体重及血脂的影响

目的:研究苹果渣多酚对高脂大鼠体重及血清中脂代谢水平的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为6组,除正常对照组外,其余5组给予高脂饲料,建立高脂大鼠模型。高脂大鼠按低、中、高3个剂量灌喂苹果渣多酚,并设阳性对照组（非诺贝特）。高脂大鼠连续灌喂苹果渣多酚和非诺贝特28d后,测定大鼠体重、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C及AI值。结果:苹果渣多酚和非诺贝特均能显著降低（p<0.05）高脂大鼠TG、TC、LDL-C和AI值,显著提升HDL-C含量（p<0.05）。TC、HDL-C和LDL-C三个指标,苹果渣多酚的作用都优于非诺贝特。TG指标,非诺贝特略优于苹果渣多酚。在降低高脂大鼠体重方面,苹果渣多酚的作用明显优于非诺贝特。结论:苹果渣多酚对高脂大鼠具有降血脂、减肥以及缓解动脉粥样硬化的作用。      

科学证实体重能够被有效管理——缓慢释放的碳水化合物帕拉金糖^TM有助于减轻体重和体脂量

于近期发表的一项科学研究表明,在减肥餐中使用BENEO的缓释低升糖碳水化合物帕拉金糖■代替蔗糖,能进一步降低超重和肥胖成年人的体重及脂肪含量。该研究由英国牛津布鲁克斯大学功能食品研究中心的Helen Lightowler博士和Jeya Henry教授发起,其研究成果不仅展现了帕拉金糖■在引导新陈代谢以促进脂肪燃烧方面的优势,同时也表明了除降低卡路里外,碳水化合物的选择同样对减肥具有重要意义。     

樟树籽仁油对高脂诱导型肥胖小鼠体脂和血脂水平的影响

采用不同樟树籽仁油(CCSKO)含量的高脂饲料干预营养型肥胖小鼠,研究高脂饲料中樟树籽仁油的含量对樟树籽仁油降低营养型肥胖小鼠体脂和血脂效果的影响。正常C57BL/6小鼠饲喂基础饲料作为正常对照组(NC组),同时采用高脂饲料诱发C57BL/6小鼠产生营养型肥胖。将肥胖小鼠随机分为基础饲料恢复组(NR组)、高脂猪油组(HF组)、含21. 91%CCSKO(CCSKO替换25%猪油)的高脂饲料组(HF-25%CCSKO组)、含43. 83%CCSKO(CCSKO替换50%猪油)的高脂饲料组(HF-50%CCSKO组)、含87. 66%CCSKO(CCSKO替换100%猪油)的高脂饲料组(HF-100%CCSKO组),连续喂养10周,测定小鼠体重、体长、腹部脂肪质量及血清相关生化指标,分析肝脏组织切片。结果表明:HF-50%CCSKO组、HF-100%CCSKO组的体重、腹部脂肪质量和血清ALT、AST水平比HF组显著降低,HF-100%CCSKO组的TC、LDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C水平比HF组显著降低。HF-50%CCSKO组的TC、LDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C水平与HF组相...     

菝葜水提物对高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠体重和脂肪代谢的影响

研究菝葜水提物对高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠体重和脂肪代谢的影响。50只ICR雌性小鼠随机分成5组,分别喂养基础饲料,高脂饲料和添加了不同剂量菝葜水提物的高脂饲料,定期测定体重和摄食量,投喂8周后测定小鼠体重、肝脏和腹腔内脂肪组织(IPAT)重量,分析血清中生化指标和肝脏中脂肪代谢相关酶的活性。与高脂组相比,低、中和高剂量的菝葜水提物能显著的控制小鼠体重增加、IPAT重量和血清中GLU和TG浓度,体重增加分别减少了31.97%、38.31%和36.90%,IPAT重量分别减少41.34%、48.58%和43.41%,GLU浓度分别降低了28.50%、17.15%和15.10%,TG浓度分别降低35.86%、29.31%、46.90%;肝脏中ACO的活性分别提升了25.49%、29.41%和26.47%,中、高剂量组AMPK活性显著提升分别提升了29.17%、33.33%。以上结果表明,菝葜水提物抑制小鼠体内脂肪沉积和减少体重增加主要是通过提升肝脏中脂肪氧化酶的活性,促进脂肪酸β-氧化来实现,对脂肪合成进程无明显影响。     

体脂沉积和FTO基因对畜肉品质影响的研究进展

家畜的体脂沉积影响畜肉品质进而影响人类健康,肥胖基因(fat mass and obesity associated,FTO)与体脂沉积存在密切相关性,从而间接影响畜肉品质。近年来围绕着体脂沉积的分子机制、体脂沉积与畜肉品质的相关性,国内外学者做了大量的研究,以期达到调控脂肪代谢、提高畜肉品质及保障人类健康的目的。     

黄霉素对黄河鲤鱼生长性能和体成分的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同水平黄霉素(2、4、6和8 mg/kg)对黄河鲤鱼生长性能和体成分的影响.结果表明:试验组饵料系数低于对照组;试验组黄河鲤鱼的生物学综合评价高于对照组,其中添加6mg/kg黄霉素的试验组黄河鲤鱼的生物学综合评价最好;全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

Relationships between urea dilution measurements and body weight and composition of lactating dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of the urea dilution technique, coupled with live animal measures to predict the body components of dairy cattle. The study involved 104 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows offered grass silage-based diets. Urea space volume (USV) was calculated from 2 collection periods of blood samples following infusion of urea at 12 (USV₁₂, kg) and 30 (USV₃₀, kg) min after infusion, and then as a proportion of live weight (LW) or empty body weight (EBW). All cows were slaughtered within 2 d of the USV trials. Large ranges existed in EBW and empty body concentrations of water, crude protein (CP), lipid, ash, and gross energy (GE). The USV₁₂ and USV₃₀ were both positively related to LW, EBW, and empty body component weights. The r² values for USV₁₂ were greater than USV₃₀. The r² values in the relationships of EBW and empty body composition with USV, however, were smaller than those with LW. Nevertheless, the relationships were improved when both USV and LW were used as predictors, rather than using either alone. Adding milk yield and body condition score as supporting predictors to prediction equations using USV and LW data for EBW, lipid, and GE contents further improved the relationships (r² = 0.93, 0.66, and 0.77, respectively). Internal evaluation of one-third of the present data using equations developed from two-thirds of the present data indicated that using USV, live weight, and other live animal variables as predictors, rather than using USV alone, considerably improved the prediction accuracy. It was concluded that USV can be used to predict body composition, but the relationships with USV were poorer than those with LW. The USV can only be used as a supporting variable to live weight for prediction of body components in lactating dairy cows.     

Genetic parameters for level and change of body condition score and body weight in dairy cows

(Co)variance components for body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), BCS change, BW change, and milk yield traits were estimated. The data analyzed included 6646 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows with records for BCS, BW, and(or) milk yield at different stages of lactation from 74 dairy herds throughout Southern Ireland. Heritability estimates for BCS ranged from 0.27 to 0.37, while those for BCS change ranged from 0.02 to 0.10. Heritability estimates for BW records varied from 0.39 to 0.50, while heritabilities for BW change were similar to those observed for BCS change (0.03 to 0.09). The genetic correlations between BCS and BW at the same days in milk deviated little from 0.50, and the genetic correlations between BCS change and BW change over the same period ranged from 0.42 to 0.55. BCS and BW directly postpartum were both phenotypically and genetically negatively correlated with both BW change and BCS change in early lactation. The genetic correlations between BCS and milk yield were negative. The results of the present study show that animals that lose most BCS in early lactation tend to gain most BCS in late lactation, a trend also exhibited by BW.     

Associations among patterns in daily body weight, body condition scoring, and reproductive performance in high-producing dairy cows

The objective was to investigate the associations between body condition scores (BCS) and daily body weight (BW) in the first 150 d of lactation (DIM) and reproductive performance in high-producing dairy cows. Data included automated daily BW measurements and BCS of 2,020 Israeli Holstein cows from 7 commercial farms. Individual BW series were smoothed using penalized cubic splines, and variables representing BW patterns were generated. The presence of 7- and 21-d cycles in BW was determined using time-series analysis. Associations between BW and BCS and conception at first artificial insemination (AI) were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Multivariate survival analysis was used for associations between BW and BCS and the calving-to-first AI interval, first AI-to-conception interval, and calving-to-conception interval. First-parity cows that lost ≥12% and second-parity cows that lost ≥15% of their BW from calving to nadir BW were less likely to conceive at first AI. Cows without 7-d cycles in BW were 1.48 times more likely to conceive at first AI relative to cows with 7-d cycles. The odds of conceiving at first AI increased by 53% for each additional unit in BCS from 40 to 60 DIM. In the multivariate survival analysis, a BCS of ≤2.5 between 40 and 60 DIM, the percentage of BW lost from calving to nadir BW, and a BW loss of ≥7% from calving to 10 DIM were associated with reduced reproductive performance. The presence of 21-d cycles in BW was associated with high reproductive performance in first-parity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18] and second-parity cows (OR = 1.22). The presence of 7-d cycles in BW was associated with low reproductive performance in first-parity cows (OR = 0.77), but not in older cows. Based on previous findings and on the associations found in this study, we postulate that 21-d cycles are probably related to the sexual cycle and could be used as a proxy for assessing ovarian activity. Variables representing relative BW loss (%) were better predictors for impaired reproductive performance than those representing absolute BW loss (kg) and may be more suitable for estimating individual adaptation to negative energy balance in herds for which automated daily BW is available.     

Effects of stage of lactation and dietary forage level on body composition of Alpine dairy goats

Multiparous Alpine does (42) were used to determine how stage of lactation and dietary forage level affect body composition. The feeding and body composition portion of the study had a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Eighteen does were fed a 40% forage diet (40F) and 18 received a diet with 60% forage (60F) for approximately 2, 4, or 6 mo of lactation (59 ± 1.3, 116 ± 1.0, and 184 ± 1.4 d, respectively), followed by determination of body composition (6 does per diet at each time of slaughter). Does were assigned sequentially to treatments as kidding occurred. The 60F diet had 20% more dehydrated alfalfa pellets than the 40F diet, with higher levels of corn and soybean meal and inclusion of supplemental fat in the 40F diet. Initial body composition measures were made with 6 other does a few days after kidding (0 mo; 4 ± 0.6 d). Before parturition, does were fed a 50% concentrate diet free choice. Intake of dry matter was greater for 60F than for 40F, average daily gain tended to be affected by an interaction between diet and month (0, 24, 121, −61, 46, and 73 g), and 4% fat-corrected milk was less in mo 5 to 6 than earlier. Internal fat mass was greatest among times at 6 mo and greater for 40F than for 60F. Mass of the gastrointestinal tract was less for 40F than for 60F and decreased with increasing time in lactation. Concentrations of fat in the carcass (13.8, 13.1, 16.5, 11.2, 11.5, and 14.4%), noncarcass tissues (18.6, 24.2, 33.3, 14.3, 16.5, and 24.5%), and empty body (16.5, 18.7, 25.2, 12.9, 14.1, and 19.5% for 40F at 2 mo, 40F at 4 mo, 40F at 6 mo, 60F at 2 mo, 60F at 4 mo, and 60F at 6 mo, respectively) were affected by stage of lactation and diet. Based on daily change in tissue mass and energy, energy concentration in tissue mobilized or accreted was 16, 20, and 32 MJ/kg in 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6 mo of lactation, respectively. In conclusion, based on tissue mass, more energy was expended by the gastrointestinal tract with 60F than with 40F. Considerable internal fat appeared to be mobilized in early lactation, particularly with the diet moderate to high in forage, with more rapid and a greater magnitude of repletion by does consuming the diet lower in forage. The concentration of energy in tissue mobilized or accreted varied with stage of lactation, being considerably greater at 5 to 6 mo of lactation than earlier.     

Short communication: Verifying Holstein heifer heart girth to body weight prediction equations

The estimation of Holstein heifer body weight (BW) from heart girth measurements is needed, as many farms do not have animal scales to make the management decisions that require BW. The correlation between heart girth and BW is known to vary with differing animal conformation. The previous equation to correlate the 2 measures for Holstein dairy heifers was done 25 yr ago. Data were derived from 6 US experiment stations that are part of Regional Research Project NC-2042: Management Systems to Improve the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Dairy Enterprises. After deriving a new equation from a data set of observations and using a second validation data set, it was determined that the equation developed in 1992 was still valid and further equation development was not needed at this time.     

Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism

Studies performed on different species show that the consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) leads to a loss of fat and total body weight, reduces the plasma concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol, and has an antiinflammatory effect. This article reviews the clinical trials on human beings that evaluate how mixtures of CLA isomers administered as supplements or CLA-enriched products can affect total body weight, body composition, plasma lipid profile, glycemia, insulinemia, insulin sensitivity, lipid oxidation, and inflammation. After analyzing the few studies published to date in reduced samples of healthy humans or patients with overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes, we deduce that there is not enough evidence to show that conjugated linoleic acid has an effect on weight and body composition in humans. However, some of these studies have observed that the administration of various CLA isomers has adverse effects on lipid profile (it decreases HDL cholesterol concentration and increases Lp(a) circulating levels), glucose metabolism (glycemia, insulinemia or insulin sensitivity), lipid oxidation, inflammation, or endothelial function. Therefore, long-term randomized clinical trials, controlled with placebo, need to be made in large samples of patients to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CLA isomers before its indiscriminate use in human beings can be recommended.     

Bovine somatotropin and rumen-undegradable protein effects in prepubertal dairy heifers: effects on body composition and organ and tissue weights

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were in the experiment, 8 killed initially at 3 mo of age, with the remaining 24 Holstein heifers randomly assigned to treatments (n = 6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2 x2 factorial design. A total of 6 heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition and organ masses. Feed intake measured from group intakes were increased by 0.25 and 0.35 kg/d with bST and RUP, respectively. Administration of bST tended to increase the weights of visceral organs including heart, kidney, and spleen by 16, 16, and 38%, respectively. At 10 mo of age, there was a trend for increased empty body weights (EBW) and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST, but there were no effects of RUP. Body components and organ weights, expressed as a percentage of BW were not affected by RUP or bST. Somatotropin increased ash weight at 10 mo without affecting amounts of protein, fat, and energy. Rates of ash deposition between 3 and 10 mo of age were increased 7 and 4 g/d by bST and RUP, respectively. There were no treatment effects on rates of body fat, protein, and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin and RUP altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that was consistent with increased rates of skeletal growth. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.     

Heritability of electronically recorded daily body weight and correlations with yield, dry matter intake, and body condition score

The objectives of this study were to estimate heritability for daily body weight (BW) and genetic correlations of daily BW with daily milk yield (MY), body condition score (BCS), dry matter intake, fat yield, and protein yield. The Afiweigh cow body weighing system records BW of every cow exiting the milking parlor. The Afiweigh system was installed at the Pennsylvania State University dairy herd in August 2001 and in July 2004 at the Virginia Tech dairy herd. The edited data included 202,143 daily BW and 290,930 daily MY observations from 575 Pennsylvania State University and 120 Virginia Tech Holstein cows. Data were initially analyzed with a series of 4-trait animal models, followed by random regression models. The models included fixed effects for age within lactation group, week of lactation, and herd-date. Random effects included animal, permanent environment, and error. The order of the polynomials for random animal and permanent environmental effects with the random regression model for daily BW was 4 and 6, respectively. Heritability estimates for daily BW ranged from 0.48 to 0.57 and were largest between 200 and 230 and smallest at 305 d of lactation. Genetic correlations were large between BW and BCS (0.60). The genetic correlation between daily BW and MY was −0.14 but was positive (0.24) after adjusting for BCS. Electronically recorded daily BW is highly heritable, and genetic evaluations of daily BW and BW change across the lactation could be used to select for less early lactation BW loss.     

Analysis of daily body weight of high-producing dairy cows in the first one hundred twenty days of lactation and associations with ovarian inactivity

The objective of this study was to investigate, describe, and quantify daily body weight (BW) changes in the first 120 d of lactation in high-producing dairy cows. Data included 255,287 daily BW measurements from 2,167 Israeli Holstein dairy cows originating from 7 commercial dairy farms. Individual series of measurements were first smoothed using cubic splines for generating variables representing BW changes in early lactation and further analysis of the data. To construct standard BW curves stratified by parity and adjusted for farm, mixed models for repeated measurements were fit to the smoothed data, and least squares means for day in lactation were plotted. Time-series analysis techniques using polynomial functions of day in lactation and pairs of sine and cosine functions representing 7- and 21-d cycles were performed separately on each individual series of measurements. Additionally, generalized estimating equations were used to perform similar analysis on the data set as a whole. Mean days from calving to nadir BW increased significantly from first to later parities, as did mean BW loss from calving to nadir. The first-parity cow lost 6.5% of her BW from calving to d 29 in lactation, and second-parity and greater-parity cows lost 8.5 and 8.4% of their BW to d 34 and 38 in lactation, respectively. After nadir BW was reached, first-parity cows regained relative BW at a greater rate than did older parity cows. The trend in BW was nonlinear. A 7-d cycle was present in 247 cows (11.4%) and a 21-d cycle was present in 715 cows (33.0%). Presence of a 21-d cycle was associated with a 33% reduction in the risk of being diagnosed with inactive ovaries. Fewer days from calving to nadir BW and smaller BW loss from calving to nadir, coupled with a faster post-nadir increase in relative BW in first-parity cows compared with older cows indicated a smaller energy deficit in early lactation. Association between 21-d cycles in BW and ovarian activity suggest that these cycles were physiological and related to the estrous cycle. Therefore, monitoring them could be useful for indirectly assessing ovarian activity in a herd.     

Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art

The aim of this review was to focus on the complex relationships between milk and dairy products intake and bone health, with particular emphasis on osteoporosis. The literature was extensively examined to provide an objective overview of the most significant achievements on the subject. Osteoporosis can be defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Although the major determinants of peak bone mass and strength are genetic, major factors during childhood and adolescence may affect the ability to achieve peak bone mass. These include nutrition, particularly calcium and protein intake, physical activity, endocrine status, as well as exposure to a wide variety of risk factors. The role of calcium intake in determining bone mineral mass is well recognized to be the most critical nutritional factor to achieve optimal peak bone mass. The greatest amount of dietary calcium is obtained from milk and dairy foods, which also provide the human diet with vitamin D (particularly for products fortified with vitamin D), potassium, and other macro- and micronutrients. Although studies supporting the beneficial effects of milk or calcium on bone health are predominant in the literature, perplexity or discordance on this subject was expressed by some authors. Discordant data, mainly on the risk of fractures, provided limited proof of the unfavorable effect of dairy intake. More often, discordant works indicate no effect of dairy consumption on bone safety. Some considerations can be drawn from this viewpoint. Milk and dairy products are an optimal source of calcium as well as of other limiting nutrients (e.g., potassium and magnesium), with important effects on bone health. Bioactive components occurring in milk and dairy products may play an essential role on bone metabolism, as shown by in vivo and in vitro studies on colostrum acidic proteins and milk basic proteins. Calcium intake positively affects bone mass and is crucial in childhood and youth for correct bone development. In elderly people, calcium intake as well as vitamin D availability should be carefully checked. As a general conclusion, calcium is essential for bone health, although it will not prevent bone loss due to other factors; in this context, milk and dairy foods are bioavailable, relatively inexpensive sources of calcium for the human diet.