回复电压法在变压器故障诊断中的应用

作为一种可用于电力变压器及电力电缆状态监测的非破坏性诊断工具之一,回复电压法正被广泛开展研究,该方法可提高检测绝缘系统中含水量及老化程度的能力,并能够表征绝缘状况及老化状态.基于回复电压法原理,利用油浸纸板进行极化现象研究,为解释其内在机理,引入扩展德拜模型,并在不同电路参数条件下,得到了不同的仿真结果,同时,在试验室内针对不同老化程度的试样进行回复电压试验,综合试验结果及理论分析,建立了极化与老化之间的关系.     

回复电压法在变压器故障诊断中的应用

作为一种可用于电力变压器及电力电缆状态监测的非破坏性诊断工具之一．回复电压法正被广泛开展研究，该方法可提高检测绝缘系统中含水量及老化程度的能力，并能够表征绝缘状况及老化状态。基于回复电压法原理，利用油浸纸板进行极化现象研究．为解释其内在机理，引入扩展德拜模型，并在不同电路参数条件下，得到了不同的仿真结果，同时，在试验室内针对不同老化程度的试样进行回复电压试验，综合试验结果及理论分析，建立了极化与老化之间的关系。     

回复电压法用于变压器油纸绝缘老化状态评估

油纸绝缘材料发生老化现象时,往往会引起固体绝缘纸板材料中含水量增加及绝缘系统电介质响应特性改变。若对其进行回复电压测量,会表现出峰值升高、起始斜率增大以及峰值时间缩短等定性特征。为了进一步量化油纸绝缘老化现象与回复电压之间的关系,在介绍回复电压法基本原理的基础上,针对实验室内不同老化程度和不同含水量的油纸绝缘系统进行了回复电压试验,并结合现场实测经验,提出了基于回复电压的油纸绝缘老化状态评估方法。结果表明,油纸绝缘老化或受潮会显著降低其极化谱的主时间常数,绝缘固体材料的含水量与主时间常数的对数之间存在定量关系,利用主时间常数可以有效评估油纸绝缘的老化状态。     

绝缘缺陷对回复电压极化谱的影响

回复电压法利用极化完全建立的时间(主时间常数)评估油纸绝缘的老化状态,但老化的油纸绝缘系统易出现多个回复电压峰值,影响其主时间常数的确定。因此,在实验室条件下,搭建变压器油纸绝缘的模拟模型,从充电电压、绝缘结构、不均匀老化三个方面研究不均匀绝缘介质对回复电压峰值曲线的影响。结果表明,绝缘纸层数和绝缘缺陷会引起回复电压峰值曲线出现多个峰值,该现象可用于分析油纸绝缘状态的局部缺陷。     

温度和气隙对油纸绝缘回复电压参数的影响

针对温度和气隙对电力变压器油纸绝缘回复电压参数的影响,在实验室内搭建回复电压测试模型对有无气隙和不同温度样品进行试验分析。结果表明,温度不变时,气隙能促使回复电压最大值曲线在极化初期产生峰值;气隙存在时,温度的增加使中心时间常数值随时间线性增大;气隙和温度均使初始斜率初始值增大,衰减速度加快,回复电压各参数曲线幅值增加。     

绝缘层数及温度对变压器回复电压参数的影响

为拓展油纸绝缘状态影响因素的研究范围,进一步推广回复电压（RVM）法在绝缘状态诊断方面的应用,运用控制变量法进行测量,通过物理模型试验研究了绝缘层数及温度对回复电压各参数的影响。试验结果表明,温度一定时,随绝缘层数的增加中心时间常数会缓慢变大,而回复电压最大值并未有大幅变化,中心时间常数值在减小;随充电时间的延长,绝缘层数越少对应的初始斜率越大。绝缘层数一定时,回复电压最大值随温度的升高增幅越快,曲线峰值越小;温度对中心时间常数的影响比较明显,而对初始斜率的影响则较小。     

基于WOA-LM算法的变压器油纸绝缘等效模型参数辨识

为实现有效、准确地评估变压器油纸绝缘系统老化状态,在极化去极化电流法的基础上,结合扩展德拜模型,设计搭建了油纸绝缘测量系统,进行试验并求解得到去极化电流曲线,提出了一种基于鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)与Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)算法的融合算法进行油纸绝缘系统扩展德拜模型参数辨识,并建立了扩展德拜模型。与其他优化算法结果相比,所提算法求解精度高、收敛速度快,为实际场景中快速精确评估油纸绝缘设备绝缘老化状态奠定了基础。     

基于混合蛙跳算法的油纸绝缘变压器拓展德拜等值电路参数求解

为了更好地研究变压器油纸绝缘老化状态与拓展德拜等值电路参数之间的相关性,根据实测回复电压特征量参数等值电路模型,建立求解等值电路参数的数学模型,并将该模型转化为非线性优化问题,利用混合蛙跳算法的全局信息交换和局部深度搜索特性对拓展德拜等值电路参数进行参数辨识。通过两台变压器的辨识结果表明,与粒子群算法相比,由混合蛙跳算法辨识的电路参数计算获得的回复电压值与测量值具有更高的重合度,并能够准确地反映变压器油纸绝缘状态。     

电机定子绝缘频域介电谱解析与老化评估方法研究

为利用频域介电谱对发电机定子绝缘进行老化状态评估,提出了频谱解析策略及老化评估方法,并设计加速老化试验进行了验证.通过复介电常数实部与角频率的偏导曲线判断测试频段内的极化弛豫数量,并对高频段数据进行拟合分析,将拟合结果进行推广到全频段,并利用统计检验确保了拟合结果与原始数据的一致性,实现了频谱弛豫极化损耗与电导损耗的分...     

大型汽轮发电机定子线圈F级绝缘寿命预测方法的研究

介绍了大型汽轮发电机定子线圈F级绝缘的老化因子与加速寿命试验方法,对电老化与广义热老化的加速寿命试验数据进行了统计分析;用威布尔分布对F级绝缘的电老化和广义热老化的加速寿命试验数据进行了描述;应用可靠性统计和非线性回归方法确定了F级绝缘电老化与广义热老化寿命计算公式的特征参数;依据寿命损耗累积理论,介绍了电老化与广义热老化同时作用的汽轮发电机定子线圈F级绝缘寿命的预测方法和水冷定子线圈F级绝缘寿命损耗的分配方案.采用2倍额定电压2 UN和3倍额定电压3 UN的电老化寿命的不同下限值,对以电老化为主要老化因子的水冷定子线圈F级绝缘寿命进行了研究.结果表明:应用定子线圈F级绝缘寿命预测方法可以在设计、制造和运行阶段定量预测和评定汽轮发电机定子线圈F级绝缘寿命.     

Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique

The paper reports on the measuring technique and values of the measured thermal properties of some commonly used insulation materials produced by local manufacturers in Saudi Arabia. Among the thermal properties of insulation materials, the thermal conductivity (k) is regarded to be the most important since it affects directly the resistance to transmission of heat (R-value) that the insulation material must offer. Other thermal properties, like the specific heat capacity (c) and density (ρ), are also important only under transient conditions. A well-suited and accurate method for measuring the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of materials is the transient plane source (TPS) technique, which is also called the hot disk (HD). This new technique is used in the present study to measure the thermal conductivity of some insulation materials at room temperature as well as at different elevated temperature levels expected to be reached in practice when these insulations are used in air-conditioned buildings in hot climates. Besides, thermal conductivity values of the same type of insulation material are measured for samples with different densities; generally, higher density insulations are used in building roofs than in walls. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing density over the temperature and density ranges considered in the present investigation.     

电缆中空间电荷的测量与特性研究

交联聚乙烯电力电缆因其优异的电气性能,现已广泛应用于电力系统输配电线路中,然而由于绝缘本体中空间电荷的存在,会畸变局部场强,进而导致绝缘老化和击穿,因此研究电缆本体绝缘中空间电荷的分布具有重大意义。目前针对固体绝缘电介质,电声脉冲法测量空间电荷由于无损和方便等优势,在国内外被广泛采用。鉴于此,介绍了电声脉冲法的测量原理,并且结合实际运行情况中电缆线芯和外半导体之间存在温度差,通过穿心升流变压器和接触式温度传感器控制线芯温度,改进测量下电极形状以适应不同厚度和半径的电缆本体绝缘,设计了一套能够用于电缆本体的空间电荷测量装置,并进行了不同温度下的实际测量,实验结果表明,温度对声信号在介质中的传播速度以及空间电荷的注入影响明显。     

Modeling of Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation Layered with Transparent,Opaque and Reflective Film

The popular and effective food preservation technology based on refrigeration is not sufficient for high-quality products while undergoing logistic operations (transport and retail). One of the basic factors that affects the quality of chilled and frozen food products during storage and transport is packaging. A protective function of packaging strongly depends on the material used and its composition. There are different kinds of thermal insulation used for food packaging. One of them, proposed by the authors is a multilayer structure of insulation made of rectangular air cells. The insulation can be prepared by means of plastic film featuring various properties. The paper presents how to improve an effective material designed for food freezing and transport aiming to enhance its thermal resistance through the application of different transparency, reflectivity and emissivity of the film. Mathematical model based on heat exchange equations, including conduction, convection and radiation throughout a number of parallel internal sheets of film of multilayer structures was proposed. Thermal properties depending on different transparency, reflectivity and emissivity of the film were analyzed. The model was verified experimentally showing its compatibility and obtaining a significant influence of thermal resistance according to the type of film used to make air structures, the number and thickness of its layers as well as the gaps between internal folds. For multi-layer insulation designed for the insulation of packed frozen food in the shape of a rectangle, it was recommended to apply film transmittance as small as possible for the internal parts of the structure.     

Characterization of the insulation and leakage currents of PV generators: Relevance for human safety

Protection against electric shock in photovoltaic generators (PVGs) with active protective measures requires an in-depth knowledge of the electrical behaviour of PVG insulation and PVG response under operating conditions with insulation faults. On the one hand, this knowledge can be obtained with an equivalent circuit model that characterises this insulation. The model presented can be used to: (i) evaluate PVG insulation resistance and leakage current; (ii) analyse potential hazards for the general public; (iii) design the best means of protection. On the other hand, this article also describes the insulation of a functioning PVG, and its reaction to meteorological variables (MVs) in laboratory and field conditions. Test results highlight those MVs that have a greater influence on PVG insulation as well as the relation between weather and insulation. This type of characterization is crucial when it comes to testing the operating capacity of the protective devices used in active protective measures against electric shock under different meteorological conditions.     

水分对天然酯变压器油热老化特性的影响

水分被认为是除温度外影响变压器油纸绝缘寿命最主要的因素,为研究水分对天然酯变压器油热老化特性的影响,通过设计不同初始水分含量油纸绝缘试品在130℃下进行加速热老化试验,测试分析天然酯变压器油在不同老化时间下的介电性能和油色谱特性。结果表明,初始水分含量越高,天然酯变压器油热老化过程中相对介电常数增加的速率越快、介质损耗因数越高,除对CH4的生成速率表现为抑制作用,对其他气体的生成速率均表现为促进作用;天然酯变压器油纸绝缘热老化特征气体为CO2和C2H6。     

Improving thermal performance of building walls by optimizing insulation layer distribution and thickness for same thermal mass

Dynamic thermal characteristics of insulated building walls with same thermal mass are studied numerically with optimized insulation thickness under steady periodic conditions using the climatic data of Riyadh. Insulation is effected through use of one, two and three layers of insulation, the locations of which are varied in order to achieve the best performance. Insulation layer(s) thicknesses are optimized by minimizing the total cost of insulation and energy consumption using the present worth method. The results show that the optimum thickness of a single insulation layer is independent of its location in the wall; and that, when more than one insulation layer is used, their total optimum thickness is the same as the optimum thickness of a single layer. As a consequence, walls thermal resistances (R-values) are equal under optimum conditions; however, peak load, time lag, and decrement factor are found to be substantially different. The best overall performance is achieved by a wall with three layers of insulation, each 26-mm-thick, placed at inside, middle and outside followed closely by a wall with two insulation layers, each 39-mm-thick, placed at middle and outside. Comparing performance of the best wall with that of a wall with one layer of insulation, 78-mm-thick, placed on the inside, the following improvements are achieved: 100% increase in time lag from 6 h to 12 h; 10-fold decrease in decrement factor; 20% decrease in both peak cooling and heating transmission loads, and 1.6% and 3.2% decrease in yearly cooling and heating transmission loads, respectively. It is emphasized that all walls have the same optimized R-value and same thermal mass and therefore all improvements achieved are solely due to the developed distribution of insulation layers.     

Cost benefits analysis and emission reductions of optimum thickness and air gaps for selected insulation materials for building walls in Maldives

The demand for electricity in the Maldives continues to increase by more than 11% in recent years. This is mainly due to the growing number of high-rise air-conditioned buildings and the increasing use of electrical appliances in the residential and commercial sector. This paper investigates potential cost savings and emission reductions achieved by installing different insulation materials of optimum thickness in building's walls. The paper also investigates the effect when air gaps are introduced in the wall. The optimum insulation thickness is based on the cost benefits of each insulation material over its lifetime. This study found that by introducing optimal thickness of different insulation materials and by having air gaps of 2 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm, energy consumption and emissions can be reduced by 65–77%, in comparison to a wall without insulation or air gaps. And, hence have considerable cost savings.     

Thermal Insulation for a Pipe Using Phase Change Material

This research studies the effectiveness of phase change material (PCM) as a thermal insulation for a pipe. The proposed PCM insulation can be used for a pipe when the operating time is limited. The objective of using PCM is to utilize its latent heat from fusion to minimize heat loss from the pipe by absorbing and storing it to be discharged later to the pipe. The finite element method is employed to solve the problem, and both conduction and natural convection of liquid PCM are considered modes of heat transfer. The effectiveness of the PCM insulation is evaluated by comparing its thermal performance with insulation without phase change. Both time-dependent and time-independent boundary conditions are examined. For the time-independent case, the PCM insulation reduces the heat loss from the pipe for a significant amount of time if the Rayleigh number is low. For the time-dependent case, heat loss is effectively reduced with the PCM insulation for a significant amount of time. The high resolution capturing of the solid/liquid moving boundary and the details of flow structure are also presented.     

Life cycle energy analysis of a residential building with different envelopes and climates in Indian context

In this paper life cycle energy (LCE) demand of a residential building of usable floor area about 85.5 m² located at Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), India is evaluated under different envelopes and climates in Indian context. The house is studied with conventional (fired clay) and alternative wall materials (hollow concrete, soil cement, fly ash and aerated concrete) under varying thickness of wall, and insulation (expanded polystyrene) on wall and roof. The house is modelled for five different climatic zones of India, i.e. hot and dry, warm and humid, composite, cold and moderate. Study suggests that alternative wall materials alone (without insulation) reduce LCE demand of the building by 1.5-5%. Aerated concrete (AC), as wall material, has better energy performance over other materials. LCE savings are significant when insulation is added to external wall and roof. It varies from 10% to 30% depending on the climatic conditions. Maximum LCE savings with insulation are observed for warm and humid climate and least for moderate climate. For same thickness of insulation, LCE savings are much more with roof insulation than wall insulation. But wall insulation is found to be preferable to a thicker wall. It is also observed that there is a limit for thickness of insulation that can be applied on external walls and roof from life cycle point of view. This limit is found to be about 10 cm for composite, hot and dry, warm and humid, and cold climates and 5 cm for moderate climate.     

Assessment of insulation condition in rotating machine stators

The authors describe an attempt to assess the condition of stator insulation in standby generators in two generating stations. The insulation condition was estimated by comparing diagnostic test results for different machines with similar insulator or for different phases of the same machine. The diagnostic tests included measurements of insulation resistance, partial discharges, and capacitance and dissipation factors as well as AC and DC hipot tests. The methods used to assess the insulation system are outlined in detail, and the assessment results are described and discussed