Composition of Polar Lipids of Alphonso Mango (Mangifera Indica) Kernel

Total kernel lipids (TL) in Alphonso mango (Mangifera indica) extracted amounted to 11.6% of the dry kernel. The TL consisted of 96.1% neutral and 3.9% polar lipids which comprised 2.9% glycolipids and 1.0% phospholipids. At least six glycolipids and six phospholipids were identified. Acyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and digalactosylmonoacylglycerol were the major glycolipids, while acylated stearyl glucoside, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were present in small quantities. The phospholipids consisted of: phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol as major phospholipids and minor amounts of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid composition of these different glycolipids and phospholipids was determined.     

Lipid Composition of Field Pea (Pisum sativum cv Trapper) Seed and Starch

The total lipids in field pea seeds and refined starch were extracted by five aqueous/organic solvent systems and the greatest yield of total. neutral and polar lipids was obtained with hot n-propanol-water (3:1 v/v). Lipids extracted from field pea seeds represented 2.9% of the seed weight and consisted of 43.2% neutral lipids, 3.2% glycolipids and 53.6% phospholipids. The major components of the three fractions were 70% triacylglycerol in neutral lipid, 28% esterified sterol glycoside in glycolipid and 55% phosphatidylcholine in phospholipid. The purified starch fraction contained 0.22% surface lipids and 0.09% internal lipids. The surface lipids were primarily sterol esters and free fatty acids while only free fatty acids were found in the internal lipids. The ability of lysophospholipids and fatty acids to complex with field pea starch was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction, respectively.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae scenedesmus obliquus

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂) extractions (with and without ethanol as an entrainer) were carried out to remove lipids and pigments from protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) cultivated under controlled conditions. The content and fatty acid composition of algal lipids using column, thin‐layer (TLC) and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) were determined. Absorption spectra of extracted fractions showed the predominance of chlorophyll A (λ_max at 410nm). Single step supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂) extraction resulted mostly in removal of neutral lipids and a part of glycolipids, but phospholipids were not extracted. Addition of ethanol to SC‐CO₂ increased the amount of glycolipids and phospholipids in the extract. TLC pattern of algal lipids showed that the main part of neutral lipids consisted of diglycerides, triglycerides, hydrocarbons, free sterols, and sterol esters. The glycolipids were mostly monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. In phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the main compounds. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated the main fatty acids to be 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3(a). Relatively high recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in supercritical fluid extracted algal lipids and protein isolates were observed.     

Stereospecific Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids of Camellia (Camellia japonica L.) Seed Oil

Abstract: The stereospecific positional distribution of fatty acids of camellia seed oil (also called camellia oil) was determined. The camellia oil was mainly composed of neutral lipids (88.2%), and the oleic acid (86.3%) was found to be a major fatty acid of neutral lipids. In the glycolipids and phospholipids, the oleic acid was also found to be a major fatty acid at 62.5% and 54.2%, respectively. The oleic acid was distributed abundantly in all sn‐1, 2, and 3 positions. It was found that the oleic acid was present more at sn‐2 (93.6%) and 3 positions (94.7%), than at sn‐1 position (66.0%). Practical Application: The information of stereospecific positional distribution of fatty acids in the camellia oil can be used for the development of the structured lipids for food, pharmaceutical, and medical purposes.     

Identification and quantitative determination of the lipids of Alocasia macrorrhiza tubers

The identity, composition and concentration of each of the major lipids found in Alocasia tubers were investigated using a combination of chromatographic procedures. On a weight to weight basis, the neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids comprised 60.5, 19.0 and 20.5% respectively while the total extractable lipids accounted for 0.6% of the dry weight. In addition to the conventional lipid classes of tubers, the presence of tri- and tetragalactosyl diglycerides was confirmed. The predominant fatty acid in each lipid class was linoleic acid with palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids being the other ones. In general, a high degree of unsaturation (66%), similar for most tuber lipids, was established for the component fatty acids of Alocasia.     

Selective extraction and quantitative analysis of non-starch and starch lipids from wheat flour.

Wheat flour non-starch lipids (lipids not bound to starch) were quantitatively extracted with water-saturated n-butanol (WSB), benzene-ethanol-water (10:10:1, by vol.) or ethanol-diethyl ether-water (2:2:1, by vol.) in 10min at 20 °C. Starch lipids (lipids bound to starch) were subsequently extracted with WSB at 90–100 °C. Carotenoid pigments were quantitatively extracted with the non-starch lipids. There was no significant hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids and no detectable autoxidation of unsaturated acids in the hot solvent extracts. Non-starch and starch lipids from a high grade spring wheat flour and three grades of winter wheat flour were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) using heptadecanoic acid (or its methyl ester) as internal standard. Total flour and starch lipids after acid hydrolysis were also converted to FAME for quantitation by g.l.c. Non-starch lipids consisted of 59–63% non-polar (neutral) lipids, 22–27% polar glycolipids and 13–16% phospholipids. Steryl esters, triglycerides, and all the diacyl galactosylglycerides and phosphoglycerides were present only in non-starch lipids. Starch lipids consisted of 6–9% non-polar (neutral) lipids (mostly free fatty acids), 3–5 % polar glycolipids and 86–91 % phospholipids (mostly lysophosphatidyl choline). Starch lipids were almost exclusively monoacyl lipids. Factors are given for converting weight of FAME into weight of original lipid for all individual lipid classes in wheat which contain O-acyl groups. Factors for total lipids are: total starch lipids = FAME × 1.70, total non-starch lipids = FAME × 1.20, and total flour (non-starch + starch) lipids = FAME × 1.32. Similar factors could be used to convert weight of lipids obtained by conventional acid hydrolysis methods into weight of unhydrolysed lipids. Phospholipid contents are given by: total starch phospholipids = P × 16.51, total non-starch phospholipids = P × 23.90, total flour phospholipids = P × 17.91.     

LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF SOME LESSER KNOWN NIGERIAN FOODS

The lipid content and fatty acid profiles of seven lesser known protein foods in Nigeria, which include raffia palm and oil palm weevils (Rhynchophorus sp.), shrimps (Palaemonetes sp.), periwinkles (Pachynelania byronesis), snails (Vicapara quadrata), tropical oysters (Thais haemastrama) and crayfish (Palaemonetes varians), were determined. The total lipid content (% fresh weight, FW) ranged between 1.8 ± 0.1 and 9.8 ± 0.1. The range of values for neutral lipids, total phospholipids, and glycolipids (mg/g FW) was 10.1 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.5, 6.1 ± 1.3 to 30.1 ± 1.5, and 2.5 ± 0.2 to 13.1 ± 0.9, while those of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol content (mg/g neutral lipids) were 1.4 ± 0.1 to 7.1 ± 0.2 and 8.3 ± 1.1 to 47.0 ± 1.5, respectively. Crayfish and palm weevils contained higher amounts of total cholesterol and phospholipids, compared with the rest of the foods. The fatty acid profiles showed variation among the different foods. Palm weevils, periwinkles, snails and tropical oysters were shown to contain substantial amounts of essential fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (C18:3n3).     

Lipid levels in cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L, var Glory) is one of the cruciferous vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate the neutral, glyco- and phospholipids of cabbage and their fatty acid composition. Lipids from its leaves were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The fatty acids of each fraction were analysed by gas liquid chromatography.     

LIPIDS OF CURED CENTENNIAL SWEET POTATOES

SUMMARY –Lipids isolated from cured Centennial sweet potatoes were identified and quantitated by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography. These lipids were shown to consist of 42.1% neutral lipids, 30.8% glycolipids and 27.1% phospholipids. Triglycerides and steryl esters were the major lipids of the neutral fraction. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol were the most abundant. Galactolipids and the steryl glucosides were also present. The predominant fatty acids were stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic.     

Seasonal changes in phospholipids of mussel (Mytilus edulis Linne)

The phospholipids of mussels (Mytilus edulis Linne) from the coast of Qingdao were extracted, fractionated and analysed over a 12 month period. The contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, polar lipids and phospholipids were measured. The composition of phospholipids was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and their fatty acid composition was analysed by gas chromatography. The phospholipid content ranged from 3.6 to 6.4 g kg^?1 soft tissue. PE (phosphatidyl ethanolamine) and PC (phosphatidyl choline) were the major constituents. C16:0, C20:5 and C22:6 were the major fatty acids. C20:5 (5.25–23.10%) and C22:6 (6.05–20.42%) varied regularly with the seasonal factors. Their total amounts were high from January to June, which would be an optimal time for the utilisation of the phospholipids of mussels. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characteristics of lipids in buckwheat grain and isolated starch and their changes after hydrothermal processing

Studies were carried out on bond and free lipids of buckwheat grain and isolated starch. As regards free and bond lipids, fraction composition (percentages of neutral and polar fraction) and fatty acids were determined. It was found that the content of free lipids in buckwheat grain was twice higher than of bond lipids. On the other hand, in case of starch percentage of free lipids was twice lower than of bond lipids. As regards free and bond lipids of buckwheat grain and starch, main fraction was represented by the neutral one. Percentages of glycolipids and phospholipids amounted to only from 5 to 7%. Fatty acids were predominated by unsaturated acids C_18:2 and C_18:1. Fire and steam hydrothermal processing resulted in several quantitative changes, the most important ones being an increase of free lipid content in the grain and of bond lipid content in the starch, changes in the percentage of glycolipids and phospholipids, an increase of saturation of free lipid fatty acids in the grain, and of saturation of bond lipid fatty acids in the starch.     

Characterisation of fatty acids and bioactive compounds of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea L.) seed oil

Information concerning the exact composition of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea) seed oil is scare. In the present contribution, a combination of CC, GC, TLC and normal-phase HPLC were performed to analyse lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of kachnar seed oil. n-Hexane extract of kachnar oilseeds was found to be 17.5%. The amount of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest (ca. 99% of total lipids), followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic, followed by palmitic, oleic and stearic, were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil and its lipid classes. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid, was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterised by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. β-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol isomer with the rest being δ-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilisation, detailed knowledge of the composition of kachnar (B. purpurea) seed oil is of major importance.     

Selected Properties of the Lipid and Protein Fractions from Chia Seed

The lipid and protein fractions from chia seeds, Saliva hispanica L. were characterized. Neutral lipids comprised 97.1% of the total lipid fraction while glycolipids and phospholipids accounted for 2.0 and 0.9%, respectively. Linolenic acid was the predominate fatty acid present in the neutral lipid fraction. The glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were highest in palmitic and linoleic acid. Protein extraction was influenced by the NaCl concentration and by the pH of the extraction medium. Maximum protein extraction occurred at a NaOH concentration of 2.0N when the nH was 12.0. At acidic pHs protein extraction was greatly reduced. Maximum extraction occurred after 60 min at 25°C. Characterization of the protein fractions by SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of ten major protein bands with molecular weights from 12,400-44,500 daltons.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae Scenedesmus obliquus

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions (with and without ethanol as an entrainer) were carried out to remove lipids and pigments from protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) cultivated under controlled conditions. The content and fatty acid composition of algal lipids using column, thin-layer (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were determined. Absorption spectra of extracted fractions showed the predominance of chlorophyll A (lambda max at 410 nm). Single step supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction resulted mostly in removal of neutral lipids and a part of glycolipids, but phospholipids were not extracted. Addition of ethanol to SC-CO2 increased the amount of glycolipids and phospholipids in the extract. TLC pattern of algal lipids showed that the main part of neutral lipids consisted of diglycerides, triglycerides, hydrocarbons, free sterols, and sterol esters. The glycolipids were mostly monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. In phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the main compounds. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated the main fatty acids to be 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3(a). Relatively high recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in supercritical fluid extracted algal lipids and proteins isolates were observed.     

Fumgal lipids. I. Effect of different nitrogen sources on the chemical composition

The effect of three nitrogen sources on the chemical composition of seven fungi, namely: Aspergillus niger, A. luchuensis, Penicillium crustosum, Alternaria tenuis, Rhizoctonia solani, Mucor sp. and Pythium irregulare has been studied. The various fungi showed a great variation with respect to lipid percentage and total lipid content. Lipid content varied from 3.2 to 41.5%. Non-polar lipids were comprised of monoglycerides, diglycerides, free sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The quantitative make-up of the non-polar lipid varied with different nitrogen sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids while lauric, myristic, palmitoleic, linoleic and arachidic were the minor ones. The fatty acid composition was dramatically changed by changing the nitrogen source. Since different fungi responded differently to changes in nitrogen source, no generalisation could be made. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the polar lipid fraction of these fungi revealed the presence of a maximum of fifteen spots. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the major spots while lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol were present in smaller quantities. In comparison to phospholipids, glycolipids (except sterol glycoside) were present in relatively lower concentration. Pythium irregulare was very characteristic in having no glycolipids at all.     

The lipids of young cassava (Manihot esculenta,Crantz) leaves

Lipids were extracted quantitatively from young cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves with a chloroform-methanol mixture. Total lipids were purified by the Folch procedure and separated into non-polar lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions by column chromatography. Lipids of each fraction were further subjected to thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Young cassava leaves were found to have low content of lipids (3.02%) of which 22.4, 25.1 and 48.2 were non-polar lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Pigments (11.5%), wax and hydrocarbons (1.2%), steryl esters (2.9%), methyl esters of fatty acids (2.0%), trigly-cerides (1.5%), fatty acids (2.1%), diglycerides (1.1%) and sterols (0.1%) constituted the leaf non-polar lipids. The leaf glycolipids were made up of esterified steryl glycosides (2.1%), monogalactosyl diglycerides (12.5%), steryl glycosides (1.1%), cerebrosides (4.2%) and digalactosyl diglycerides (5.2%). The leaf phospholipids were found to include cardiolipin (3.6%), phosphatidylglycerol (21.5%), phosphatidylethanolamine (16.4%), phosphatidylserine (0.7%), phosphatidylinositol (4.0%) and other unidentified phospholipids (2.5%). Phosphatidylcholine was present only in trace quantity. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of each of the leaf lipids revealed that, with the exception of steryl esters, all leaf lipids have high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

Phospholipids of marine origin—the squid (Loligo vulgaris)

Squid (Loligo vulgaris) was found to contain 25 g kg^?1 lipids of which approximately 75% were phospholipids. The phospholipids were shown to consist of phosphatidylcholine (56% of total phospholipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (29%), phosphatidylserine (2%), phosphatidylinositol (2%). sphingomyelin (5%), lyso-phosphatidylcholine(3%) and the unusual lipid ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid (3%). The major saturated fatty acid in both phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipid was C16:0 (26% and 21%, respectively, of total fatty acids), while the major unsaturated fatty acid in both lipid fractions was C22:6n-3 (34% and 23%, respectively) followed by C20:5n-3 (14% in both lipids).     

COMPOSITION OF THE LIPIDS OF CUCUMBER AND PEPPERS

SUMMARY— Cucumber and green peppers contain 103 mg and 400 mg total lipid per 100g raw vegetable tissue. The neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids comprise 39, 49 and 15% of the cucumber lipids and 82, 2 and 16% of the pepper lipids respectively. The neutral lipids of both were composed mainly of glycerides. In the peppers the triglycerides accounted for 60% of the total lipids. Cucumber, had less glycerides but contained several unidentified sterols. Phosphatidylcholine was the major class in both vegetables accounting for 46 and 76% of the phospholipids of cucumber and pepper respectively. Palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were the principal fatty acid components. The lipids of peppers were very rich in linoleic acid (70%) whereas those of the cucumbers contained relatively more linolenic acid.     

Changes in flour lipids during the storage of wheat flour

High- and low-grade spring and winter wheat flours of ～13% moisture were stored at 15, 25 and 37 °C and the lipids were then extracted with water-saturated n-butanol. In the original (control) flours there were more neutral lipids and glycolipids in low-grade winter than in high-grade winter and in low-grade spring than in high-grade spring flours, but there were no corresponding differences in the amounts of phospholipids. The total extractable lipid contents of the flours remained constant in the samples stored at 15 °C, but there were slight losses in the samples stored at 25 and 37 °C. Total lipid contents determined by acid hydrolysis remained constant in all cases indicating that no loss of fatty acids had occurred on storage. There was sufficient hydrolysis of all glycerides to account for the increased amounts of free fatty acids in the stored flours. Some complete deacylation of lipids to free fatty acids and water-soluble products was indicated. The fatty acid composition of all lipids remained constant, and there was no evidence of any lipoxygenase or other enzymic degradation of fatty acids. Stereoanalysis of the principal glycerides indicated that phosphatidylcholine (and probably also phosphatidylethanolamine) was specifically hydrolysed at the 2-position, presumably by phospholipase-A₂. Hydrolysis of triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides was attributed to the action of wheat and microbial lipases of unknown specificity. Stereoanalysis of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and the galactosyldiglycerides was not attempted, but it was deduced that they were randomly hydrolysed at the 1- and 2-positions. The changes found in the flour lipids differed from those reported to occur in germinating wheat and in stored damp wheat flour which had been damaged by moulds.     

SEED LIPIDS OF THE MIRACLE FRUIT (SYNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM)

The lipids from the Miracle Fruit seeds comprised 10.15% of the dry weight. The neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids were separated by silicic acid chromatography and the fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The non-saponifiable lipids, amounting to 1.6% of the neutral lipids were separated into several fractions by thin-layer chromatography and the components of each analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbon fraction contained the n-alkane series from C₁₇ to C₃₂ with the C₂₉ and C₃₁ members present in relatively large quantities.
The major triterpene alcohols were α-and β-amyrin and the major sterol was identified as δ⁷ spinasterol. Two short-chain alchols were also present.