Joint optimization of spectrum access and power allocation in uplink OFDMA CR-VANETs

Wireless Networks - Cognitive radio (CR) is a state-of-the-art technology to solve the spectrum shortage problem for emerging wireless services, which include the CR-enabled vehicular ad hoc...     

A spatial clustering group division-based OFDMA access protocol for the next generation WLAN

The next generation wireless local area network (WLAN) needs to significantly improve the area throughput in high-dense deployment scenario. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), considered as the key technology of the next generation WLAN, has been adopted by IEEE 802.11ax. However, most existing studies have one tricky problem: interference extension problem, i.e., the stations (STAs) placed at dispersive locations from one basic service set (BSS) access channel and transmit data simultaneously through OFDMA, thereby interfering a large area and suppressing the potential transmissions around this BSS. Unfortunately, high-dense deployment scenario exacerbates interference extension problem. This article proposes a spatial clustering group division-based OFDMA (SCGD-OFDMA) protocol, which enables the geographically close STAs to form spatial clustering groups, named SCGs. Each SCG has a leader STA and several member STAs. Each SCG’s leader STA contends for channel resources. After that, the leader STAs that successfully contending channel are scheduled by the access point one by one to trigger its member STAs to transmit uplink data by using OFDMA. Therefore, the geographical interference area is reduced and the area throughput is improved since the concurrent STAs in one SCG are located in limited area. This article theoretically analyzes the optimal SCG establishment, and throughput and area throughput of SCGD-OFDMA. Theoretical analysis is consistent with simulation results. The simulation results also show that when the number of STAs is 200 and all resource units are used for random access, SCGD-OFDMA outperforms IEEE 802.11ax and OMAX in area throughput by 56.13% and 190.97%, respectively.

     

Multichannel random access in OFDMA wireless networks

Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems are considered promising candidates for implementing next-generation wireless communication systems. They provide multiple channels that can be accessed via random access schemes. However, traditional random access schemes could result in an excessive amount of access delay. To address this issue, we develop a fast retrial scheme that is based on slotted Aloha and exploits the structure of OFDMA. A salient feature of this scheme is that when collisions occur instead of retrials occuring randomly in time, they occur randomly in frequency, i.e., the scheme randomly selects the subchannels for retrial. To further achieve fast access, retrials are designed to follow the 1-persistent type, i.e., no exponential backoff. To achieve the maximum throughput, we limit the maximum number of allowed retrials according to the load condition. We also consider the issue of designing for an appropriate reuse factor for random access channels in order to overcome the intercell interference problem in OFDMA multicell environments. Our finding is that full sharing, i.e., a reuse factor of one, performs best for given random access channels. Through analysis and simulation, we confirm that our fast retrial algorithm has the advantage of high throughput and low access delay, and the full sharing policy for random access channels shows high throughput as well as low collision.     

长期演进上行随机接入接收端算法研究

在LTE（长期演进）上行随机接入中,接收端对前导的检测是一个很重要的步骤。由于前导序列较长,传统的接收端算法运算量较大。为了减小接收端算法的运算量,引入降采样,对传统的接收端算法进行改进。改进后的接收端算法运算量大大减少。以格式0为例,在一个计算周期内,改进后的算法运算量是改进前运算量的1/120。MTLAB仿真结果表明,改进前后的接收端算法在检测性能上差别较小。在不同的信道环境下,经过改进后的算法仍然具有较好的检测性能。     

OFDMA系统上行链路频偏的盲估计

本文介绍了直接数字频率合成技术DDS(Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers)工作原理,分析了其理想频谱;采用信号分析的方法深入研究了DDS存在相位截断和幅度量化时引入的杂散信号频谱分布的规律和性能;定性讨论了DAC非理想性对DDS输出杂散谱的影响.最后进行计算机仿真分析并验证了结论.所得规律性结论为DDS设计和工程应用开发中的参数选取、杂散评估和杂散抑制提供重要的理论依据和经验参考.     

Edge sidelobe suppressor scheme for OFDMA uplink systems

We propose an edge sidelobe suppressor (ESS) for the uplink of orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems, which mitigates the interference introduced by different frequency offsets between a desired user and the other users. The simulation results confirm that the proposed ESS scheme improves system performance by approximately 5-dB signal-to-interference ratio as compared to conventional OFDMA systems, and without increasing the level of transmitter and receiver complexity.     

Fairness based resource allocation for uplink OFDMA systems

This article investigates two fairness criteria with regard to adaptive resource allocation for uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access （OFDMA） systems. Nash bargaining solution （NBS） fairness and proportional fairness （PF） are two suitable candidates for fairness consideration, and both can provide attractive trade-offs between total throughput and each user＇s capacity. Utilizing Karush-Kuhn- Tucker （KKT） condition and iterative method, two effective algorithms are designed, to achieve NBS fairness and proportional fairness, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed resource allocation algorithms achieve good tradeoff between the overall rate and fairness, with little performance loss from the total capacity.     

下一代无线接入基础设施的混合接口解决方案

宽带无线通信将会彻底改变人们生活的每一方面。它直接提供了到人们所需信息的高速连接,无论是在何时何地。新的无线技术,如WiMAX（微波存取全球互通）,允许服务供应商们在工业化国家和发展中国家内发展新的业务板块、触及新业务和新的个人用户。     

Deterministic multiuser carrier-frequency offset estimation for interleaved OFDMA uplink

In orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA), closely spaced multiple subcarriers are assigned to different users for parallel signal transmission. An interleaved subcarrier-assignment scheme is preferred because it provides maximum frequency diversity and increases the capacity in frequency-selective fading channels. The subcarriers are overlapping, but orthogonal to each other such that there is no intercarrier interference (ICI). Carrier-frequency offsets (CFOs) between the transmitter and the receiver destroy the orthogonality and introduces ICI, resulting in multiple-access interference. This paper exploits the inner structure of the signals for CFO estimation in the uplink of interleaved OFDMA systems. A new uplink signal model is presented, and an estimation algorithm based on the signal structure is proposed for estimating the CFOs of all users using only one OFDMA block. Diversity schemes are also presented to improve the estimation performance. Simulation results illustrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

Timing and frequency synchronization for the uplink of an OFDMA system

This paper deals with timing and frequency recovery for the uplink of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) system. The frequency estimator is derived from ad hoc reasoning, whereas the timing estimator is based on the maximum-likelihood criterion. Both schemes rely on the repetition of a fixed pilot symbol. Their main feature is that they provide feedforward estimates and allow synchronization in only two OFDM blocks. In contrast to other existing methods, they do not require that the subcarriers of a given user occupy adjacent positions in the signal bandwidth. This makes it possible to interleave subcarriers of different users so as to optimally exploit the frequency diversity of the channel. Theoretical analysis and computer simulations are used to assess the performance of the proposed synchronizers. It is found that the degradations due to residual frequency and timing errors are negligible at signal-to-noise ratios of practical interest.     

Maximum-likelihood synchronization and channel estimation for OFDMA uplink transmissions

Maximum-likelihood estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), timing error, and channel response of each active user in the uplink of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access system is investigated in this study, assuming that a training sequence is available. The exact solution to this problem turns out to be too complex for practical purposes as it involves a search over a multidimensional domain. However, making use of the alternating projection method, we replace the above search with a sequence of mono-dimensional searches. This results in an estimation algorithm of a reasonable complexity which is suitable for practical applications. As compared with other existing semi-blind methods, the proposed algorithm requires increased overhead but has more flexibility as it can be used with any subcarrier assignment scheme. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of the CFO estimates asymptotically achieves the Cramer-Rao bound.     

OFDMA上行链路系统的频偏估计算法

介绍了正交频分复用多址接入（OFDMA）的优缺点,以及目前应用到的领域。对OFDMA上行链路载波频偏（CFO）估计研究的发展背景和方法分类进行了简要汇总,并对当前估计方法进行了总结分类;给出了带频偏OFDMA上行链路的系统框图和信号模型;且对现有的几种典型频偏估计算法进行了分析和讨论。总结和展望了OFDMA上行链路频偏估计方法的研究方向和关键问题。     

An access cell selection algorithm for next generation mobile environments

Next generation of mobile communications will be based on a heterogeneous infrastructure comprising different wireless access systems in a complementary manner. This paper proposes a network selection algorithm based on user activity, user preferences, service requirements, and networks conditions which provides users a prospect of being always best connected within an environment of heterogeneous mobile networks. This is achieved by a learning process which allows user to select an access network based in previous connections and a cost function that helps the user to select the best network that adapts to the needs.     

基于ESPRIT算法的子载波交织型OFDMA上行链路频偏估计

频率同步问题对于OFDMA系统来说至关重要。本文针对子载波交织分配的OFDMA系统上行链路，利用其接收信号周期性的结构特征，提出一种基于ESPRIT算法的多用户频偏估计算法，通过子空间旋转不变的特点估计各用户的载波频偏。仿真表明，利用该算法进行频偏估计具有良好的准确性。     

Efficient MIMO channel estimation for linear precoded OFDMA uplink systems

A novel and simple uplink MIMO channel estimation technique based on spread pilots well suited to LP OFDMA schemes is proposed. The combination with Alamouti code is studied and two different approaches are compared. The performance evaluated over a realistic MIMO channel shows the efficiency of this novel scheme, which appears to be a promising channel estimation for the uplink of future wideband wireless networks.     

Performance analysis of next generation web access via satellite

Responsiveness is a critical metric for web performance. Recent work in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has resulted in a new set of web protocols, including definition of the hypertext transfer protocol version 2 (HTTP/2) and a corresponding set of TCP updates. Together, these have been designed to reduce the web page download latency compared with HTTP/1.1. This paper describes the main features of the new protocols and discusses the impact of path delay on their expected performance. It then presents a set of tests to evaluate whether current implementations of the new protocols can offer benefit with an operational satellite access network and suggests how the specifications can evolve and be tuned to further enhance performance for long network paths. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PAPR reduction in mobile WiMAX: a novel DST precoding based random interleaved OFDMA uplink system

Mobile WiMAX is a 3rd generation broadband wireless technology that enables the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband networks through a wide area radio-access. Since January 2007, the IEEE 802.16 working group has been developing a new amendment the IEEE 802.16 standard i.e. IEEE 802.16 m as an advanced air interface to meet the requirements of ITU-R/IMT-Advanced for 4G systems. The mobile WiMAX air interface adopts orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) as multiple access technique for its uplink and downlink to improve signal performance affected by multipath distortion. All OFDMA based networks, including mobile WiMAX, experience the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This paper presents a discrete-sine-transform precoding technique based random-interleaved OFDMA (RI-OFDMA) uplink system for PAPR reduction in mobile WiMAX. The PAPR of proposed system is analyzed with root-raised-cosine pulse shaping filter to keep out of band radiation low and to fulfill the spectrum mask requirements. Simulation results show that, the proposed system has low PAPR compared to the Hadamard transform precoded RI-OFDMA uplink systems and the conventional RI-OFDMA uplink systems.     

A low-complexity zero-forcing CFO compensation scheme for OFDMA uplink systems

Similar to the conventional orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) system, an OFDM multiple access (OFDMA) system will have a carrier frequency offset (CFO) problem. Since CFOs of all users are different, CFO compensation in the OFDMA uplink system is much more involved. A simple, yet efficient, method is the zero-forcing (ZF) compensation method. However, it involves an inverse of an N × N CFO-induced ICI matrix, where N is the number of subcarriers. Thus, the complexity can become very high when N is large, a case commonly seen in OFDMA systems. In this work, we propose a low-complexity ZF method to overcome the problem. The main idea is to use Newton's method to solve matrix inversion iteratively. We explore the structure of the CFOinduced ICI matrix and develop a method that can implement Newton's method with fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). As a result, the required computational complexity is significantly reduced from O(N³) to O(2N log₂N). Simulations show that, with only three iterations, the proposed method can have similar performance to the direct ZF method.     

OFDMA上行系统中基于随机集理论的多用户信道估计

针对正交频分多址(OFDMA)上行系统,提出一种基于随机集理论的导频辅助多用户信道估计算法。该算法利用有限随机集合来建模和表示OFDMA上行系统中的用户状态、各用户对应的多径信道状态以及信道冲激响应等未知量,采用贝叶斯滤波理论来描述多用户信道估计问题,通过使用Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波算法,实现了活动用户数和信道多径数动态变化情况下的多用户时变信道估计。计算机仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性。