Can Mesoporous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Supported NiMoS OR CoMoS Effectively Perform in Ultra-Deep Desulfurization of Gas Oil?

Waste aluminum foil was used for preparation of mesoporous TiO₂-Al₂O₃ using starch as a textural modifier. The catalytic species, Mo and Ni or Co were loaded onto the mesoporous support, following incipient wetness sequential impregnation. To gain an insight into the pore dimensions effect, Ni and Mo species with the same mass ratio were loaded onto the TiO₂-Al₂O₃, prepared from analytical grade chemicals without templating. TPR spectra, TEM images and BET analysis showed how the promoter (Ni or Co), TiO₂ and the template (starch) affect the ease of reduction of Mo species, the morphology of the active MoS₂ phase and the pore dimensions of the catalysts. The catalysts were employed in hydro-desulfurization process of gas oil using a fixed bed down flow microreactor at varying operating conditions, viz., temperature (320–400°C), Liquid hourly space velocity (0.5–4 h^–1), H₂/oil ratio of 450 v/v, and 6 MPa operating pressure. The results showed that the promotion effect prevails over the textural effect, where Ni promoted catalyst (with lower surface parameters) exhibits higher activity than Co promoted one. The dual layer catalytic bed system achieved the sulfur level less than 10 ppm.     

CATALYTIC HYDROTREATMENT OF COAL-DERIVED NAPHTHA

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A naphtha derived from the liquefaction of a subbituminous (Black Thunder) or a bituminous coal (III. #6) was hydrotreated on a pilot plant scale, to provide a feedstock sufficiently low in heteroatoms for further studies in reforming. Two commercial catalysts, a Ni/Mo and a Co/Mo on alumina, were employed in the processing of the naphtha samples. The Black Thunder naphtha was processed for over 120?hours, twice using the Co/Mo catalyst and once using the Ni/Mo catalyst. For this naphtha, the removal of nitrogen was extremely difficult using the catalysts and conditions employed in this study. An average of 51.6% of the nitrogen was removed during each of the three passes. The oxygen compounds in this naphtha were relatively easily removed. During the first pass over the Co/Mo catalyst, 94.0% of the oxygen was removed.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts

Abstract

Mesoporous MCM-41 material with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized and used as a support for Mo, CoMo, and NiMo catalysts. The molybdenum loading was varied from 2–14 wt% on MCM-41. On 10 wt% Mo/MCM-41, the promoter Co or Ni concentration was varied from 1–5 wt%. All the catalyst samples were characterized by surface area, low temperature oxygen chemisorption, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed reduction methods. Characterization results show that Mo is well dispersed on MCM-41 up to 10 wt%. The catalytic activities were evaluated for thiophene hydrodesulphurization (HDS), cyclohexene hydrogenation (HYD), and furan hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All three catalytic functionalities vary in a similar manner to that of oxygen chemisorption as a function of Mo loading, indicating that there is a correlation between oxygen uptake and catalytic sites. The activities of these catalysts were compared with γ-Al₂O₃- and amorphous SiO₂-supported catalysts. It was found that MCM-41-supported Mo catalysts displayed superior activities.     

Recovery of precious metals from spent Mo–Co–Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in organic acid medium: Process optimization and kinetic studies

In present study, the leaching kinetics of the spent Mo–Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst was investigated in the presence of formic acid as an organic leaching agent. Firstly, the spent catalyst was roasted in different roasting temperature (200–700?°C) and time (15–240?min), the maximum metal extraction was achieved that at 500?°C with 90?min. Then, the leaching experiments were carried out to determine the influences of process parameters following; particle size, liquid/solid ratio, formic acid concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time and stirring speed. According to the experimental results, the highest dissolution rates of molybdenum (Mo, 75.82%), cobalt (Co, 96.81%), nickel (Ni, 93.44%) and aluminum (Al, 19.46%) were reached under optimum experimental conditions; particle size +75???30?µm; liquid/solid ratio 10?ml/g; formic acid concentration 0.6?M; leaching temperature 80?°C; leaching time 90?min and stirring speed 300 r/min. Moreover, the leaching kinetics clearly reveal that the leaching reaction is controlled by liquid film diffusion and that the activation energy values (E_a) of Co, Ni, Mo and Al were to be 24.49, 25.98, 32.36 and 33.47?kJ/mol, respectively. In conclusion, the leaching process can be conducted in the presence of formic acid for the various industrial wastes in similar structure and composition to Mo–Co–Ni/Al₂O₃ spent catalyst.     

Hydrotreating of gasoline and diesel oil fractions over modified alumina/zeolite catalysts

This paper deals with hydrotreating of straight-run gasoline (SRG) and diesel oil fractions (DOF) over new Ni (Co) containing alumina/zeolite catalysts, modified by transition metals (W and Mo) with the addition of P and Ce elements. In hydrotreating of the DOF, the CoO-WO₃-CAR catalyst has the highest hydrodesulphurization activity that reaches 97.2% at 400?°C, P?=?4MPa and V?=?2h^?1. Moreover, increasing of pressure until 5?MPa leads to reducing of the sulfur content up to 0.0007%. The greatest decrease in the pour (?58.9?°C) and the cloud (?56.7?°C) points during the hydrotreating of the DOF is observed using the NiO-MoO₃-CAR catalyst. The octane number of SRG after hydrotreating over the NiO-MoO₃-CAR catalyst rises up to 88.6. Obtained results clearly show that using synthesized catalysts, motor fuel with Euro-5 standard could be obtained.     

Hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil on modified Ni–Mo/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

The effect of the introduction of P₂O₅ into Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts on their activity in the hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil has been studied. As the support, γ-Al₂O₃ prepared from aluminum hydroxide AlOOH powder of the TH-100 brand (Sasol) has been used. The catalytic properties of the catalysts obtained have been examined in the hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil in a continuous-flow unit under hydrogen pressure. The amounts of sulfur and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon group composition, and the carbon residue of the feedstock and the hydrotreating product have been determined. The catalysts after testing have been studied using differential thermal analysis in combination with thermogravimetry (DTA–TGA); the influence of the amount of the modifier on the catalytic activity and coking of the catalysts has been shown.     

CATALYTIC HYDROTREATMENT OF COAL-DERIVED NAPHTHA

A naphtha derived from the liquefaction of a subbituminous (Black Thunder) or a bituminous coal (III. #6) was hydrotreated on a pilot plant scale, to provide a feedstock sufficiently low in heteroatoms for further studies in reforming. Two commercial catalysts, a Ni/Mo and a Co/Mo on alumina, were employed in the processing of the naphtha samples. The Black Thunder naphtha was processed for over 120 hours, twice using the Co/Mo catalyst and once using the Ni/Mo catalyst. For this naphtha, the removal of nitrogen was extremely difficult using the catalysts and conditions employed in this study. An average of 51.6% of the nitrogen was removed during each of the three passes. The oxygen compounds in this naphtha were relatively easily removed. During the first pass over the Co/Mo catalyst, 94.0% of the oxygen was removed.     

合成气氢源下悬浮床加氢反应焦炭及催化剂特性分析

在高压釜中,合成气气氛下考察了克拉玛依减压渣油在不同分散型催化剂作用下的裂化反应,对反应前后催化剂的存在形态进行了光学显微扫描(SEM)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析。实验结果表明,催化剂存在的主要作用是抑制生焦和抑制过度裂化,改善产品分布。催化剂和焦的XRD分析谱图中没有检测到钼的硫化物形式,而在二元钼钴复合催化剂的焦XRD谱图中检测到非化学计量的CoMoS_x;焦的SEM分析表明,催化剂的存在有利于抑制焦炭颗粒的长大,水溶性催化剂作用下焦炭颗粒最小,颗粒尺寸约1μm。水溶性二元复合催化剂的总体催化性能优于相应的一元水溶性催化剂和油溶性催化剂,所选用的几种催化剂的活性从大到小的顺序为:Mo/CoMo/NiCoNaphNiNaphCo(NO_3)_2,Ni(NO_3)_2AMT。     

Nickel–molybdenum sulfide naphthalene hydrogenation catalysts synthesized by the in situ decomposition of oil-soluble precursors

Nickel–molybdenum sulfide catalysts for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons have been prepared by the in situ decomposition of oil-soluble precursors Mo(CO)₆ and Ni(С₇H₁₅СOO)₂ in a hydrocarbon feedstock and characterized by HRTEM and XPS. The resulting Ni–Mo sulfide material exhibits high catalytic activity in the naphthalene hydrogenation reaction. An optimum Mo/Ni ratio of 1/2 has been selected.     

Characterization of Al2O3–ZrO2 Mixed Oxide Supported Mo Hydrotreating Catalyst

Abstract

A series of molybdenum catalysts supported on Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ mixed oxide containing 50% ZrO₂ and 50% Al₂O₃ were prepared by incipient wetness technique and characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and oxygen chemisorption. The catalytic activities for hydrodesulphurization (HDS), hydrogenation (HYD), and hydrocracking (HYC) were determined using thiophene, cyclohexene, and cumene as model compounds, respectively. Results indicate that up to 8 wt% Mo loading, the catalyst is well dispersed and crystallite growth occurred beyond this loading. Also both oxygen uptake and catalytic activities increase with Mo loading up to 8 wt% and then decreases at higher loading. A linear correlation was obtained between oxygen uptake and all catalytic activities and the correlation coefficients obtained suggest that the order of catalytic activities for HDS, HYD, and HYC is: HDS > HYD > HYC. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of the mixed oxide supported catalyst for HDS, HYD, and HYC were higher than those supported on pure alumina and pure zirconia. The incorporation of 3% Co on 8% Mo catalyst was determined to result in enhanced activity for HDS, HYD, and HYC.     

Activity of Co(Ni)MoS/Al2O3 catalysts, derived from cobalt(nickel) salts of H6[Co2Mo10O38H4], in hydrogenolysis of thiophene and hydrogen treatment of diesel fraction

Co(Ni)MoS/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been prepared from ammonium 10-dodecamolybdodicobaltate (NH₄)₆[Co₂Mo₁₀O₃₈H₄] (further, Co₂Mo₁₀HPC) and cobalt(nickel) salts of 10-dodecamolybdodicobaltic acid H₆[Co₂Mo₁₀O₃₈H₄] (hereinafter, Co₂Mo₁₀HPA). It has been found that a high activity of the Co(Ni)₃-Co₂Mo₁₀HPA/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation reactions is due to the formation of a nanostructured type II CoMoS phase via the contact of the metals (Mo and Co(Ni)) at the molecular level. The use of Ni as a copromoter in the Ni₃-Co₂Mo₁₀HPA/Al₂O₃ catalyst leads to a simultaneous increase, compared with Co₃-Co₂Mo₁₀HPA/Al₂O₃, in the linear size of nanoparticles and the number of MoS₂ layers in the packing of active phase. The nature of the promoter X has a substantial effect on the properties of X₃Co₂Mo₁₀HPC/Al₂O₃ catalysts. It has been found that the catalysts with X = Co exhibit the highest activity in the hydrodesulfurization reactions and those with X = Ni, in hydrogenation reactions.     

Hydrogen production by catalytic methane decomposition over Ni,Co, and Ni-Co/Al2O3 catalyst

Hydrogen is a chief source of energy. Catalytic decomposition produces hydrogen and carbon. In this work, x%M/Al₂O₃ (where M is Ni, Co and combined Ni-Co, and x is 10%, 15%, and 30%) has been successfully employed as a catalyst. The effect of activation temperature and active metal type and loading on catalyst perfomance was investigated. The catalysts were characterized with BET, XRD, TPO, TPR, TEM, XPS, and Raman. The results displayed that the 30%Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst activated at 500°C provided the greatest catalytic performance toward methane conversion. 30%Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst activated at 500°C formed amorphous carbon.     

非负载Co-Mo催化剂的制备、表征与加氢脱硫活性评价

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co-Mo超细复合氧化物,进而制得了非负载型Co-Mo催化剂;采用XRD、IR、BET、SEM等考察了n(A1):n(Co+Mo)、n(Mo):n(Co+Mo)和CA(柠檬酸)/(Co+Mo)的摩尔比对对应催化剂的表面形貌、结构和催化性能的影响.结果表明:制备的非负载催化剂以β-CoMoO<,4>...     

甲醇气相羰化用的碳纳米管载镍催化剂

对碳纳米管负载金属镍催化剂上甲醇常压气相羰基化反应进行了研究。考察了载体碳纳米管的预处理、催化剂的制备方法、催化剂中镍含量及反应空速对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,用硝酸和氢氧化钠处理过的碳纳米管作载体浸渍法制备的催化剂活性较好,最佳镍含量为10%(mass),最佳空速为3000～3600L.(kg-cat.h)-1。     

Catalytic decomposition of methane to COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanotubes over Co–W/MgO catalysts

Bimetallic catalysts containing a series of Co/W at 40/10, 30/20, 20/30 and 10/40 wt% supported on MgO with a total metal content of 50 wt% were prepared and used for the catalytic decomposition of methane to CO_x-free hydrogen and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The solid fresh and exhausted catalysts were characterized structurally and chemically through XRD, TPR, BET, TGA, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The 40%Co–10%W/MgO catalyst exhibited the highest activity for the production of both hydrogen and MWCNTs. The formation of a large amount of non-interacted Co₃O₄ species is considered as the main reason for the catalyst superiority in its activity. On the contrary, catalysts formulations of 20%Co–30%W and 10%Co–40%W demonstrated the formation of a large amount of hardly reducible CoWO₄ and MgWO₄ particles causing lower activity of these catalysts toward methane decomposition as evidenced through the XRD and TPR results.     

Hydrotreating of waste lube oil by rejuvenated spent hydrotreating catalyst

Large quantities of catalysts are used in the Egyptian refining industry for the purification and upgrading of various petroleum streams. These catalysts gradually lose activity through deactivation with time and the spent catalysts were usually discarded as solid waste. On the other hand, waste lube oil contains heavy metals coming from undergirded base oil and additives, these metals have carcinogenic effect and cause serious environmental problems. Studies are conducted on the reclamation of metals, rejuvenation and reuse of the spent hydrotreating catalyst (Mo–Ni/Al) which have been used in re-refining of waste lube oil at Alexandria Petroleum Company. Three leaching solvents were used: oxidized oxalic acid, benzoic acid and boric acid at different concentrations (4%, 8% and 16%), different oxidizing agents (H₂O₂ and Fe(NO₃)₃) and different modes of addition of oxidizing agents (batch and continuous). The results indicated that 4% oxalic acid + 5% Fe(NO₃)₃ at continuous addition of oxidizing agents was the most efficient leaching solvent to facilitate metal removal and rejuvenate catalyst. The fresh catalyst was applied for re-refining of waste lube oil under different reaction temperatures (320–410) °C in order to compare the hydrodesulphurization (HDS) activity with both the fresh, treated and spent catalysts. The results indicated that the rejuvenation techniques introduce a catalyst have HDS activity nearly approach to that the fresh of the same type.     

邻甲酚加氢脱氧还原型催化剂的实验研究

以邻甲酚为生物质热解油模型化合物,研究了几种还原型加氢催化剂的催化脱氧性能的差异。采用孔饱和浸渍法制备了Mo/Al₂O₃、CoMo/Al₂O₃和CoMoEDTA/Al₂O₃加氢脱氧催化剂,采用H₂ -TPR、XRD对它们进行了表征;在H2气氛下对催化剂进行了还原,并在连续流动固定床加氢微反装置中,考察了邻甲酚在不同还原态催化剂催化下加氢脱氧反应的转化率和产物的选择性。结果表明,在相同的加氢反应条件下,CoMoEDTA/Al₂O₃的催化活性和稳定性均比Mo/Al₂O₃和CoMo/Al₂O₃催化剂高;在反应过程中,Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂表现出较高的直接脱氧选择性,而CoMo/Al₂O₃和CoMoEDTA/Al2O3催化剂表现出较高的加氢脱氧选择性。     

多组份加氢催化剂中TiO_2的竞争吸附效应

用X光能谱定量分析了钼,钴和镍在Al_2O_3-TiO_2载体和预浸TiO_2的Al_2O_3载体上的径向浓度分布。并与Mo、Co、Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性组份分布特征做了比较。实验数据表明钼、钴和镍诸组份相对富集在二氧化钛的高浓度区,证明了二氧化钛对钼、钴和镍的竞争吸附效应及其对浓度分布的影响。     

Hydrogenation of Polymeric Petroleum Resins in the Presence of Unsupported Sulfide Nanocatalysts

Unsupported Ni–Mo and Ni–W sulfide catalysts for the hydrogenation of polymeric petroleum resins are ex situ in a hydrocarbon solvent by the decomposition of oil-soluble bimetallic precursors. It is shown that the activity of the nanocatalysts is higher than that of conventional supported catalysts. The Mo: Ni ratio (1.5: 1) provides the maximum conversion of aromatic and unsaturated moieties of the substrate molecule. It is found that an increase in the process temperature and pressure leads to intensification of polymer chain degradation reactions. The highest degree of hydrogenation is achieved in polymeric petroleum resin solutions with a concentration of 40 wt %; further increase in concentration contributes to the inhibition of thermal degradation reactions. It is shown that the catalyst can be reused without any loss of activity; in addition, the degree of sulfiding of the active phase remains unchanged and the particles do not undergo agglomeration.     

油溶性催化剂在渣油悬浮床加氢反应中的加氢抑焦作用

合成了油溶性Mo、Ni催化剂,并将两种单金属催化剂进行复配形成Mo/Ni复配催化剂,采用FT-IR、AAS分析方法对合成催化剂进行表征,在考察Mo、Ni及Mo/Ni复配催化剂油溶性的基础上,对不同催化剂在KLAR悬浮床加氢反应中的加氢效果进行考察,并与临氢热烈化反应结果进行对比。结果表明：Mo、Ni催化剂中的活性组分Mo、Ni质量分数分别为5.60%、5.86%;Mo、Mo/Ni、Ni催化剂的I值(单位生焦轻油收率)逐渐降低,说明它们的加氢抑焦效果依次减弱;而且Mo/Ni复配催化剂表现出了一定的协同效应,其在KLAR悬浮床加氢反应中可以成为生焦载体,延缓焦粒的富集、长大。