污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Residual effects of phosphate fertilizers in relation to phosphate sorptivities of 27 soils

Three different parameters of the long term effects of phosphate fertilizers on perennial clover-based pastures were measured over 3–4 years in 27 experiments on acidic soils in an elevated region of eastern Australia. Recovery of fertilizer P was the difference between herbage P uptake in the presence of fertilizer and uptake in its absence, expressed as a % of the amount of P applied in the first year. Residual value was the size of the response to fertilizer P, applied in the first year, expressed as a percentage of the response to freshly applied P in the second and third years. Effectiveness was the product of the values of the Mitscherlich curvature and response parameters for each response curve, and residual effectiveness was relative to initial effectiveness. Soils varied widely in their P sorptivities, and represented Alfisols, Entisols, and Ultisols of basaltic, granitic and sedimentary origin. Mean P recoveries of 29% in the first year and 49% over 3 years, residual values of 84% in the second year and 60% in the third, and residual effectiveness of 77% in the second year and 47% in the third were high by most standards. Increasing P sorptivity tended to increase fertilizer effectiveness in the first year and residual value in the second year, but it depressed P recovery in the first year and residual effectiveness in later years. The long term effect of increasing P sorptivity on cumulative P recoveries tended to be negative at low to medium rates of fertilizer application and positive at high rates of application. There was a much smaller decline in residual values and effectiveness over the 3 or 4 years than there was in P recovery, and this was attributed to the beneficial effects of P on soil N fertility, via clover N fixation, and the subsequent growth of grasses in the phosphated treatments.     

Changes in the Properties of Synthetic Fibres in Thermal Aging

Thermal aging of complex lavsan, nitron, and anid fibres and lavsan and nitron yarn was investigated in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (120, 150, 180°C) in the free state and with shrinkage for up to 300 h. It was shown that thermal aging of chemical fibres in the general case includes periods of structural and thermochemical aging. The kinetic characteristics of thermal shrinkage of chemical fibres and yarn in the first period of thermal aging were investigated. An exponential curve of shrinkage in time was obtained and can be used to predict the behavior of fibres and yarn in the first period of aging in the free state. The kinetics of the change in the strength and relative elongation at break was investigated in prolonged thermal aging of chemical fibres and yarn in the free (with shrinkage) and fixed (without shrinkage) states. The exponential dependence of the change in the fibre breaking characteristics on the duration of heat treatment was demonstrated. The change in the properties in prolonged thermal aging in the free and fixed states in the first stage of aging takes place differently. With shrinkage, the strength decreases and the deformability increases as a result of relaxation phenomena in the first stage, followed by a symbatic decrease in the strength and deformability as a result of thermal degradation processes in the second stage. In heat treatment in the fixed state, the change in the mechanical properties in the first stage is slight, while the strength and deformability simultaneously decrease in time as a result of thermal aging in the second stage. The quantitative characteristics found can be used to predict the change in the mechanical properties of chemical fibres and yarn in conditions of prolonged exposure to heat.     

Possible Role of Crystal-Bearing Cells in Tomato Fertility and Formation of Seedless Fruits

Crystal-bearing cells or idioblasts, which deposit calcium oxalate, are located in various tissues and organs of many plant species. The functional significance of their formation is currently unclear. Idioblasts in the leaf parenchyma and the development of crystal-bearing cells in the anther tissues of transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicon L.), expressing the heterologous FeSOD gene and which showed a decrease in fertility, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals was found to increase significantly in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type (WT) ones in idioblasts and crystal-bearing cells of the upper part of the anther. At the same time, changes in the size and shape of the crystals and their location in anther organs were noted. It seems that the interruption in the break of the anther stomium in transgenic plants was associated with the formation and cell death regulation of a specialized group of crystal-bearing cells. This disturbance caused an increase in the pool of these cells and their localization in the upper part of the anther, where rupture is initiated. Perturbations were also noted in the lower part of the anther in transgenic plants, where the amount of calcium oxalate crystals in crystal-bearing cells was reduced that was accompanied by disturbances in the morphology of pollen grains. Thus, the induction of the formation of crystal-bearing cells and calcium oxalate crystals can have multidirectional effects, contributing to the regulation of oxalate metabolism in the generative and vegetative organs and preventing fertility when the ROS balance changes, in particular, during oxidative stresses accompanying most abiotic and biotic environmental factors.     

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.     

串罐式无钟高炉炉顶炉料运动的离散元分析

建立了串罐式无钟炉顶装料系统全模型,应用离散单元法对炉料从皮带到炉喉运动的全过程进行数值计算,考察了皮带上上下料罐内的粒度偏析,对比了料罐内是否安装石盒对料罐内炉料分布、料罐装料和卸料时炉料运动及布料时料流粒度变化的影响. 结果表明,皮带上小颗粒向料层下部渗透,皮带末端料层下部平均粒度比上部小. 炉料沿上料罐周向、径向和纵向存在粒度偏析;沿下料罐径向和纵向存在粒度偏析,周向上分布较均匀,相对粒度变化的标准差为0.03. 料罐内安装石盒对周向和纵向粒度分布影响较小,石盒附近小颗粒渗透影响径向粒度分布,料面基本水平,料罐卸料呈活塞流;无石盒时料面形成堆尖,料罐卸料呈漏斗流. 布料时料流粒度变化受料罐内料流运动和炉料分布影响,料罐内不安装石盒时料流粒度变化的标准差为7.15,安装石盒时为10.42,料流粒度变化更明显.     

Immunohistochemical Characteristics of the Human Carotid Body in the Antenatal and Postnatal Periods of Development

The evolutionary and ontogenetic development of the carotid body is still understudied. Research aimed at studying the comparative morphology of the organ at different periods in the individual development of various animal species should play a crucial role in understanding the physiology of the carotid body. However, despite more than two centuries of study, the human carotid body remains poorly understood. There are many knowledge gaps in particular related to the antenatal development of this structure. The aim of our work is to study the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the human carotid body in the antenatal and postnatal periods of development. We investigated the human carotid bodies from 1 embryo, 20 fetuses and 13 adults of different ages using samples obtained at autopsy. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of βIII-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells and nerve fibers at all periods of ontogenesis; synaptophysin and PGP9.5 in the type I cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; 200 kDa neurofilaments in nerve fibers in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; and GFAP and S100 in the type II cells and Schwann cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases. A high level of tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells was a distinctive feature of the antenatal carotid bodies. On the contrary, in the type I cells of adults, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was significantly lower. Our data suggest that the human carotid body may perform an endocrine function in the antenatal period, while in the postnatal period of development, it loses this function and becomes a chemosensory organ.     

Solubility in and affinity for the bile salt micelle of plant sterols are important determinants of their intestinal absorption in rats

Intestinal absorption of various plant sterols was investigated in thoracic duct-cannulated normal rats. Lymphatic recovery was the highest in campesterol, intermediate in brassicasterol and sitosterol, and the lowest in stigmasterol and sitostanol. Higher solubility in the bile salt micelle was observed in sitosterol, campesterol, and sitostanol than in brassicasterol and stigmasterol. The solubility of the latter two sterols was extremely low. When the affinity of plant sterols for the bile salt micelle was compared in an in vitro model system, which assessed sterol transfer from the micellar to the oil phase, the transfer rate was the highest in brassicasterol, intermediate in campesterol and stigmasterol, and lowest in sitosterol and sitostanol. Although no significant correlations between lymphatic recovery of plant sterols and their micellar solubility or transfer rate from the bile salt micelle were observed, highly positive correlation was obtained between the lymphatic recovery and the multiplication value of the micellar solubility and the transfer rate. These observations strongly suggest that both solubility in and affinity for the bile salt micelle of plant sterols are important determinants of their intestinal absorption in rats.     

中国氮肥消费状况及其发展展望

中国氮肥的消费在经历了快速的波动性增长以后,近年来的增长趋势变慢。通过对全国农技中心2003年统计数据和2000年农户调查数据的分析,阐明了我国氮肥消费的空间分布、品种结构和农作物需求状况;并指出了农作物氮肥施用中存在传统施肥习惯影响氮肥消费结构,氮肥施用面积不足、适量和超量各占三分之一,施肥方式影响肥料利用率,氮肥价格的上涨也影响氮肥消费结构等问题。因此,中国氮肥总消费量增长的趋势并不明朗。目前开展的测土配方施肥行动和减少氮肥农田损失的措施都会不同程度地影响未来氮肥的消费结构。     

Metals in commercial catalysts: 1. Molybdenum and tungsten

Information on the production and consumption of molybdenum and tungsten in the world and in Russia is provided. The lowering of domestic consumption of these metals in the Russian industry is demonstrated. The use of these metals in catalysts manufacturing in Russia is considered. The assortment of domestic molybdenum- and tungsten-containing catalysts is discussed, and their consumption is estimated. The current demand for molybdenum and tungsten in catalyst manufacturing is small because of the high impact of imported catalysts and low level in the development of chemical catalytic processes. Certain applications of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing catalysts are considered. It is shown that the consumption of molybdenum and tungsten in the manufacturing of high-added value products (catalysts) may grow at the expense of the replacement of imported catalysts by competitive domestic molybdenum- and tungsten-containing catalysts and their use in new processes.     

我国粮食主产区尿素供需时空特征及市场调控思路

在总结前人研究的基础上,重点从季节和作物角度对我国粮食主产区尿素供需状况作了深入分析。研究结果表明,我国粮食主产区尿素全年的总体供应量大于需求量,但季节间和区域间供需却不平衡。3月和7月是尿素消费高峰期,易发生供应不足,而尿素消费和生产区域分布不一致导致消费旺季供需矛盾更加突出,是导致价格波动和运输困难的主要原因。针对尿素供需矛盾,对我国化肥产业的宏观调控策略提出了一些想法,以期为我国化肥产业和农业的健康稳定发展提供依据。     

Intake of dietary fiber in the Central American isthmus: nutritional implications

Mean intakes of dietary fiber (DF) were estimated in the population of Central America and Panama, using the results of dietary surveys conducted in 1969 and 1986 both in rural and urban areas, as well as data on the DF content of foods as consumed in the region. Data on preschool children were also estimated. The results indicated that DF intake in urban areas is lower than that of rural areas, particularly in Costa Rica and Panama. In 1969, intake varied from 32g in El Salvador to 15g in Panama in urban areas, while in rural areas intake was from 45g in El Salvador to 13g in Panama. The foods which contributed most to the total intake in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras were tortillas and beans, while in Costa Rica and Panama, beans provided the largest intake. In preeschool children, intake was 12.5g in El Salvador and 5.4g in Costa Rica in 1969, which is the same tendency as that found for adults. From more recent data on food intake, it was found that DF intake had decreased in the rural areas of El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica, being between 4 and 9% in the first two countries and 12% in Costa Rica. In the urban area of the latter, from 1969 to 1986 a decrease in DF intake of around 20% has taken place.     

Distribution of cholesterol sulfate and its anabolic and catabolic enzymes in various rabbit tissues

Cholesterol sulfate (CS) recently has been shown to be involved in signal transduction pathway. To evaluate its functional significance, we determined the concentration of CS, and the specific activities of cholesterol sulfotransferase and CS sulfatase in various tissues of rabbit, and compared them with the concentration of sulfoglycolipids in rabbit tissues. CS was present in the epithelia and mucosa, but not in the tunica muscularis, of the digestive tract, trachea, uterine endometrium and uterine cervix. It was also present in lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, skin, hair, and nail at relatively high concentrations. Its concentration in the uterine endometrium was nine times higher in pseudopregnant rabbits than in nonpregnant rabbits because of activation of cholesterol sulfotransferase and inhibition of CS sulfatase in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Sulfoglycolipids were not detected in the uterine endometria of either nonpregnant-or pseudopregnant rabbits. However, sulfoglycolipids were detected at relatively high concentrations in the cerebrum, cerebellum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, testis, and kidney of rabbits and thus the tissues in which both sulfolipids were detected were the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. In the digestive tract, the concentration of CS decreased in the order esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, but that of sulfatide increased in the same order, indicating distribution of CS in the squamous epithelium. In addition, both CS and sulfatide were detected in the serum. On the other hand, CS sulfatase activity was detected in all tissues examined, even in hair, from which the enzyme was liberated by brief sonication, and its highest specific activity was deteted in the liver. The specific activity of cholesterol sulfotransferase varied among the tissues examined and was found to be significantly high in the esophageal epithelium and the uterine endometrium of pseudopregnant rabbit, indicating involvement of cholesterol sulfation in the formation of epithelium.     

水泥回转窑系统固相中硫、碱分布特性研究

采用XRF、XRD与EPMA分析方法对取自某水泥厂生产线的几种试样(入预热器生料、入窑热生料、烟室结皮、窑皮、熟料)进行测试分析,研究硫、碱在水泥回转窑系统内固相中的分布特性.结果表明:回转窑内入窑热生料、烟室结皮以及过渡带区域窑皮中,硫、碱含量较高;且不同试样中硫、碱的存在形式也不一样,其中烟室结皮最为复杂.不同粒径大小的熟料,将硫、碱带出回转窑系统的情况存在着差异,大粒径熟料带出的钾、硫含量较小粒径熟料高出许多,但是钠含量相差不大,而且后者的晶体发育程度较好.     

Analysis of subcellular phosphatidyl choline in developing rabbit lung

Phosphatidyl choline is a major lung surfactant. Insufficient development of the surfactant in neonates is often associated with the Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The concentration and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline have not been studied in the subcellular organelles of the developing lung. This study has investigated the development of the concentration and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in subcellular fractions of 28-day and 30-day fetal and maternal New Zealand rabbit lungs. The concentration of total phospholipids in lamellar bodies increased four to five fold from 28-day fetus to 30-day fetus which, in turn, was similar to the maternal level. Total phospholipid content increased only about 50% in mitochondria and microsomes. The percentage of phosphatidyl choline among total phospholipids in lamellar bodies increased successively from 60% at 28 days gestation to 84% at 30 days gestation and leveled at 84% in maternal lamellar bodies. Microsomal PC increased steadily from 52% in the 28-day fetus to 65% in the adult. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in lamellar bodies confirmed 16∶0 as the major fatty acid, and its content remained constant from 28 days gestation to adult. In contrast, the content of 16∶0 of the microsomal phosphatidyl choline decreased with increasing gestation. Changes of several unsaturated fatty acid components were observed in both lamellar bodies and microsomes in the developing lungs. Maturational development of phosphatidyl choline is reflected in an increase in the concentration of this surfactant, particularly in lamellar bodies, and possibly in remodeling of fatty acid composition in both lamellar bodies and microsomes.     

中国合成橡胶和精细化工的技术创新(上)

本文是王大全教授代表中国化工学会、中化化工科学技术总院 ,在 2 0 0 2年 4月 10～13日于北京召开 ,由中国工程院、中国科学院、中国科学技术协会联合主办的“中国近现代科学技术回顾与展望国际学术研讨会”上所作学术报告的部分内容。作者以亲自组织和参加研究开发成功的合成橡胶和精细化工有关项目成套技术的实践 ,总结了 2 0世纪 70年代以来中国合成橡胶和精细化工科技创新、原始创新和提高行业科技水平的经验。对加入WTO后如何加速提升我国化工科技创新和原始创新的能力 ,很有参考价值     

Influence of heat treatment of fused mullite materials on their properties

Conclusion It is shown that the temperature of initial crystallization of glass spheres of mullite composition with diameters of less than 0.1 mm, in the metastable state, equals 935°C. The phase composition of the spheres of diameters from 0.1 to 0.5 mm varies. With an increase in the diameter of the spheres from 0.5 to 1–1.7 mm their properties vary slightly.Thermal processing of the spheres of mullite composition with different starting contents of mullite and glass in the mullite component influences the crystallization of the mullite and causes increases in the density at temperatures from 900–1300°C. The most rapid change in properties takes place in the spheres containing the maximum amount of glass phase (100%). In the 1300–1500°C range in all spheres, with different contents of glass phase in the starting condition, there is a variation in the density and in the mass proportion of mullite.An increase in soaking from 0.5 to 1.5 h at 1300 and 1500°C leads to an increase in the mullite content and a rise in the density of the glass spheres.During the firing of finely milled powders made of granules and spheres with different contents of glass phase and mullite, and also specimens prepared from these powders, with temperature rise the material's density and the amount of mullite are both increased, and the changes in these factors are identical. It is established that with increase in the mullite concentration in specimens of finely milled powders there are marked reductions in shrinkage, and apparent density; and an increase in the porosity of the specimens fired at 1750°c. There is much less change in the properties at 1700°c.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 7–10, April, 1990.     

Molecular mechanisms of aging and immune system regulation in Drosophila

Aging is a complex process that involves the accumulation of deleterious changes resulting in overall decline in several vital functions, leading to the progressive deterioration in physiological condition of the organism and eventually causing disease and death. The immune system is the most important host-defense mechanism in humans and is also highly conserved in insects. Extensive research in vertebrates has concluded that aging of the immune function results in increased susceptibility to infectious disease and chronic inflammation. Over the years, interest has grown in studying the molecular interaction between aging and the immune response to pathogenic infections. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for dissecting the genetic and genomic basis of important biological processes, such as aging and the innate immune system, and deciphering parallel mechanisms in vertebrate animals. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of key players modulating the relationship between molecular aging networks and immune signal transduction pathways in the fly. Understanding the details of the molecular events involved in aging and immune system regulation will potentially lead to the development of strategies for decreasing the impact of age-related diseases, thus improving human health and life span.     

氧糖剥夺条件下PC12细胞RAGE的表达及对其损伤的影响

目的探讨大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(PC12)细胞在氧糖剥夺(OGD)的条件下,晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)的表达及其对PC12细胞损伤的影响。方法PC12细胞随机分为3组:OGD培养组(PC12细胞在无血清无糖的DMEM培养液中厌氧培养);封闭RAGE的OGD培养组(PC12细胞在加5μg/mlRAGE抗体的无血清无糖DMEM培养液中厌氧培养);对照组(PC12细胞在无血清无糖DMEM培养液中培养)。免疫组化法检测RAGE表达。收集细胞上清液,检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和一氧化氮(NO)含量,并对细胞死亡率进行检测。结果在OGD条件下PC12细胞培养8、11、20h均有RAGE表达,与对照组相比表达均明显增加,OGD培养组与封闭RAGEOGD培养组相比,LDH活性差异显著。随着厌氧时间的延长,PC12细胞死亡率明显增高,封闭RAGEOGD培养组与OGD培养组相比,PC12细胞死亡率明显降低。NO含量差异无显著意义,但与对照组相比差异显著。结论在OGD条件下,PC12细胞RAGE表达增高。RAGE的表达对细胞的损伤起促进作用。     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of degradability and biocompatibility of poly(p-dioxanone) hemostatic clips for laparoscopic surgery

For the clinical application of biodegradable hemostatic surgical clips in laparoscopic surgery, it is necessary to determine their degradability and biocompatibility. Herein, in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to evaluate the degradability and biocompatibility of bioabsorbable clips made of poly(p-dioxanone). Changes in weight loss, pull-off force, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the poly(p-dioxanone) clips were determined after they were degraded in deionized water and phosphate buffer saline for the in vitro experiment and in laparoscopic models of bile duct ligation(BDL) and right gastroepiploic artery ligation(GEAL) using New Zealand white rabbits for the in vivo experiment. Changes in weight loss and pull-off force were greater in the in vivo experiment than the in vitro experiment. DSC showed the greatest variation in the degree of crystallinity of the clips degraded in deionized water. Stark differences in SEM were observed after 4 weeks of degradation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of the clips was considered satisfactory because the L929 cells could adhere to the clips and proliferate adequately in the presence of the clip extract. Biocompatibility was inferred based on the histological analysis of BDL and GEAL, no significant inflammatory responses were observed after 4 weeks of ligation.