GAS ABSORPTION IN A HOLLOW FIBER DEVICE

The absorption of S0² and NH³ from air and air/CO ² streams was studied for the first time in a certain novel hollow fiber mass transfer device, for various inlet gas compositions, liquid compositions, gas flow rates, and liquid flow rates. The gas and liquid flows were countercurrent. Analyses of the amounts of S0²and NH³ absorbed demonstrate that the hollow fiber unit has a relatively small membrane resistance and is an effective gas scrubbing device. Additionally, it offers a large interfacial area per unit volume, and avoids flooding problems entirely     

GAS ABSORPTION IN A HOLLOW FIBER DEVICE

The absorption of S0² and NH³ from air and air/CO ² streams was studied for the first time in a certain novel hollow fiber mass transfer device, for various inlet gas compositions, liquid compositions, gas flow rates, and liquid flow rates. The gas and liquid flows were countercurrent. Analyses of the amounts of S0²and NH³ absorbed demonstrate that the hollow fiber unit has a relatively small membrane resistance and is an effective gas scrubbing device. Additionally, it offers a large interfacial area per unit volume, and avoids flooding problems entirely     

Removal of Benzene/Toluene from Water by Vacuum Membrane Distillation in a PVDF Hollow Fiber Membrane Module

Abstract

Asymmetric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes were prepared by a phase inversion method using dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and a mixture of water/LiCl as solvent and a nonsolvent additive, respectively. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for observing its microstructures and by a gas permeation method for measuring its surface porosity, pore size, and pore size distribution. Wetting pressures of the dry hollow fiber membranes were also measured. Using the prepared PVDF hollow fiber membranes, a membrane module was fabricated for removal of benzene/toluene from water. Effects of various operating parameters such as downstream vacuum levels, feed temperatures, and feed flow rates on performances of the module were investigated experimentally. The benzene/toluene removal was achieved over 99% under an optimal operating condition. Mass transfer of benzene or toluene removal is controlled not only by the liquid phase resistance but also by the membrane and gas phase resistances. Benzene and toluene can be removed from water simultaneously with no adverse coupling effects.     

The study of elongation and shear rates in spinning process and its effect on gas separation performance of Poly(ether sulfone) (PES) hollow fiber membranes

The influence of elongation and shear rates induced by the geometry of spinnerets on gas performance of PES hollow fiber membranes has been studied. Different elongation and shear rates were introduced in various spinnerets with flow angles of 60°, 75° and 90° by changing the flow rate of dope solution. The PES hollow fiber membranes were fabricated under the wet-spun condition without extra drawing force and their gas performances were tested by using O₂ and N₂. The flow profiles of dope solution and the elongation and shear rates at the outermost point of the outlet of spinnerets were simulated by the computational fluid dynamics model. A hypothetic mechanism is assumed to explain the effects of elongation and shear rates on the changes of conformation of polymer chain. While trying to correlate the elongation and shear rates with the gas performance of hollow fibers, we have come to some preliminary conclusions that the elongation rate has more contribution portion in permselectivity than in permeance and the shear rate has more contribution portion in permeance than in permselectivity.     

膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理中的应用

膜接触器是一种通过膜作为两相之间的分离界面而实现相间传质的新型杂化膜过程,具体应用形式包括膜蒸馏、膜萃取、膜吸收、膜结构填料等.膜接触器使用微孔中空纤维膜将两流体分隔开,膜孔为两流体之间提供传质的场所.与传统接触分离器相比,新兴的膜接触器拥有分离效率高、工作范围宽、两相流速可单独控制以及结构紧凑等诸多独特的优点.文章着重于膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理领域的最新研究成果和进展,具体分析比较了上述几种膜接触器的结构、工作原理和操作特点,充分展示了膜接触器在废水处理以及化工、医药、食品等领域特种分离中的广阔应用前景.     

纺丝条件对PVDF/PVC中空纤维膜性能的影响

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺制备PVDF/PVC共混中空纤维膜,通过对水通量、孔径、截留率等的测试,研究了挤出速率、芯液流量、干纺程对PVDF/PVC中空纤维膜性能及结构的影响,并进行了详细的理论分析。试验结果表明挤出速率与膜通量存在最大值,芯液流量与膜通量及截留率呈线性关系,干纺程的影响效果跟挤出速率类似。可以通过改变纺丝条件来制备性能不同的中空纤维膜。     

膜曝气-吸收耦合式海水烟气脱硫过程

利用聚丙烯中空纤维双层曝气式膜接触器,对膜曝气-膜吸收耦合式海水烟气脱硫过程开展实验研究,考察了烟气流量、海水流量、海水pH以及曝气量等因素对烟气脱硫参数的影响。结果表明,曝气式膜吸收过程具有更高的脱硫效率和传质性能,相较于非曝气过程,SO₂吸收率可提高12.4%。提高烟气流量,使SO₂吸收率降低,总传质系数先增大再减小;提高吸收剂流量、pH和曝气量,SO₂吸收率和总传质系数均会提高,海水pH较高条件下加入曝气更能有效加强吸收效果;烟气中SO₂的吸收通量均随海水pH和曝气量的增加而增加。扫描电镜及接触角测量显示在使用一个月后的膜丝仍具有较高的疏水性能和使用性能。     

Hydrogen separation at elevated temperatures using metallic nickel hollow fiber membranes

Nickel is a cheaper metallic material compared to palladium membranes for H₂ separation. In this work, metallic Ni hollow fiber membranes were fabricated by a combined phase inversion and atmospheric sintering method. The morphology and membrane thickness of the hollow fibers was tuned by varying the spinning parameters like bore liquid flow rate and air gap distance. H₂ permeation through the Ni hollow fibers with N₂ as the sweep gas was measured under various operating conditions. A rigorous model considering temperature profiles was developed to fit the experimental data. The results show that the hydrogen permeation flux can be well described by using the Sieverts’ equation, implying that the membrane bulk diffusion is still the rate‐limiting step. The hydrogen separation rate in the Ni hollow fiber module can be improved by 4–8% when switching the co‐current flow to the countercurrent flow operation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3026–3034, 2017     

不同中空纤维膜材料对烟气中二氧化硫的吸收性能影响

膜法烟气脱硫能耗低、传质面积大、分离效率高,可以有效地解决传统塔器内的液泛、漏液、夹带等问题。本文采用自制的中空纤维膜接触器,通过改变烟气流量、水流量和水温对比了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）和聚丙烯（PP）这3种中空纤维膜对烟气中二氧化硫的吸收性能,并通过电镜和接触角仪表征,对比了3种膜的参数和疏水性。结果表明：在不同烟气流量、水量和水温下,3种膜的吸收性能都表现为PTFE＞PP＞PVDF,120min时二氧化硫吸收浓度,PTFE最大,是PP的1.68倍,是PVDF的4.62倍;烟气流量的改变对二氧化硫的吸收浓度有显著影响,当烟气流量由60mL/min提高到140mL/min时,120min时PTFE膜二氧化硫的吸收浓度提高了2.14倍;影响膜性能的主要因素为疏水性,PTFE浸泡前后的表面接触角为105°和97°,疏水性远大于PP和PVDF。PTFE中空纤维膜孔径大、孔隙率高,具有极强的疏水性,在烟气脱硫及相关吸收过程中表现出较好的应用前景。     

Mass transfer simulation on pervaporation dehydration of ethanol through hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes

A multi‐layer series‐resistance mass transfer model was developed to simulate mass transfer behaviors of water/ethanol mixture through hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes. The mass transfer through zeolite layer was described by Maxwell‐Stefan mechanism based on adsorption and diffusion parameters obtained from molecular simulation. The mass transfer through asymmetric hollow fiber support was described by dusty gas model involving Knudsen diffusion and viscous flow. It was found that the sponge‐like layer of support besides of zeolite layer made an important contribution to overall membrane transfer resistance while the finger‐like layer had less effect. When permeate pressure shifted from 0.2 to 7.5 kPa, the mass transfer resistance contribution of sponge‐like layer varied from 27.1 to 17.8%. Effects of microstructure parameters of support on mass transfer through membrane were investigated extensively. Large pore size and thin thickness for sponge‐like layer of support were beneficial to improve water permeation flux. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2468–2478, 2016     

Characterization of hollow fiber membranes in a permeator using binary gas mixtures

We have studied the CO₂/CH₄ mixed gas permeation through hollow fiber membranes in a permeator. An approach to characterize the true separation performance of hollow fiber membranes for binary gas mixtures was provided based on experiments and simulations. Experiments were carried out to measure the retentate and permeate flow rates and compositions at each outlet. The influences of pressure drop within the hollow fibers, non-ideal gas behavior in the mixture and concentration polarization were taken into consideration in the mathematics model. The calculation results indicate that the net influence of the non-ideal gas behavior, competitive sorption and plasticization yields the calculated CO₂ permeance in a mixed gas permeator close to that obtained in pure gas tests. Whereas the CH₄ permeance is higher in the mixed gas tests than that in the pure gas tests, as the plasticization caused by CO₂ dominates the permeation process. As a result, the CO₂/CH₄ mixed gas selectivity is smaller than those obtained in pure gas tests at equivalent pressures.The calculated membrane performance shows little changes with stage cut if the effect of concentration polarization is accounted for in the calculation. The integration method developed in this study could provide more accurate characterizations of mixed gas permeance of hollow membranes than other estimation methods, as our model considers the roles of non-ideal gas behavior and concentration polarization properly.     

Absorption of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> using PVDF hollow fiber membranes with PEG as an additive

In this study, removal of SO₂ from gas stream was carried out by using microporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) asymmetric hollow fiber membrane modules as gas-liquid contactor. The asymmetric hollow fiber membranes used in this study were prepared polyvinylidene fluoride by a wet phase inversion method. Water was used as an internal coagulant and external coagulation bath for all spinning runs. An aqueous solution containing 0.02 M NaOH was used as the absorbent. This study attempts to assess the influence of PEG additive, absorbent flow rate, SO₂ concentration, gas flow rate and gas flow direction on the SO₂ removal efficiency and overall mass transfer coefficient. The effect of liquid flow rate on SO₂ removal efficiency shows that at very low liquid flow rate, the NaOH available at the membrane surface for reacting with SO₂ is limited due to the liquid phase resistance. As liquid flow rate is above the minimum flow rate which overcomes the liquid phase resistance, the SO₂ absorption rate is controlled by resistance in the gas phase and the membrane. The SO₂ absorption rate with inlet SO₂ concentration was sharply increased by using hollow fiber membranes compared to a conventional wetted wall column because the former has higher gas liquid contacting area than the latter. The mass transfer coefficient is independent of pressure. When the gas mixture was fed in the shell side, the removal efficiency of SO₂ declined because of channeling problems on the shell side. Also, the addition of PEG in polymer dopes increased SO₂ removal efficiency. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION IN A HOLLOW-FIBER DEVICE

Liquid-liquid extraction operations were conducted in a hollow fiber mass transfer device using two systems: phenol/water vs. n-octanol and phenol/hexane vs. water. Individual mass transfer resistances due to the tube-side fluid, the hollow fiber wall (membrane), and the shell-side fluid were determined for runs in which the solvent was held stagnant on the shell-side. Countercurrent flow runs with moving solvent were conducted to show that the degree of extraction rises steadily as the solvent-to-raffinate ratio increases. Factors affecting the mass transfer resistances in this type of device are discussed, and the advantages of hollow fiber units over conventional mixer-settler units are pointed out.     

Microporous hollow fibres for carbon dioxide absorption: Mass transfer model fitting and the supplying of carbon dioxide to microalgal cultures

A method of supplying CO₂ to photosynthetic algal cultures was developed based on mass transfer measurements of CO₂ through microporous hydrophobic hollow fibres for various gas and liquid flow rates. A mathematical model was derived to describe the mass transfer. The designed hollow fibre module led to overall mass transfer coefficient values ranging from 1·26 × 10⁻³ to 2·64 × 10⁻³ cm s⁻¹. Higher efficiencies of the CO₂ transmission were obtained at high liquid flow rates and low gas flow rates. The use of microporous hydrophobic hollow fibres enabled an enhancement of the carbon dioxide transfer per area of membrane surface by a factor of 10, in comparison to operation with silicone tubing. The hollow fibre module was operated in an external bypass to a 1 dm³ microalgae culture vessel. In this system the algal growth pattern was similar to that obtained with a control culture where CO₂ was bubbled. However, the dissolved oxygen concentration was always lower in the vessel in which CO₂ was supplied by the module. © 1998 SCI.     

过滤用特种纤维及其纺织品发展近况

高性能纤维滤材对节能减排有重要作用,而某些功能纤维滤材在有些应用领域起着关键或核心作用。介绍了用于水处理的中空纤维膜、纳米纤维和纳米碳管、离子交换纤维及活性碳纤维,用于海水淡化和透析的中空纤维膜,用于气体分离的中空纤维膜和纳米纤维,以及用于水环境治理的碳纤维等的应用近况。     

PDMS/ZIF-8 coating polymeric hollow fiber substrate for alcohol permselective pervaporation membranes

In order to develop high performance composite membranes for alcohol permselective pervaporation (PV), poly (dimethylsiloxane)/ZIF-8 (PDMS/ZIF-8) coated polymeric hollow fiber membranes were studied in this research. First, PDMS was used for the active layer, and Torlon®, PVDF, Ultem®, and Matrimid® with different porosity were used as support layer for fabrication of hollow fiber composite membranes. The performance of the membranes varied with different hollow fiber substrates was investigated. Pure gas permeance of the hollow fiber was tested to investigate the pore size of all fibers. The effect of support layer on the mass transfer in hydrophobic PV composite membrane was investigated. The results show that proper porosity and pore diameter of the support are demanded to minimize the Knudsen effect. Based on the result, ZIF-8 was introduced to prepare more selective separation layer, in order to improve the PV performance. The PDMS/ZIF-8/Torlon® membrane had a separation factor of 8.9 and a total flux of 847 g·m^-2·h^-1. This hollow fiber PDMS/ZIF-8/Torlon® composite membrane has a great potential in the industrial application.     

Plasma-polymerized membranes and gas permeability III

Plasma-polymerized films of hexamethyldisiloxane were deposited onto various porous substrates having different pore sizes, and the gas permeability of these composite membranes was studied. In each membrane, permselectivity between oxygen and nitrogen was found, but the oxygen permeation rate was different with each substance tested. The minimum thickness of the plasma-polymerized film needed to plug all pores and show permselectivity is about five times the pore radius of the porous substrate. The maximum oxygen permeation rates of the permselective composite membranes are approximately proportional to the effective areas for the gas permeation and inversely proportional to the pore sizes. The composite membranes show high oxygen permeation rates in cases using porous glass hollow fibers which have small pore sizes and large surface porosity as porous substrates. In cases using polysulfone hollow fibers which have high permselectivity, the composite membranes show much higher permeability ratios of oxygen-to-nitrogen than do those of the porous glass hollow fibers.     

Transient Simulation of Hollow‐Fiber Membrane Filtration with Nonuniform Permeability Distribution

Transient simulation of filtration in hollow‐fiber membranes with nonuniform permeability distribution was conducted. The diversity of permeability distributions caused different initial flux and transmembrane pressure distributions. Manipulating the permeability distribution enables a hollow‐fiber membrane to achieve its maximum volumetric flow rate. During solid‐liquid separation, the inter‐adjustment between flux and cake distributions improved their uniformities simultaneously. The reciprocal of the volumetric flow rate of the membranes all increased linearly with water production. Severely nonuniform permeability distribution caused low water production. The numerical results could be applicable to account for the non‐ideal performance of industrial hollow‐fiber membrane modules.     

Piezoelectric Fibers with Uniform Internal Electrode by Co-Extrusion Process

Piezoelectric fibers with internal electrodes were fabricated by the co-extrusion process. The initial feedrods, which were composed of an outer piezoelectric PZN–PZT layer, a thin conducting PZN–PZT/Ag layer inside, and fugitive carbon black at the center, were co-extruded through a reduction die (1 mm) to form a continuous fiber. After thermal treatment and sintering, the PZN–PZT/Ag layer became the inner electrode, while the carbon black at the center was removed by oxidation to form an empty space. Three different types of fibers were produced: (i) solid fiber filled with an inner electrode, (ii) hollow fiber clad with a uniform inner electrode, and (iii) hollow fiber clad with a partial inner electrode. The piezoelectric properties of the fibers were evaluated in terms of their longitudinal strain (s₃₁) or transverse displacement. When the dimensions of the fiber were 840 μm (outer diameter) × 420 μm (inner diameter) × 40 mm (length), the longitudinal strains of the solid fiber with the inner electrode and hollow fiber clad with the uniform inner electrode were 5.25 × 10⁻⁵ and 8.5 × 10⁻⁵ m/m, respectively, under an applied voltage of 100 V (0.48 kV/mm) at a frequency of 100 Hz. For the hollow fiber clad with a partial inner electrode with the same dimensions, the transverse displacement was 80 μm under the same applied electric field.     

Precipitation of barium sulphate in a hollow fiber membrane contactor: Part II The influence of process parameters

In this second of two papers, we investigated the influence of process parameters on BaSO₄ particle precipitation in a hollow fiber membrane device. The solution of barium chloride was passed tangentially over the membrane surface and reacted with a solution of K₂SO₄ introduced through the membrane pores. The resulting supersaturation induced nucleation and particle growth on the lumen side of the hollow fibers. A specific technique was developed to measure crystal size directly at the outlet of the hollow fiber device by using EDTA as a neutralizing agent of crystal nucleation and growth. Concentrations of barium chloride and potassium sulphate were shown to influence mainly the CSD, the effect of inlet flow rates on the lumen and shell sides being less pronounced. The chemical conversions measured were between 3.7% and 20.5%. We propose improvements in the design of hollow fiber devices in order to give higher chemical conversions.