时效温度对Fe-19Mn合金阻尼性能的影响

从Fe-Mn合金的阻尼机制出发,研究了不同时效温度对Fe-19Mn合金阻尼性能的影响.采用倒扭摆测试合金的阻尼性能,光学显微镜观察合金的微观组织,XRD分析合金的相组成,DSC测试相变点.结果表明,当时效温度在奥氏体开始转变温度As以下时,ε马氏体形态保持不变,由于淬火空位的浓度降低,阻尼性能提高;当时效温度高于As,ε马氏体先变粗,减少了阻尼源的数量,后随时效温度的增加而明显细化,使得阻尼源长度变短并阻碍了阻尼源的运动,阻尼性能降低.     

等径角挤压对Fe-18.39Mn合金组织和阻尼性能的影响

采用等径角挤压(ECAP)工艺改变Fe-18.39Mn合金的ε马氏体片形态,进而研究其对合金阻尼性能的影响.在微机控制电液伺服万能实验机上利用自制模具进行ECAP实验,采用倒扭摆测试合金阻尼性能,扫描电子显微镜观察微观组织.结果表明:Fe-18.39Mn合金在300℃进行ECAP后,由于高密度位错的钉扎,阻尼性能丧失;经过600℃退火,没有改变其ECAP后的组织,阻尼性能仍然很低;而在高于700℃的温度退火处理能大量消除高密度位错,并在一定程度上改变ε马氏体片的形态,使ε马氏体片细化,交叉程度降低,进而阻尼性能较未ECAP时得到提高.     

固溶温度对Fe-19Mn合金的γ→ε相变和阻尼性能的影响

采用动态机械分析仪(DMA)对Fe-19Mn合金经950～1100℃固溶处理后的的阻尼性能进行了测试,利用OM和TEM观察了显微组织的演变,利用XRD进行了物相分析和不同类型层错几率的计算。结果表明:经固溶处理的Fe-19Mn合金的阻尼性能随振幅的增加呈近似线性增加,且振幅小于临界振幅A'(A'≈30μm)时的阻尼性能变化符合G-L位错模型,振幅高于A'时的阻尼性能变化与微塑性变形有关。随着固溶温度的升高,Fe-19Mn合金的阻尼性能降低,其中经950℃固溶处理后的阻尼性能最好。在不同的振幅范围内,其阻尼性能呈现不同的变化特征:当振幅小于等于170μm时,阻尼性能呈指数形式降低,并且与ε-马氏体中的形变层错几率的变化趋势相似,此时Fe-19Mn合金的阻尼性能主要受ε-马氏体中的形变层错边界的影响;当振幅大于170μm时,阻尼性能呈线性降低,并且与γ/ε相界面相对长度的变化趋势相似,此时Fe-19Mn合金的阻尼性能随固溶温度的变化主要受γ/ε相界面的影响。由γ-奥氏体中的层错观察可知,γ-奥氏体中的层错边界对Fe-19Mn合金的阻尼性能随振幅的变化无明显贡献。     

等通道转角挤压及后续退火处理对Fe-Mn阻尼合金的影响

利用JN-1型倒扭摆仪对比研究了Fe-Mn合金经等通道转角挤压（ECAP）及不同温度退火后的阻尼性能变化,利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察分析了合金的微观组织。结果表明,合金经ECAP及较低温度（600℃）退火后,组织中存在大量高密度位错和明显的带状组织,阻碍阻尼源的运动,导致阻尼性能消失;随退火温度升高（700～800℃）,高密度位错和带状组织逐步消失,ε马氏体数量较未ECAP的多且片层更细小,单位体积内界面面积增加,振动的阻尼源增多,故阻尼性能显著提高;当退火温度进一步升高时（900～1000℃）,由于ε马氏体片有所长大,合金的阻尼性能出现下降趋势,但仍高于未ECAP状态。     

退火温度对锻造态Fe-Mn-Cr-Co-0.2Nb合金阻尼性能的影响

采用金相法、XRD和DSC方法研究了退火温度对锻造态Fe-22Mn-12Cr-4Co-0.2Nb合金微观组织及其对阻尼性能的影响。结果表明:合金在锻造不退火状态下的阻尼性能最好,应变振幅为2×10-4时,合金的阻尼性能(δ)达到了0.086。随着退火温度的增加,合金的阻尼性能降低。合金的阻尼性能与其γ奥氏体的层错几率呈正相关,但与合金中的ε马氏体的体积分数未观测到明显的正相关。     

预形变对Fe—Mn—Si合金γ=ε相变的影响

预形变强烈诱发Fe-Mn-Si合金产生γ→ε马氏体相变,预形变量较小时,形变诱发产生的γ→ε马氏体具有择优取向,同一晶粒内的ε马氏体片大多数取向相同;随预形变量增大,ε马氏体大量增多,ε马氏体片之间呈现交叉;预变量越,大将 叉现象愈严重,形变诱发的ε马氏体片的相互交叉是产生加工硬化的重要,原因之一,预形变对Fe-Mn-Si合金γ=ε相变过程的相变温度影响显著,随着预形变量的增大,合金的相变点Ms有不同程度升高,且含Si量越多,升高幅度越大;As和Af都明显升高,其升高幅度更为显著。     

热处理对Fe-14.04Mn-0.22C合金阻尼性能的影响

研究了Fe—Mn基减振合金的减振机制，并深入分析了固溶处理对Fe-14．04Mn-0．22C减振合金阻尼性能的影响。研究结果表明，该合金经固溶处理后，发生了γ→ε转变，固溶处理温度越高，γ→ε转变生成的马氏体越多，合金的阻尼性能随固溶处理温度的升高而提高，在1000℃时，合金的阻尼性能达到最大值，随温度的进一步升高，阻尼性能反而恶化。     

热循环对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金形状记忆效应的影响

采用电阻法和OM等手段研究了不同温度区间的热循环对Fe-14Mn-5.5Si-8Cr-5Ni合金微观组织和形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明:298 K～353 K、520 K、773 K和77 K～773 K热循环1次后,合金形状回复率均大幅度提高;298～773 K循环5次后的形状回复率提高了26%,77～773 K热循环5次后的形状回复率提高了36%。热循环显著减少了因淬火热应力导致的热诱发ε马氏体量,并且热诱发ε马氏体的逆转变向基体引入了大量的堆垛层错。与固溶态相比,热循环后再变形不仅使α’马氏体的数量显著减少,而且应力诱发ε马氏体以区域化的方式形成,因而合金的形状记忆效应显著提高。77～773 K的热循环比298～773 K的热循环更能显著提高合金形状记忆效应的原因是由于其引入了更多的堆垛层错。     

环境温度对M2052合金阻尼性能的影响

采用OLYMPUS光学显微镜、XRD以及倒扭摆法,研究了退火态M2052阻尼合金的阻尼性能随工况温度变化的情况.实验结果表明:M2052合金在室温下的阻尼性能良好.合金的阻尼性能随应变振幅的增加而快速升高后,随应变振幅的进一步增加而基本保持不变.当工况温度低于M2052合金马氏体向奥氏体转变温度时,随温度的升高,孪晶密度下降,孪晶界减少,阻尼性能减小;当工况温度高于马氏体向奥氏体转变温度时,马氏体开始向奥氏体转变,导致母相和马氏体界面和马氏体与马氏体界面减少,同时孪晶继续减少,M2052合金阻尼性能加速下降.     

预变形对Fe-Mn合金层错几率和阻尼性能的影响

探讨了Fe-Mn合金的高阻尼机制并采用G-L位错脱钉模型对其进行描述,同时通过测定层错几率,揭示了预变形(0-10%)对Re-Mn合金阻尼性能影响的本质.采用倒扭摆测试合金的阻尼性能,SEM和TEM观察显微组织,XRD测定物相体积分数和层错几率.结果表明,Fe-Mn合金的高阻尼性能来源于层错界面上Shockley不全位错的脱钉运动,实验结果很好地符合G-L位错脱钉模型;预变形量小于4%时,预变形处理虽然对合金的ε马氏体量没有太大影响,但明显增加了其层错几率,即Shockley不全位错的数量,合金的阻尼性能随变形量增加逐渐提高;预变形量大于4%时,由于ε马氏体和层错的相互交割,增大了Shockley不全位错的脱钉难度,所以合金的阻尼性能随变形量增加逐渐下降.     

TiNi合金激光焊接接头形状恢复温度的研究

利用热模拟试样模拟TiNi合金激光焊接接头焊缝热影响区,对焊接接头、焊缝金属、模拟热影响区和母材的相变温度进行差热分析,研究了焊接接头与其它三者逆相变温度的关系,并利用OM,SEM和XRD对母材、热影响区和焊缝金属的组织、析出相的分布以及晶体结构进行了研究.结果表明,TiNi合金激光焊接接头的形状恢复率与母材无明显差别,但形状恢复温度区间与母材差异较大,其形状恢复开始温度比母材低40℃;焊缝金属和热影响区逆相变开始温度(As)和结束温度(Af)均不同于母材,主要原因是焊缝金属经历了熔化-凝固过程,失去了母材中原有的晶体择优取向,且析出相尺寸小、分布不均;而热影响区As和Af降低,可能是细小析出相重新固溶于基体所致.整个接头的逆相变温度区间与焊缝金属近似,调控焊缝金属的相变温度是控制TiNi合金激光焊接接头形状记忆功能的关键.     

Effect of environmental temperature on damping capacity of Cu-Al-Mn alloy

The effect of environmental temperature on the damping capacity of Cu-7.66Al-9.52Mn (mass fraction, %) alloy was studied. The result shows that with increasing the environmental temperature, the logarithmic decrement increases firstly and reaches the maximal value of 0.118. The reason is that more phase interfaces and twinning boundaries can move at a higher temperature, leading to higher consumption of energy, in despite of the decreasing of the amount of martensite. When the environmental temperature is above Ms, with further increase in the environmental temperature, the logarithmic decrement decreases sharply mainly because there is little martensite remaining in the alloy.     

Two-way shape memory effect and alternating current driving characteristics of a TiNi alloy spring

Two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was induced into the TiNi shape memory alloys (SMAs) spring by thermomechanical training after annealing treatment, which has promising application in micro-actuating fields. The TWSME spring can contract upon heating and extend upon cooling. The results show that there is an increase of the recovery ratio up to a maximum TWSME of 45%. During the training procedure, transformation temperatures and hysteresis were measured by different scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that As (reverse transformation start temperature) and Af (reverse transformation fmish temperature) shift to lower temperature after training. The intervals of ArAs and Ms-Mf (Ms and Mf are the martensite start and finish temperatures, respectively) increase and the heat of transformation decreases after training. The electrothermal driving characteristics of the TWSME springs were also investigated with alternating current density of 3.2-14.7A/mm^2. It is found that the time response and the maximum contraction ratio greatly depend on the magnitude of the electrical current density.     

Investigation of the martensitic transformation and the damping behavior of a superelastic Ti–Ta–Nb alloy

In this study the α″ stress-induced martensitic transformation and damping behaviour of the superelastic β-Ti–25Ta–25Nb alloy are investigated by tensile tests at room temperature and by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in tensile mode for different applied stresses. Tensile tests show a fully non-linear elastic domain and, consequently, a specific method is proposed to determine the elastic modulus. Due to the wide range of temperature over which the martensitic transformation occurs in this class of alloys, the martensitic start temperature, M_s, is not a relevant parameter to characterize the transformation and the temperature M_max corresponding to the temperature of maximum transformation is used. The important gap between these two temperatures explains the fully non-linear elastic behaviour of this alloy during conventional tensile tests. It is observed that two main damping sources occur in this alloy: friction at austenite/martensite interfaces during the martensitic transformation and friction at martensite/martensite interfaces at lower temperature. However, a third unexpected damping peak is also observed at high stress. Its origin is discussed with respect to the orientation of the applied stress and with regard to the most favourably oriented martensite variants determined by Schmid factor analysis.     

TRANSFORMATION CHARACTERISTIC OF TWO WAY SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL CONSTRAINED BY STRESS

The snap-acting transition and two way shape memory (TWSM) effect have been obtainedin a TWSM spring made of Ni51Ti49 alloy using the constrained effect of stress on drivingforce of TWSM material.When the snap-acting transition has been realized:M_s= M_f andA_s=A_f;hysteresis is rectangular,the height (TWSM effect) and width (hysteresis) of therectangle can be readjusted by means of constrained stress.The results of resistancemeasurments show that,the snap-acting TWSM effect mentioned above was supplied mainlyfrom the transformation of P←→R.The thermodynamic model has also been proposed to ac-count for the snap-acting transformation.     

Mn-Ni合金的反铁磁转变与马氏体相变

采用动力学分析方法(DMA)、电阻法和透射电镜(TEM)，分别测量了Mn-Ni合金的内耗、模量与温度的变化关系和Ms,tn点，观察了合金的显微组织，并与Mn-Cu合金进行了对比分析以研究反铁磁转变、马氏体相变之间的耦合机制，以及反铁磁转变和马氏体相变对孪晶形成的作用．分析结果表明：在Mn-Ni合金中，可以由孪晶峰和马氏体相变峰的叠加产生高阻尼；另外，反铁磁转变与马氏体相变能否紧密耦合，除了与“应变释放机制”相关的畸变度有关外，还与Ms点和tn点之间的差异具有很大的关系。     

Damping capacity of TiNi-based shape memory alloys

The damping capacity mainly comes from the motion of martensite boundaries, which is larger than that from different phase interfaces in TiNi-based shape memory alloys. The fine and disperse precipitation in the TiNi matrix will increase the damping capacity of the TiNiNbMo alloy in the martensitic state but little affect the damping capacity during the martensite transformation. The dispersed Nb-rich particles and the internal stress fields around them influence the change tendency of damping capacity with the increasing of strain amplitude.     

Q690D低合金高强钢模拟焊接热影响区的组织和性能

使用Gleeble-3500热模拟机对Q690D低合金高强钢进行了焊接热模拟,得到了一次和二次焊接热循环时不同峰值温度和冷却时间下的热影响区组织,并进行了显微组织观察、硬度测试、冲击性能测试及断口形貌分析。结果表明,一次焊接热循环时,随着焊接热循环峰值温度的增加,试样显微组织逐渐粗化,并由粒状贝氏体组织向上贝氏体和板条马氏体组织转变,硬度增加,冲击性能恶化。热循环峰值温度为900 ℃时,冲击吸收能量最大为78.95 J;峰值温度为1350 ℃时,冲击吸收能量最小值仅为17 J。冲击断口由延性断裂向解理断裂转变。在同一峰值温度下,随着冷却时间t8/5的增加,试样硬度降低,而冲击吸收能量也随之降低。二次焊接热循环时,试样显微组织晶粒粗大,主要为板条马氏体,且硬度更高,冲击性能继续恶化,冲击吸收能量最低值仅为24.99 J,冲击断口主要为解理断离和准解理断裂,说明二次焊接热循环导致试样性能变差。创新点： 针对Q690D低合金高强钢焊接热影响区组织及性能的研究较少,特别是多层多道焊,会导致组织性能更加复杂,文中采用焊接热模拟的方法对Q690D钢的多层多道焊热影响区组织和性能进行了研究。     

A study of impact toughness of Fe-Cr-X damping alloys

A study was carried out on the impact toughness of Fe- Cr- Х damping alloys. Two measures proved to be effective in improving impact toughness. One was to lower carbon plus nitrogen content to an ultra- low level. This method is suitable for single- phase ferrite alloy. The other is to use dual- phase damping alloys. The presence of martensite in Fe- Cr- Х alloys can enhance impact toughness remarkably, but lower damping capacity drastically. This shows the importance of achieving balance between mechanical prop-erties and damping capacity by properly controlling martensite volume fraction in dual- phase alloys.     

高阻尼镁合金Mg-0.6%Zr和Mg-Ni中内耗峰分析

在高阻尼镁合金研究中,发现了与合金室温下高阻尼性能有关的宽的弛豫内耗峰,该峰为位错内耗峰;该峰是基面位错在热激活作用下运动与点缺陷（空位与溶质原子）相互作用产生。同时在高阻尼合金Mg-Ni和Mg-0.6%Zr中发现了晶界内耗峰。有必要指出的是合金的显微组织会影响晶界弛豫：随着Ni的质量分数增加,晶粒细化同时晶界内耗峰向低温处迁移;同Mg-0.6%Zr合金相比,加入少量的Y后,Mg-0.6%Zr-Y合金晶界弛豫峰向高温处推进。