Optically Preamplified Direct Detection in the Presence of Modulator Chirp

We analyze the impact of modulation induced chirp on optically preamplified direct-detection communication systems transmitting over dispersion-free channels, as found in optical free-space communication links. We show that commonly used quantitative measures of chirp (the small-signal chirp parameter and the effective chirp parameter) can fail to describe changing chirp characteristics under large-signal modulation in a satisfactory manner. We present an extended chirp model that lends itself both to measurement and simulation in a straightforward way. Regardingreceiver performance, we show thatreturn-to-zero (RZ) coded data signals can experience receiver sensitivity degradations of several dB due to spectral broadening of the chirped signal. By optimizing optical and electrical receiver bandwidths the penalty can be kept considerably lower than for receivers optimized for chirp-free signals. For non return-to-zero (NRZ) coding, chirpcan even improve receiver sensitivity by means of a pulse compression effect in the presence of narrow-band optical filters, leading to reduced inter-symbol interference (ISI). In our simulations and for the measurements, we exploit the variable chirp characteristics of a dual-drive electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator.     

Analysis of Optically Controlled Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Device Structures

Light-induced voltage and the change in the source-to-drain channel current under optical illumination higher than the semiconductor band gap for GaAs MESFET, InP MESFET, Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/GaAs high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), and GaAs permeable base transistor (PBT) are analytically obtained. The GaAs PBT and GaAs MESFET have higher sensitivity than the InP MESFET. However, the Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/ GaAs HEMT is observed to have the highest sensitivity. Variations in the small-signal parameters, such as channel conductance, gate-to-source capacitance, and transconductance, as well as transient parameters, such as switching time and power-delay product, of GaAs MESFET with illumination are computed. The computed capacitance and transconductance are compared with the experimentally obtained values and are found to be in fair agreement. Based on these results, the design considerations for an optically controlled MESFET switch are discussed. Finally, variation in device parameter due to optical illumination and its effect on the cutoff frequencies f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ are also investigated.     

Generation of Millimeter-Wave Signals of High Spectral Purity

The generation of millimeter-(mm-) wave signals phase coherent to a lower frequency reference or standard implies a large multiplication factor with inherent amplification of the short term instability or phase noise. This effect which usually is of secondary importance at lower microwave frequencies may become a limiting factor in the implementation of some mm-wave digital communication systems. Techniques used for the generation of signals of high spectral purity are discussed, and illustrated with the realization for a low data rate mm-wave satellite communications system. Quantitative results are presented and analyzed in terms of the theoretical time and frequency domain relationships.     

直接序列扩频信号的检测方法研究与仿真

直接序列扩频信号(DSSS)具有很强的抗干扰能力、很低的被截获概率和良好的码分多址能力,在个人通信网、无线局域网、第三代移动通信、卫星通信以及军事战术通信等领域得到了广泛应用,因此对它的研究是宽带微弱信号检测与估计以及通信对抗领域的一个重要研究课题。本文针对直扩信号,以双相移相键控(Binary Phase Shift Keying,BPSK)为例,运用小波变换和循环谱相关方法相结合,在非合作情况下,从干扰的角度出发,给出了BPSK信号的参数检测方法和Matlab的仿真结果,为直扩信号的检测探讨了一种更有效的方法。     

一种新型的单边带调制技术

从理论和实验两方面研究了一种新型单边带调制(SSB)技术,通过在中心站合适设置单臂强度调制器的偏置电压,使调制器产生的奇数边带被抑制,采用滤波器滤除其中的一个二阶边带,即可产生单边带信号.用该新型的单边带调制技术产生的光毫米波理论上可以传输148 km.同时搭建了实验系统,采用10 GHz的本振信号源与2.5 Gbit/s的数字信号混频后驱动单臂强度调制器产生抑制奇数边带的调制信号,再通过一个滤波器得到20 GHz的单边带毫米波,还得到了不同载波边带比(CSR)情况下的毫米波眼图.通过实验分析不同载波边带比对传输性能的影响,发现载波边带比为0 dB时,传输性能最佳.     

形态过滤信号的不动点特性和局部单调特性

本文分析了形态滤波器输出信号的局部特性。给出了在某一点输出信号值等于输入信号值的条件。指出形态滤波器的输出信号在一定的范围内呈现局部单调性，并且这种单调性是可预测的。     

Backward Diodes for Low-level Millimeter-Wave Detection

Backward diodes (low peak current tunnel diodes) suitable for small-signal detection applications in the millimeter-wave region have been fabricated from n-type germanium. The diodes have the dimensions and geometry of point-contact diodes. For millimeter-wave signal levels below about - 20 dbm, the current sensitivity of these units is an order of magnitude greater than that of selected existing diodes for this frequency range. When employed as millimeter-wave frequency converters, the minimum conversion loss is comparable to that of conventional diodes, but the beating oscillator power requirements may be somewhat reduced. The diode noise factor at megacycle IF frequencies is comparable to that of conventional units, and in the low audio IF range it is expected to be markedly decreased. The fabrication of these diodes is described and their initial performance at selected frequencies from 11 Gc to 300 Gc is discussed.     

一种改进的毫米波雷达多目标检测算法

智能驾驶主要依据前视雷达进行目标探测,基于毫米波雷达的多目标检测算法是目前的研究热点。但现有的基于FMCW的雷达多目标检测算法存在大量虚警、漏检的问题,且无法获得目标的方位信息,很难应用到复杂多变的道路环境中。提出了一种改进的毫米波雷达多目标检测算法。该算法在传统FMCW算法的基础上,提出相位差和功率差联合匹配模型进行频率匹配的思想,较好地解决了FMCW算法中频率匹配差错、无法得到目标方位信息等问题。对该算法进行了多目标模拟仿真和实测道路试验,仿真和实验结果表明,基本上能正确检测出多目标的距离、速度、方位角,且性能可靠稳定。     

Application of Millimeter-Wave Radiometry for Remote Chemical Detection

Passive millimeter-wave systems have been used in the past to remotely map solid targets and to measure low-pressure spectral lines of stratospheric and interstellar gases; however, its application to pressure-broadened spectral line detection of industrial emissions is new. We developed a radiative transfer model to determine feasibility and system requirements for passive millimeter-wave spectral detection of terrestrial gases. We designed and built a Dicke-switched multispectral radiometer in the 146-154-GHz band to detect nitric oxide (NO), a prototypical gas of nuclear fuel processing operations. We first tested the spectral detection capability of the radiometer in the laboratory using a gas cell and then field tested it at the Nevada test site at a distance of 600 m from a stack that released hot plumes of NO and air. With features such as Dicke-switched integration, frequent online calibration, and spectral baseline subtraction, we demonstrated the feasibility of remote detection of terrestrial gases by a ground-based radiometer.     

微弱信号的检测技术

在实际中时常遇到一些对人的生活有利或有害的微弱的声、光、电信号,而这类微弱信号用常规仪表又无法检测。本文着重讲述对这类微弱信号的检测方法,并举一具体实例:超声波检测仪。对电路的各部分的工作原理予以具体评述。     

跳频信号的时差直接定位

针对跳频信号,提出了两种时差直接定位方法--最大似然直接定位法与最大相关累积直接定位法.第一种算法利用跳频信号频域有限分布特性,通过频域构造互相关函数（Cross Correlation Function,CCF）矩阵,在二维网格中搜索CCF矩阵的最大特征值得到目标的位置估计.第二种算法以各站与参考站的CCF之和为目标函数,直接在二维网格中搜索得到目标位置估计.两种算法进行了对比,第一种方法在性能上优于第二种,但计算量更大.蒙特卡洛仿真表明,提出的最大似然直接定位方法的性能是最优的,最大相关累积方法性能也优于传统的两步法.     

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Module With Preamplified Zero-Bias Detection

An analytical model and supporting measured data are presented for a preamplified $W$-band radiometer with a zero-bias detector appropriate for commercial millimeter-wave imaging cameras. Basic radiometer parameters, including RF bandwidth, are computed directly from simple low-frequency measurements and compare well with those obtained from RF measurements. A detailed analytical model shows how radiometer performance depends on internal component parameters, such as low-noise amplifier gain, noise factor, reflection coefficient, detector responsivity, etc. The measurements suggest that performance is sufficient for operation without a Dicke switch or mechanical chopping. A measured noise equivalent temperature difference of 0.45 K was obtained, assuming a single sensor is scanned across a focal plane, forming 32 pixels with 3.125-ms integration time per pixel. This sensitivity is considered sufficient by commercial manufacturers to obtain quality images in low-contrast (e.g., indoor) environments.      

复杂雷达信号的直接数字合成技术

结合实际的线性调频（Ｃｈｉｒｐ）信号形成器,介绍一种应用直接数字合成技术（ＤＤＳ）实现的复杂雷达波形生成方法,并对影响输出信号质量的因素进行了分析。利用这种方法可产生高稳定的复杂雷达波形。经调制,可用于雷达的发射波形合成,也可直接用于雷达的视频回皮模拟。     

Detection of PPM-UWB Random Signals

This paper focuses on the symbol detection problem of random pulse-position modulation (PPM) ultrawideband (UWB) signals in the absence of interframe interference. Particular attention is devoted to severely time-varying channels where optimal detectors are proposed for both uncorrelated and correlated scattering scenarios. This is done by assuming the received waveforms to be unknown parameters. In UWB communication systems, the assumption of unknown random waveforms is consistent with the fact that the received waveform has very little resemblance with the original transmitted pulse. In order to circumvent this limitation, a conditional approach is presented herein by compressing the likelihood ratio test with the information regarding the second- order moments of the end-to-end channel response. Both full-rank and rank-one detectors are derived. For the reduced complexity rank-one detector, an iterative procedure is presented that maximizes the J-divergence between the hypotheses to be tested. Finally, simulation results are provided to compare the performance of the proposed detectors in different propagation environments.     

Direct Polar Display of Subnanosecond Millimeter-Wave Switching at 300 Mbit/s

The switching behavior of an 80.99-GHz p-i-n diode modulator for the 40-110-GHz waveguide transmission system is studied. Detailed knowledge of the type of transient is required to establish rise-time and timing-error specifications compatible with the system performance objective. A test set displaying the transients at 300 Mbit/s in polar coordinates with a convenient time readout is described. The technique is suitable for the study of multiphase modulators in ultra-high-speed digital radio or satellite transmission systems.     

A Novel Scheme to Generate Single-Sideband Millimeter-Wave Signals by Using Low-Frequency Local Oscillator Signal

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel scheme to generate optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals by using single-sideband modulation with low-frequency local oscillator (LO) signals. In this architecture, by incorporating the proper dc bias of the modulator in central office, the optical mm-wave carriers are generated with two times frequency of the LO signal while largely reducing the bandwidth requirement of the modulator. We quantify the optical carrier-to-sideband ratio (CSR) of downstream transmission in this radio-over-fiber (ROF) link and establish that the performance of the ROF system can be significantly improved when the optical signals are transmitted at CSR equal to 0 dB.     

Optically Controlled Low-Distortion Delay of GHz-Wide Radio-Frequency Signals Using Slow Light in Fibers

Continuously tunable delay of broadband analog signals for microwave photonics applications is described and demonstrated, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers. The optical spectrum of the pump laser is synthesized using chirp control, in order to obtain a broadened SBS "slow light" process, with long delay and low amplitude and phase distortions. The resulting SBS process is applied to delay 1-GHz-wide linear frequency modulated radio-frequency signals of arbitrary carrier frequency. Delays up to 230 ps are observed, with a worst-case sidelobe suppression ratio of -26 dB     

基于FRFT的非线性调频信号检测

基于分数阶傅里叶变换提供了信号从时域到频域平滑变化的特点,将分数阶傅里叶变换应用到非线性调频信号的估计和检测中,对非线性调频信号进行分段线性逼近。利用逼近后信号的Wigner—Ville时频分布以及原信号的时频分布的掩模结果进行能量累积,将积累结果作为检测统计量。在本算法中,以时频联合分析的角度,提出了基于时频域能量积累的信号检测器。最后将本方法和传统的非相干能量积累方法作比较,提出的算法获得了较好的检测性能。     

故障信号的分析与检测方法

讨论了小波变换及其基本性质,探讨了基于小波变换模最大值沿尺度演变的信号突变检测的基本原理与方法。在不同尺度上分析和处理信号的各种频率成分,使信号的奇点、突变点被放大,成为诊断故障信号的手段。     

MSK信号的最大似然检测

最小频移键控(Minimum Shift Keying,MSK)是一种连续相位的频移键控。MSK信号包络恒定,相干检测时的误码率性能比一般的频移键控要好。MSK在引入倾斜相位的概念后,其相位格图类似于卷积码的时不变网格图,因此能用Viterbi算法实现最优解调。理论分析和数值模拟表明,在相位与时间严格同步的条件下,MSK基于Viterbi算法的最大似然检测法性能更好,是最优的解调方法。这里仅考虑在加性高斯白噪声信道下信号传输的相干检测。