用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜对桉木CTMP的分析

本文用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察并分析了经碱性亚纳法预处理的桉木化学预热机械浆（桉木CTMP）在不同打浆程度下其纤维表面的物理状态、木素含量的分布情况等。分析结果表明,用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察经番红对纤维木素进行短时间染色后,随着PFI打浆转数的增加其纤维平均长度、宽度、壁厚、纤维表面的荧光强度（可以表征纤维表面木素含量）均呈现减小趋势,其纤维表面粗糙程度不断增加,纤维间的交织更加紧密。     

共聚焦激光扫描显微镜对木浆纤维横截面的图像分析

采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜,通过光学切片可以得到木浆纤维的横截面图像。这种技术简化了样本的制备,因此比通过切片机得到的机械切片有明显的优点。在荧光模式下,得到了针叶木未漂硫酸盐浆纤维的横截面图像。利用荧光微球图像证明了横切面图像的精确性。一种图像分析程序被开发用来快速和精确地测量纤维横截面积和细胞壁厚度,其中纤维横截面积的范围用最大梯度法和边缘寻找技术确定。测量值对共聚焦扫描仪的不对称分辨率、信号衰减、整体试样质量和操作偏差不敏感。     

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜定量检测烟草花粉自发荧光强度

应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（ＬＳＣＭ）对３个类型共６个烟草材料的花粉自发荧光强度进行了定量检测，发现不同类型及品种之间花粉自发荧光强度存在明显差异。应用ＬＳＣＭ检测烟草花粉自发荧光强度可做为烟草品种鉴别的重要依据。     

激光扫描共焦显微镜及在食品与生物医药上的应用

介绍了激光扫描共焦显微镜的原理及特点,并就激光扫描共焦显微镜在食品与生物医药上的应用做了展望,认为该仪器对研究形态学、分子细胞生物学、神经学、药理学、遗传学、食品组织形态等的研究具有重要意义.     

基于激光共聚焦显微镜分析的纸张喷墨打印质量研究

用激光共聚焦显微镜观察并定量测定了喷墨打印中水性颜料墨水在6种纸样中的渗透情况,检测了打印图像的质量,建立了墨水渗透与打印质量的定量关系。结果表明,墨水渗透主要受纸张表面结构的影响,渗透率从1.7%变化到5.1%,铜版纸由于表面致密造成着色颜料的堆积,墨层厚度占纸张厚度的百分比达8.8%。打印图像的实地密度与墨水渗透率呈现良好的线性相关性,相关性系数R2达0.942。实验证明,激光共聚焦显微镜可以直观地分析墨水在纸张内部的渗透情况,并能很好地预测喷墨打印质量。     

激光共聚焦显微镜对结冷胶微观结构的观察研究

应用激光共聚焦显微镜研究了结冷胶的微观结构,阳离子、pH对结冷胶微观结构的影响。研究表明,含10mmol/LCaCl2,0.006%～0.01%浓度的低酰基结冷胶体系呈现弱凝胶网络结构,高酰基结冷胶不能形成类似的网络结构;Ca2+、K+对结冷胶的微观结构影响类似,但是要达到最大的网络密集度,所需的K+浓度是Ca2+的25倍;加酸改变pH会对结冷胶的微观结构产生影响。      

激光共聚焦显微镜对结冷胶微观结构的观察研究

应用激光共聚焦显微镜研究了结冷胶的微观结构,阳离子、pH对结冷胶微观结构的影响。研究表明,含10mmol/LCaCl2,0.006%～0.01%浓度的低酰基结冷胶体系呈现弱凝胶网络结构,高酰基结冷胶不能形成类似的网络结构;Ca2+、K+对结冷胶的微观结构影响类似,但是要达到最大的网络密集度,所需的K+浓度是Ca2+的25倍;加酸改变pH会对结冷胶的微观结构产生影响。     

用激光共聚焦显微镜表征涂层厚度对油墨渗透的影响

涂布纸的涂层结构对纸张的光学性能、物理性能和印刷质量有很大的影响。油墨转移到纸张上并在涂层表面固着渗透,其固着渗透情况最终影响印刷品的质量和油墨的使用。目前有关油墨渗透的研究报道中较为精确的是切割法,但切割的过程对于纸张有一定的损伤性,使测量结果的可靠性大大降低。本实验的主要目的是用激光共聚焦显微镜表征涂布纸的涂层厚度对油墨渗透的影响,并对其渗透深度和渗透轨迹进行定量化研究。在实验中选用荧光油墨作为激光共聚焦显微镜观察描绘油墨的渗透深度和分布的印刷油墨,将所有的XY平面图像进行重构得到油墨颜料渗透的三维图像。实验研究表明用激光共聚焦显微镜表征油墨颜料的渗透深度和分布的均匀程度是有效和可靠的,这种方法对实验对象无损伤性,利用荧光油墨中的荧光颜料作为示踪剂,省去了荧光着色等步骤,减小了人工操作的误差。实验结果证实纸张的印刷质量可以通过增加涂布时涂层厚度的方法来调整和改善。     

IGFs对小鼠乳腺IGFBP-5和cyclin D1表达的影响

运用荧光显微镜技术，采用小鼠乳腺组织培养及免疫荧光组化方法，对IGFs在乳腺发育和乳腺功能调控中的作用进行研究。结果表明：①IGFs能抑制各时期小鼠乳腺中IGFBP-5的表达，并且IGF—Ⅰ对小鼠乳腺中IGFBP-5表达的抑制作用强于IGF—Ⅱ，说明IGFs抑制小鼠乳腺细胞凋亡，延缓小鼠乳腺退化过程；②IGFs能促进各时期小鼠乳腺cyclin D1的表达，并且IGF—Ⅰ对小鼠乳腺cyclin D1表达的促进作用强于IGF—Ⅱ．证明IGFs可促进小鼠乳腺腺泡的发育。     

不同烟草品种花粉粒形态的激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察

对野生烟、烤烟、晒烟花粉进行了激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察,发现不同品种烟草花粉的形态、大小存在明显的差异,可以做为烟草分类、进化研究的重要依据。      

小鼠乳腺中FGF7及其受体的表达与作用

为了从蛋白水平研究成纤维细胞生长因子7（FGF7）及其受体（KGFR）在哺乳动物乳腺发育、泌乳及退化过程中表达定位的动态变化,揭示FGF7及其受体表达变化与乳腺发育及泌乳功能的关系,本研究利用激光扫描共聚焦显微系统对昆明鼠乳腺中FGF7及其受体的表达进行了免疫荧光检测,利用体外培养不同发育时期的小鼠乳腺组织研究了FGF7在乳腺中的作用。结果表明：FGF7主要定位于乳腺导管上皮细胞以及腺泡上皮细胞外周,同时在基质中有弱的表达。KGFR主要出现在导管上皮细胞以及腺泡上皮细胞上,在乳腺发育的个别时期细胞外基质中有弱表达。FGF7在退化4d达到最高值;KGFR在泌乳4d达到最高值。除青春期和妊娠期外,添加FGF7均能显著诱导乳腺上皮细胞产生KGFR。FGF7能促进小鼠乳腺上皮细胞的增殖分化,降低乳腺上皮细胞的细胞凋亡。     

Aminopeptidase N gene expression and abundance in caprine mammary gland is influenced by circulating plasma peptide

This study examined the localization and the effect of circulating peptides on the expression of aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) in caprine mammary gland. Four lactating goats in mid to late lactation were used in a crossover design and were subjected to 2 dietary treatments. Abomasal infusion of casein hydrolysate was used to increase the concentration of peptide-bound amino acid in the circulation. Samples of mammary gland tissue from each goat were taken by biopsy at the end of each treatment period to measure gene and protein expression of aminopeptidase N in the tissue. There were no measurable effects on feed intake and milk production for any of the treatments. Western blot analysis showed that aminopeptidase N is located on the basolateral side of parenchymal cells and not on the apical membranes. Abomasal infusion of casein hydrolysate caused a marked change in the profile of arterial blood free amino acids and peptide-bound amino acids smaller than 1500 Da. Abundance of aminopeptidase N mRNA and protein increased by 51 and 58%, respectively, in casein hydrolysate-infused goats compared with the control treatment. It was concluded that aminopeptidase N is one candidate actively involved in the mammary gland to support protein synthesis and milk production. In accordance with the nutritional conditions in the current experiment, it is suggested that aminopeptidase N expression is partly controlled by the metabolic requirements of the gland and postabsorptive forms of amino acids in the circulation.     

Short communication: Staphylococcus aureus infection modulates expression of drug transporters and inflammatory biomarkers in mouse mammary gland

Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy herds worldwide and is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Little is known about the effect of mastitis on transporters in the mammary gland and the effect on transporter-mediated secretion of drugs into milk. We studied gene expressions of ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters in S. aureus-infected mammary glands of mice. On d 7 of lactation, NMRI mice were inoculated with 1,000 cfu of S. aureus in 2 mammary glands and with a saline vehicle in 2 control glands. Gene expression of the transporters, Bcrp, Mdr1, Mrp1, Oatp1a5, Octn1, and Oct1, and of Csn2, the gene encoding β-casein, were determined in mammary glands at 72 h after treatment. As biomarkers of the inflammatory response gene, expressions of the cytokines Il6, Tnfα, and the chemokine Cxcl2 were measured. Despite a high individual variation between the 6 animals, some characteristic patterns were evident. The 3 inflammatory biomarkers were upregulated in all animals; Csn2 was downregulated compared with controls in all animals, although not statistically significantly. Both Mrp1 and Oatp1a5 were statistically significantly upregulated and Bcrp was downregulated. Gene expression of Bcrp followed the expression of Csn2 in each of the animals, indicating a possible co-regulation. The findings demonstrate that S. aureus infection has an effect on expression of drug transporters in the mammary gland, which may affect secretion of drugs into milk and efficacy of drug therapy.     

小鼠乳腺腺泡模型建立的初步探讨

建立乳腺腺泡模型和初步探讨其形成机理,为深入研究血乳屏障和泌乳机理提供基础方法和基本手段;采用改良的EHS基质培养法;成功获得具有极性和分泌功能的小鼠乳腺模型,向腺泡腔内可分泌β-酪蛋白和IGFBP-5;获得的小鼠乳腺腺泡模型具有显著的腔内分泌功能。     

Performance strategies affect mammary gland development in prepubertal heifers

In Brazil, the majority of dairy cattle are Holstein × Gyr (H×G). It is unknown whether excessive energy intake negatively affects their mammary development to the same extent as in purebred Holsteins. We hypothesized that mammary development of H×G heifers can be affected by dietary energy supply. We evaluated the effect of different average daily gains (ADG) achieved by feeding different amounts of a standard diet during the growing period on biometric measurements, development of mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP), and blood hormones. At the outset of this 84-d experiment, H×G heifers (n = 18) weighed 102.2 ± 3.4 kg and were 3 to 4 mo of age. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 ADG programs using a completely randomized design. Treatments were high gain (HG; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain 1 kg/d; low gain (LG; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain 0.5 kg/d; and maintenance (MA; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain a minimal amount of weight per day. Heifers were fed varying amounts of a single TMR to support desired BW gains. Over the 84 d, periodic biometric and blood hormone measurements were obtained. On d 84, all heifers were slaughtered and carcass and mammary samples were collected. At the end, HG heifers weighed the most (181 ± 7.5 kg), followed by LG (146 ± 7.5 kg) and MA (107 ± 7.5 kg) heifers. The ADG were near expected values and averaged 0.907, 0.500, and 0.105 ± 0.03 kg/d for HG, LG, and MA, respectively. In addition, body lengths, heart girths, and withers heights were affected by dietary treatment, with MA heifers generally being the smallest and HG heifers generally being the largest. Body condition scores differed by treatment and were highest in HG and lowest in MA heifers; in vivo subcutaneous fat thickness measurement and direct analysis of carcass composition supported this. The HG heifers had the heaviest MFP, followed by LG and then MA heifers. Amount of PAR was highest in LG heifers and was the same for HG and MA heifers. The percentage of udder mass occupied by PAR was lowest in HG heifers, differing from LG and MA heifers. Composition of MFP was not evaluated. Regarding PAR composition, no differences in ash or DM were found. On the other hand, CP concentration of PAR for HG heifers was lower than that for LG heifers, which was lower than that for MA heifers. Regarding the fat content, HG treatment was higher than LG and MA treatment, which did not differ from each other. In PAR, differences in relative abundance of genes related to both stimulation and inhibition of mammary growth were observed to depend on dietary treatment, sampling day, or both. The same can be said for most of the blood hormones that were measured in this experiment. In this experiment, high ADG achieved by feeding different amounts of a standard diet during the growing period negatively affected mammary development.     

共轭亚油酸对乳腺脂类代谢和乳腺发育的作用及其机理

共轭亚油酸(Conjugated Linoleic Acid,CLA)是亚油酸具有共轭双键的一组同分异构体,由瘤胃细菌在生物氢化过程中合成,具有抗癌、抗炎症、抗动脉粥样硬化等多种生物学功能。CLA在代谢方面也有调节作用,能影响全身代谢,影响肝脏、乳腺以及富含脂肪的相关组织代谢。在此介绍了CLA的来源、结构、对动物乳腺脂类代谢和乳腺发育的作用及其机理。     

Role of prolactin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mammary gland involution in the dairy cow

Bovine mammary involution, an important process for subsequent lactations, is characterized by loss of epithelial cells by apoptosis, but its hormonal regulation is still not well defined. Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) play a specific role on rat mammary gland apoptosis, through insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and the IGF binding protein (IGFBP) system. The purpose of our investigation was to determine the possible role of PRL, GH, and IGF-1 on cell survival and on IGFBP-5 expression in the bovine mammary gland. Mammary gland explants were cultured in the presence of cortisol, 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, insulin, PRL, GH, and IGF-1 and with the same treatment but without PRL, GH or IGF-1, respectively. After 24 h of culture, we determined the level of apoptosis through evaluation of DNA laddering in the oligonucleosomal fraction and examined IGFBP-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The results show a high level of DNA laddering and an increase in IGFBP-5 mRNA content in mammary explants cultured in the absence of PRL, GH, or IGF-I with respect to explants treated with all hormones. Moreover, explants cultured in presence of PRL, GH, or IGF-I show a low level of DNA laddering and IGFBP-5 expression with respect to explants cultured without any hormones. These data demonstrate a relationship between levels of apoptosis and IGFBP-5 mRNA expression in the bovine mammary gland and confirm the involvement of this binding protein programmed cell death and its relationship with the main lactogenic hormones.