VABR与UASB处理甲醇废水的比较实验研究

利用VABR(垂直厌氧折流)反应器和UASB(升流式厌氧污泥床)反应器,在中温条件下分别对甲醇废水进行了实验,VABR反应器最高容积负荷可达46 kg CODCr/(m3.d),UASB反应器最高容积负荷可达85 kg CODCr/(m3.d)。     

PVA厌氧颗粒污泥反应器处理制药废水的试验研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶颗粒作为微生物固定化载体,进行UASB反应器处理化学合成制药废水的试验研究。现场试验结果表明:经过17 d的培养得到PVA颗粒污泥初成体;接种PVA颗粒污泥初成体后,UASB反应器30 d完成污泥驯化,容积负荷由1.2 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d)提升至5 kg[CODCr]/(m~3·d);在进水水质波动较大情的况下(CODCr的质量浓度为2 540~5 210 mg/L),稳定运行期以容积负荷7 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d)运行,去除率稳定在70%左右;运行结束后,得到沉降性能优良的PVA颗粒污泥,沉降速度在120~140 m/h之间。     

乙酰螺旋霉素生产废水的处理

采用厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧活性污泥分别对升流式厌氧污泥床过滤器(UBF)和间歇循环活性污泥系统(CASS)进行污泥接种培养,研究水解酸化-UBF-CASS工艺在乙酰螺旋霉素废水处理方面的运行效果.运行结果表明:在进水CODCr的质量浓度为5 000～10 000mg/L,UBF和CASS反应器中有机负荷分别为0.50和0.24kg[CODCr]/(kg[MLSS]·d)左右的情况下,UBF和CASS反应器分别运行2个月和1周,CODCr平均去除率分别达到88%和50%,出水CODCr的质量浓度在300mg/L以下,达到<污水综合排放标准>(8978-1996)二级标准.     

UASB处理黄竹制浆造纸废水的研究

针对制浆造纸废水厌氧处理启动时间长,运行效果较差的问题,采用处理酿酒废水厌氧颗粒污泥接种UASB,开展了为期90 d处理黄竹制浆造纸废水的工艺研究。结果表明,历时24 d UASB启动成功,此时,CODCr去除率、出水VFA的质量浓度、产气量分别为58%、178.0 mg/L、4 L/d。UASB处理该废水的最佳条件为:进水CODCr的质量浓度为3 700 mg/L,pH值为7.5,HRT为8 h,有机负荷小于12 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d),反应器运行温度为35℃。在该条件下运行7 d,出水CODCr的平均质量浓度为1 328 mg/L,CODCr平均去除率为64%,出水VFA的平均质量浓度约为187.1 mg/L,出水pH值约为8.2,平均产气量约为14 L/d。UASB具有良好的耐冲击负荷能力和恢复能力,在承受22 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d)的有机负荷冲击5 d后反应器仍可在4 d内恢复正常运行。     

好氧颗粒污泥培养方法及其厌氧化研究

以葡萄糖为底物,普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,30目以上4 0目以下木炭颗粒为载体,在类似SBR反应器中提高反应器COD负荷、减少沉淀时间,不断洗出细小分散污泥和絮状污泥,使微生物在木炭颗粒表面附着生长,当COD负荷为3 2kg/ (m3 ·d) ,沉降时间为2 0min时,反应器污泥床中活性污泥实现颗粒化。此阶段下,污泥体积指数SVI为1 8mL/g ,MLSS 90 0 0mg/L。好氧颗粒污泥直径大多2 . 0～2 . 5mm。在好氧颗粒污泥厌氧化研究中,控制温度在30℃,pH值在7 . 5～8. 0之间,停留时间为2 4h ,COD负荷从2kg/ (m3 ·d)增加至4kg/ (m3 ·d) ,COD去除率从4 5 %增加到6 6% ,好氧颗粒污泥在厌氧条件下具有了有机物分解和去除的效果,可以认为转变成了厌氧颗粒污泥。     

洁霉素废水厌氧生物处理研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器,在34℃下处理洁霉素废水。通过进水稀释与不稀释的实验对比,分析探讨了有毒有害物质、碱度、容积负荷等对厌氧生物处理的影响。洁霉素废水的CODCr质量浓度为16.8~24.3g/L,BOD5质量浓度为7.2~9.9g/L。在进水不稀释条件下,CODCr负荷为5.7kg/(m3·d),进水CODCr的质量浓度为16.8g/L,进水BOD的质量浓度为7.2g/L时,CODCr平均去除率为72%,BOD5平均去除率为84%。     

DIC厌氧反应器启动过程中污泥性能的研究

在设计出的机械提升式厌氧双循环反应器中,以絮状污泥为种泥,对反应器启动过程中污泥性能的变化进行了研究。实验在常温下启动,经过40d后污泥开始颗粒化,165d后大部分污泥的粒径介于0.6～1.2mm。所培养出的颗粒污泥的活性相对较好,比产甲烷活性ACT=0.91g/(g.d),VSS/TSS为0.67,SVI达到了15.2mL/g,颗粒污泥平均沉速为45.1m/h。并且在CODCr容积负荷=20kg/(m3.d),HRT=16.0h的情况下,CODCr的去除率超过了80%。     

厌氧序批式反应器处理啤酒废水的快速启动研究

以中等浓度啤酒废水为水源,在低温下(14～20℃)研究了厌氧序批式反应器的快速启动过程。试验结果表明:当采用污水厂消化污泥接种,投加粉末活性炭并以间歇搅拌方式运行到第76天时,反应器容积负荷为6.5kg/(m3.d),出水挥发性脂肪酸浓度和CODCr去除效率分别为2.5mmol/L以下和96.1%,污泥停留时间达到了19.4d,同时完成污泥的颗粒化。和未添加活性炭相比污泥颗粒化时间缩短10d,表明厌氧序批式反应器低温下处理啤酒废水的快速启动是可行的。     

小型生活污水常温PVA生物处理工艺研究

采用PVA生物处理工艺在常温(12~17℃)条件下对某高校生活污水(ρ(CODCr)=130~330 mg/L,ρ(NH_3-N)=32~65 mg/L)进行处理。结果表明,PVA生物处理工艺运行负荷为1.5 kg[CODCr]/(m3·d)时,连续运行11 d,出水平均CODCr和NH_3-N的质量浓度分别为55.6和7.32 mg/L;此时整个处理系统污泥产率仅为0.1 g[MLSS]/g[CODremoved],无污泥外排。这说明扩大系统体积1倍,PVA生物处理工艺可以在常温下对生活污水进行有效处理。     

ABR反应器处理草甘膦废水的研究

对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理草甘膦生产废水的效果进行了研究。结果表明,在反应器运行温度为35℃,进水的CODCr质量浓度为6500mg/L,反应器的水力停留时间为15h,CODCr有机负荷为10.4kg/(m3·d)的条件下,反应器运行稳定且高效。CODCr的去除率可达到95.6%,出水CODCr的质量浓度低于300mg/L。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。