Pichia stipitis木糖醇脱氢酶基因XYL2在酿酒酵母中的表达

通过PCR方法克隆得到树干毕赤氏酵母木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)基因XYL2.将该基因连入酵母表达载体pYX212的强启动子磷酸丙糖异构酶(TPI)启动子下,得到融合表达载体pYX-XYL2.通过电转化方法将pYX-XYL2转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A中,酶活测定表明在酿酒酵母中树干毕赤氏酵母木糖醇脱氢酶基因XYL2得到活性表达,酿酒酵母转化子粗酶液中木糖醇脱氢酶比活为每毫克蛋白0.6 U左右,约为供体菌的2.4倍.与基因供体菌不同,木糖醇脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中表达不需木糖诱导,为组成型表达.     

稳定高效表达木糖还原酶基因工业酿酒酵母的构建及木糖醇发酵的初步研究

将树干毕赤氏酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖还原酶基因XYL1连接到适用于酿酒酵母工业菌株的多拷贝整合载体pYMIKP中,构建得到表达质粒pYMIKP-XYL1,转化酿酒酵母工业菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae6508。在G418平板上筛选转化子,得到含高拷贝木糖还原酶基因的酿酒酵母重组菌株XGH2,,该菌株的木糖还原酶比活力为0.8 U/mg(蛋白),比出发菌株提高了80倍以上,表明外源基因在工业菌株中实现了高效表达。摇瓶发酵结果显示,重组菌株XGH2木糖消耗为27.9 g/L,木糖消耗率为51%;木糖醇产量为30.2 g/L,木糖醇的转化率大于1.0 g/g木糖。     

酿酒酵母代谢木糖工程菌的构建

通过PCR方法从休哈塔假丝酵母基因组DNA中克隆得到木糖还原酶(XR)基因XYL1和木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)基因XYL2,将其分别连接到酵母表达载体pYES2上,得到重组表达载体pYES2-XYL1和pYES2-XYL2,从pYES2-XYL1上克隆得到含半乳糖启动子的XYL1,将其连接到pYES2-XYL2序列的下游,得到重组表达载体pYES2-XYL1-XYL2,通过电转化方法将pYES2-XYL1-XYL2转入酿酒酵母宿主菌INVSc1。在初始pH为5.5,温度为33℃,前5h转速为150r/min,后变为50r/min的条件下,乙醇产量为33.45g/L。     

木糖还原酶基因整合表达载体构建

木糖还原酶是酵母代谢木糖发酵的关键酶之一。根据已报道的木糖还原酶基因的全序列设计引物,从休哈塔假丝酵母中克隆得到1 110 bp大小的片段。将木糖还原酶基因亚克隆到酿酒酵母的整合表达载体p406ADH1中,醋酸锂转化法将线性化重组质粒p YX-AK-xyl1转化到酿酒酵母W5,对阳性转化子进行酶活测定,结果表明,以辅酶DANH和NADPH为底物诱导,转化子均表现出活性,酶活分别为6.513 U/mg和7.080 U/mg,是受体菌W5酶活的1.4倍(NADH)和1.3倍(NADPH),其酶活比为0.919。     

在酿酒酵母中共表达sXYLA和XKS1及木糖发酵的初步研究

为改善重组酵母发酵木糖生产乙醇的能力,将定点突变改造后的Thermus thermophilus木糖异构酶基因sXYLA克隆到酵母表达载体pYX212并用于转化酸酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPH499进行表达研究。酶活检测表明,改造后的木糖异构酶活性是未改造的1.91倍。在此基础上将改造后具有良好特性的木糖异构酶基因sXYLA和来自酸酒酵母的木酮糖激酶基因XKS1耦联,构楚得到重组表达质粒pYX-sXYLA- XKS1,在酿酒酵母YPH499中实现组成型共表达。结果表明,在84 h时重组菌发酵液酶活达到最高,木糖异构酶为0.624 U/mg蛋白,木酮糖激酶为0.688 U/mg蛋白。以葡萄糖和木糖为混合碳源初步进行半通氧发酵,代谢产物分析表明酸酒酵母重组菌木糖的消耗为4.75 g/L,乙醇的产量为0.839 g/L,分别比出发菌提高20.9%和14.8%,为酿酒酵母利用木糖发酵乙醇奠定基础。     

共表达xyl1、xyl2和tal1重组酿酒酵母的构建及木糖发酵研究

将来自树干毕赤酵母的木糖还原酶基因(xyl1)、木糖醇脱氢酶基因(xyl2)和酿酒酵母自身的木糖转醛酶基因(tal1),通过串联共表达的方法构建到表达载体pAUR123上,构建了1株重组酿酒酵母。该菌在打通木糖向木酮糖转化通路基础上,超表达木糖转醛酶。该菌以木糖为唯一碳源进行限氧发酵,能初步利用木糖。结果表明,木糖的利用率为77.4%,但乙醇产率仅为0.04 mg/mL。同时探讨了3种酶共表达对酿酒酵母发酵木糖生成乙醇的影响,发现3种酶对木糖的利用起关键性的作用,其过量表达导致木糖醇大量积累,乙醇得率降低。     

转木糖还原酶基因XYL1酿酒酵母的构建及产木糖醇能力研究

将人工合成的树干毕赤酵母（Pichia stipitis）的木糖还原酶基因XYL1插入酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）表达载体pYES2中,然后将重组质粒pYES2-XYL1导入酿酒酵母INVSc1中,构建转木糖还原酶基因XYL1酿酒酵母菌株INVSc1/pYES2-XYL1,最后采用营养缺陷培养基筛选转木糖还原酶基因酿酒酵母并对其产木糖醇的能力进行检测。结果表明,成功获得2株转木糖还原酶基因XYL1酿酒酵母菌株INVSc1/pYES2-XYL1-01、INVSc1/pYES2-XYL1-02,当两菌株以50 g/L木糖及10 g/L半乳糖为碳源发酵5 d后,木糖醇产量分别高达（13.68±2.37）g/L、（12.09±1.45）g/L,显著高于非转基因酿酒酵母INVSc1的木糖醇产量（1.08±0.37）g/L（P＜0.05）,说明XYL1基因的导入显著提高了酿酒酵母INVSc1生产木糖醇的能力（P＜0.05）。为采用基因工程酿酒酵母制备食用木糖醇提供了理论及技术基础。     

PScgpd1启动子融合GUS基因在酿酒酵母中的瞬时表达

利用PCR技术从酿酒酵母基因组克隆得到甘油代谢关键酶基因 gpd1 启动子,并成功构建真核生物穿梭表达载体pYX212- zoecin -PSc gpd1 -GUS,并将其电击转入酿酒酵母中.将构建成功的酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 基因工程菌分别在0.2,0.5,1.0 mol/L NaCl的盐胁迫下培养,首次通过GUS组织化学染色法和荧光法测定GUS报告基因的瞬时表达酶活检测 gpd1 启动子的酶活表达.研究发现,酵母甘油代谢关键酶基因 gpd1 启动子在不同渗透压下的表达有明显的差异.证实了 gpd1 启动子是受渗透压调节的,属于诱导型启动子,这可能与渗透压胁迫下的甘油代谢密切关联,相关研究未见报道.     

热带假丝酵母木糖还原酶在酿酒酵母细胞表面展示

利用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)表面展示系统,将来源于热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)的木糖还原酶基因xyl1嵌入带有His-Tag的酿酒酵母α-凝集素展示载体pICAS-His,构建重组质粒pICAS- His-Ctxyl1,并转化到酿酒酵母宿主菌酿酒酵母MT8—1,通过流式细胞仪快速检测和筛选,得到重组菌株MT8- 1/pICAS-His—Ctxyl1。将重组酵母用于葡萄糖(15g/L)和木糖(5g/L)的混合糖发酵研究,结果表明,重组酿酒酵母MT8/1/pICAS-His—Ctxyl1细胞具有良好的生长和产酶特性,同时能转化木糖生产木糖醇,在培养基中2.5g/ L木糖转化生成2.5g/L木糖醇,转化率达98.7%。     

热带假丝酵母木糖还原酶的酶学性质研究

研究了从热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)菌体中获得的木糖还原酶(XR)的酶学性质。实验结果证实,C.tropicalis的细胞浆粗提液经盐析、透析及阴离子交换柱层析后得到的酶液中木糖还原酶比酶活为9·3U/mg、最适酶反应pH为6·0、最适反应温度为35℃;以木糖为底物时,Km·Xyl为64·8mmol/L、Km·N·X为0·0622mmol/L;以阿拉伯糖为底物时,Km·Ara为172mmol/L、Km·N·A为0·0375mmol/L。Zn2+是木糖还原酶的激活剂,Fe3+为抑制剂。固定木糖为反应底物,分别以NADPH及NADH为辅酶测定酶活,实验结果显示该菌体中木糖还原酶的活性主要依赖于辅酶NADPH。     

工业酿酒酵母木糖代谢途径的建立及酒精发酵初步研究

以酵母AS2.1190为出发菌株,把含有木糖还原酶基因(XYL1)、木糖醇脱氢酶基因(XYL2)以及木酮糖激酶基因(XKS1)的质粒载体pYMIKP-xy127线性化后多拷贝整合进入其基因组,筛选得到基因工程菌株GZ4-127,并对此工程菌株进行葡萄糖、木糖共发酵试验.结果显示GZ4-127比出发菌株的菌体密度提高5%,木糖消耗提高2倍,酒精产率提高12%,说明工程菌已能够有效地利用木糖生产乙醇.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for xylose metabolism requires gluconeogenesis and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway for aerobic xylose assimilation

Saccharomyces strains engineered to ferment xylose using Scheffersomyces stipitis xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) genes appear to be limited by metabolic imbalances, due to differing cofactor specificities of XR and XDH. The S. stipitis XR, which uses both NADH and NADPH, is hypothesized to reduce the cofactor imbalance, allowing xylose fermentation in this yeast. However, unadapted S. cerevisiae strains expressing this XR grow poorly on xylose, suggesting that metabolism is still imbalanced, even under aerobic conditions. In this study, we investigated the possible reasons for this imbalance by deleting genes required for NADPH production and gluconeogenesis in S. cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae cells expressing the XR-XDH, but not a xylose isomerase, pathway required the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and gluconeogenic production of glucose-6-P for xylose assimilation. The requirement for generating glucose-6-P from xylose was also shown for Kluyveromyces lactis. When grown in xylose medium, both K. lactis and S. stipitis showed increases in enzyme activity required for producing glucose-6-P. Thus, natural xylose-assimilating yeast respond to xylose, in part, by upregulating enzymes required for recycling xylose back to glucose-6-P for the production of NADPH via the oxidative branch of the PPP. Finally, we show that induction of these enzymes correlated with increased tolerance to the NADPH-depleting compound diamide and the fermentation inhibitors furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural; S. cerevisiae was not able to increase enzyme activity for glucose-6-P production when grown in xylose medium and was more sensitive to these inhibitors in xylose medium compared to glucose.     

两步酸水解玉米芯条件及其酒精发酵的初步研究

通过两步法———浓酸预处理与稀酸水解相结合 ,对玉米芯进行水解 ,初步确定较佳的玉米芯水解条件为 :72 %浓H2 SO4 常压 3 0℃预处理 2h ,再 0 1MPa 4%的稀H2 SO4 水解 1h。所得水解液中还原糖与五碳糖质量转化率分别为 81 %和 46%。经处理 ,浓缩 ,将其作为碳源 ,接种PichiastipitisCBS5 773进行酒精发酵 ,酒精产率是对照培养基的 77%。     

SHAM-sensitive alternative respiration in the xylose-metabolizing yeast Pichia stipitis

SHAM-sensitive (STO) alternative respiration is present in the xylose-metabolizing, Crabtree-negative yeast, Pichia stipitis, but its pathway components and physiological roles during xylose metabolism are poorly understood. We cloned PsSTO1, which encodes the SHAM-sensitive terminal oxidase (PsSto1p), by genome walking from wild-type CBS 6054 and subsequently deleted PsSTO1 by targeted gene disruption. The resulting sto1-delta deletion mutant, FPL-Shi31, did not contain other isoforms of Sto protein that were detectable by Western blot analysis using an alternative oxidase monoclonal antibody raised against the Sto protein from Sauromatum guttatum. Levels of cytochromes b, c, c(1) and a.a(3) did not change in the sto1-delta mutant, which indicated that deleting PsSto1p did not alter the cytochrome pool. Interestingly, the sto1-delta deletion mutant stopped growing earlier than the parent and produced 20% more ethanol from xylose. Heterologous expression of PsSTO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased its total oxygen consumption rate and imparted cyanide-resistant oxygen uptake but did not enable growth on ethanol, indicating that PsSto1p is not coupled to ATP synthesis. We present evidence that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (Complex I) was present in wild-type CBS 6054 but was bypassed in the cells during xylose metabolism. Unexpectedly, deleting PsSto1p led to the use of Complex I in the mutant cells when xylose was the carbon source. We propose that the non-proton-translocating NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are linked to PsSto1p in xylose-metabolizing cells and that this non-ATP-generating route serves a regulatory function in the complex redox network of P. stipitis.     

Endogenous NADPH-dependent aldose reductase activity influences product formation during xylose consumption in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Introduction of the xylose pathway from Pichia stipitis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables xylose utilization in recombinant S. cerevisiae. However, xylitol is a major by-product. An endogenous aldo-keto reductase, encoded by the GRE3 gene, was expressed at different levels in recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to investigate its effect on xylose utilization. In a recombinant S. cerevisiae strain producing only xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) from P. stipitis and an extra copy of the endogenous xylulokinase (XK), ethanol formation from xylose was mediated by Gre3p, capable of reducing xylose to xylitol. When the GRE3 gene was overexpressed in this strain, the xylose consumption and ethanol formation increased by 29% and 116%, respectively. When the GRE3 gene was deleted in the recombinant xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain TMB3001 (which possesses xylose reductase and XDH from P. stipitis, and an extra copy of endogenous XK), the xylitol yield decreased by 49% and the ethanol yield increased by 19% in anaerobic continuous culture with a glucose/xylose mixture. Biomass was reduced by 31% in strains where GRE3 was deleted, suggesting that fine-tuning of GRE3 expression is the preferred choice rather than deletion.